What we would like you to do is to find a topic from this week's chapter that you were interested in and search the internet for material on that topic. You might, for example, find people who are doing research on the topic, you might find web pages that discuss the topic, you might find a video clip that demonstrates something related to the topic, etc. What you find and use is pretty much up to you at this point. Please be sure to use at least 3 quality resources. If you use videos, please limit it to one video.
Once you have completed your search and explorations we would like you to:
1a) State what your topic is.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
2) Next, we would like you to take the information you read or viewed related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about the topic in a knowledgeable manner. By integrating/synthesizing we mean taking what your read/experienced from the internet search organize the information into the main themes, issues, info, examples, etc. about your topic and then write about the topic in your own words using the information you have about the topic.
3) List the terms you used from the text and from your reference websites.
4) At the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
This week for my topical blog I choose to further look into esotropia. This topic relates back to the chapter as its a binocular vision disorder. The book talks about esotropia in a form of the disorder strabismus, but the chapter does not talk about how it occurs or how it can be corrected besides possible surgically correcting the position of the eye. I found this interesting because I personally have a lazy eye and think that any disorder within the eyes are interesting to me personally so I would like to look further into the disorder and how some people might be affected by it in their daily life.
Esotropia is in-turning of one or both of the eyes, it could be something that happens short term or is constant and may need fixation, distance fixation or both. Esotropia may occur at any age and is the opposite of exotropia which is outward eye turn. It is normal within infants less than 20 weeks old and frequently resolves spontaneously.Only 23% of infants are born with straight eyes. In the majority of cases one eye turns outward during the neonatal period within the first three months the eyes gradually come to a consistent alignment as the two eyes develop together as a team. In infants it is common for them to appear as if they were born with esotropia because the bridge of their nose is not fully developed. As the infant grows they most of the time grow out of this appearance between the age of 2 and 4 months.
There are some problems that esotropia can have on the visual system depends on the frequency and severity of the eye crossing and at what age it occurs. Older children and adults often experience double vision and decreased binocular visual field. Children can lose stereopsis and binocularity. Esotropia does in fact run in families however affected family members do not necessarily share the same type or severity. There are also different conditions that increase the risk of esotropia like prematurity and various neurological and genetic disorders. There are treatment options for esotropia like re-establishment of ocular alignment, maximization of binocular vision, relief of diplopia, treatment of associated amblyopia. Esotropia with amblyopia also known as lazy eye is present therapy including eye patching is often required so that the turned “lazy” eye develops the capacity to see as well as the normal eye.
Throughout this research I also looked at some images of those children who had to surgically fix the alignment of the eyes and that I personally just found amazing that doctors are able to reconstruct the eye so that the alignment can be realigned but I also found interesting the esotropia with amblyopia as I was born with a lazy eye and my parents had the option to treat with a patch but they chose not to and now I suffer from it in my everyday life.
http://www.pedseye.com/strabismus_esotropia.htm gave me more information on children with infatile esotropia and showed pictures of those who had to go about the muscle surgery.
http://www.strabismus.org/esotropia_eye_turns_in.html this website gave me more information and statistics on child infantile esotropia and esotropia with amblyopia.
http://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/48 this website gave me more information about adults with the disorder and talked more about causes and treatments.
Terms: Esotropia, neurological, binocular vision, ocular alignment, binocular visual field, double vision, strabismus, exotropia, stereopsis, binocularity, Esotropia with amblyopia
I decided to look at 2D and 3D vision for this week’s topical blog. This topic is closely related to the chapter as it is about depth perception and the inability to perceive depth in some people who may not have binocular vision due to various reasons. I am interested in this because I want to know what makes stereo vision impossible for some people, because depth perception is something that we all take for granted until we learn that some people cannot perceive the worth in depth and distance like we can. Thus, my topic this week is stereopsis and stereoblindness.
STEREOPSIS AND STEREOBLINDNESS
Stereopsis is a term referring to the perception of depth and three-dimensional structure obtained from the visual information derived from two functional eyes by individuals who have developed normal binocular vision. It was first discovered in mid-19th century, when the stereoscope was invented by Charles Wheatstone. By presenting separate images with relative binocular disparities to each eye, a three-dimensional image can be obtained. Wheatstone recognized that since each eye sees from slightly different binocular position, the image received from each eye can differ. Object from a distance project images of different binocular position into two eyes, therefore giving out the depth cue of binocular disparity.
Thus, stereo vision requires two functional eyes. Individuals who are blind in one eye will not have stereopsis. However, there is a population of people who have two functional eyes but are also stereoblind – about four percent of the population with normal vision do not have stereopsis. Most of them do not know of their deficit as they use other cues to depth to compensate; those cues may include: parallax, perspective, depth from movement, and occlusion.
Strabismus, where two eyes point at different directions can be the cause of stereoblindness in some people, due to the break down in connections responsible for binocular interaction in the cortex. Strabismus is a common disorder among the population, people of mild form of strabismus that have gone unnoticed can have stereoblindness. There are also some genetic defect that can lead to stereoblindness in people of otherwise normal vision.
Stereoblind people cannot enjoy 3D movies. A binocular disorder can bring discomfort to some viewers who can see 3D, causing side effects such as nausea and headaches. In cases of not being able to opt out of a 3D movie (your stubborn kid who wants to watch Frozen for the 21st time, and promised him you would let him watch any movie he wanted if he cleaned his room). There are glasses that can be purchased to convert 3D movies back to 2D, for people who have difficulties with 3D movies. If the cause of one’s stereoblindness is due to only having one functional eye, they can still wear the 3D glasses to watch a 3D movie, although the quality can be significantly reduced.
It was thought that depth perception could only be learned in infancy, so adults who have stereoblindness cannot acquire depth perception later in life. However, many optometrists now offer to train people of stereoblindness to acquire stereopsis, and the results have come back positive with people who never knew what they were missing are able to see the world differently. The vision therapy proved that the human brains are plastic in nature – as the brain can learn to use two eyes properly even when one is in adulthood. In the case of Sue Barry, who gained stereopsis at the age of 48, after half a decade of stereoblindness due to her strabismus. The vision therapy taught her how to align her two eyes to focus at the same point at the same time, then it taught her how to use 3D effectively in her daily life: to judge depths and distance, for instance. At first, the therapy requires conscious effort to align two eyes to focus on the same point in space at the same time, but with further practice, one can gain automatic stereopsis because the brain has been trained to work the two eyes correctly automatically.
People with normal binocular vision when try to look at the world with one eye may see no difference in what they see, thus thinking that there is not much gain in switching from 2D vision into 3D vision. But Barry comments that since people of normal vision have acquired a life time of experiences with the 3D world, the brain can automatically fill in the missing stereo vision, thus creating 3D without actually seeing 3D.
TERMS: stereo vision, stereopsis, stereoblind, stereoblindness, binocular disparity, binocular vision, depth perception, Strabismus, parallax, occlusion, stereoscope
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/seeing-in-3-d/
This website is of Sue Barry being interviewed about how she acquired stereo vision after half a century of stereoblindness as a result of her crossed-eyes. It gave me insights on how vision therapy can rewire an adult’s brain to automatically align two eyes that had never been aligned before.
http://www.stereoscopynews.com/hotnews/3d-technology/physiological-effects/2275-are-you-stereo-blind
I did not use any information from this website for the blog post, but it was fun to do the stereoblind test.
http://www.mediacollege.com/3d/depth-perception/stereoblind.html
This is a short article about stereoblindness and 3D movies. It helped me in terms of understanding the struggles of not being able to see 3D.
http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/b39.htm
This website is a little harder to swallow because there is a lot of big terms in there, but I could roughly figure out what was being said in the paragraph and I think I had a relatively good image of how stereovision works. By studying stereoblindness, I learned more about stereo vision.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereopsis
Wikipedia is my hero again. I was able to obtain a lot of information without swimming through big, technical terms. This website helped me a lot in understanding what stereopsis is, which is crucial to understand before diving into stereoblindness.
1a. The topic from chapter six that I have decided to research further into is strabismus and two common types of strabismus found in human beings known as esotropia and exotropia. The occurrence of strabismus is caused by a misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on the non-foveal area of the other eye that is turned. Esotropia is a type of strabismus that results in one eye deviating inward while exotropia results in one eye deviating outward. Individuals with this visual deficit are often times referred to as "cross-eyed" by the general public.
b. This topic relates to chapter six because it emphasizes the importance of the critical period of visual development in children. If this critical period of development in the visual cortex is missed by a child it is likely that they will experience abnormal vision that disrupts the healthy development of binocular vision.
c. I am interested in this deficit because it is an almost common occurrence in the United States. As a child and an adult I have met people who suffer from strabismus but until now I was never aware of what caused it and what treatment options are available for these individuals. I am also generally interested in deficits of the visual system because it is applicable to the real world and aids in the understanding of the visual system functions.
2. According to the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus the occurrence of strabismus, or a misalignment of the eyes, is found in 4% of the United States population. Although the deficit is still widely misunderstood it is known that the neuromuscular system has difficulty controlling eye movement. There are several variations of strabismus that all occur because the three cranial nerves associated with responsible for eye movement are weak or palsied. The development of strabismus in children and adults can be associated to various physical impairments such as cerebral palsy, down syndrome, the presence of a brain tumor, stroke, graves disease, and general neurological complications. After these medical conditions occur it is common for patients to experience strabismus and poor vision because both eyes are working overtime to process two different visual images. As a result the brain ignores input from the damaged eye and experiences weaker overall vision. At this time there are treatment options available to aid in the strengthening of the eye with strabismus. Patients can perform eye exercises or wear eye glasses formulated to make the eye with strabismus stronger. Another article by Carpiuc found that the most common age of onset for strabismus was three years of age. It was also found that the onset of strabismus postnatally was very strong when a child's mother smoked frequently during pregnancy. Social concerns regarding strabismus were also explored in this study and found that children who were classified as "cross-eyed" had higher levels of negative self-image, social phobias, and problems developing interpersonal relationships. Unless treatment is pursued for this deficit it lessens the life quality of those who have been diagnosed with it. Not only do they suffer from a visual impairment that makes navigating the world around them difficult, but it also results in perceived social isolation from peers. Lastly information from the American Optometric Association found that treatment options such as prism lenses are extremely helpful in strengthening the eye muscle experiencing strabismus. The prism lens is essentially a prescription lens that has prism power in it. The prisms main function is to alter the light entering the eye and reduce the amount of turning that the eye has to do to look at objects. Another valid treatment is vision therapy that aids in improving eye coordination and focusing abilities. It is widely used to train the eye muscles and the brain to work together effectively to create a normal visual experience. Patients may be asked to engage in eye focusing exercises that strengthen the eye muscle. Therapies are becoming more common and results are promising for people trying to recover.
Terms: strabismus, exotropia, esotropia, visual system, critical period, fovea, binocular vision
http://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/100 I chose to utilize this website because it gave great information on what strabismus is, what causes the deficit, and possible treatment options.
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.uni.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=4e25c28a-a510-486c-b39f-7efb4469fbc0%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4212&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=psyh&AN=2014-99141-086 I chose this research article because it gave an in depth explanation of strabismus and its causes as well the effects of having a visual impairment on a child or adolescent.
http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/strabismus?sso=y I chose this website because it gave good information on the treatment options available for people with strabismus.
I choose to research anamorphic projection or anamorphosis. This topic was discussed in relation to a painting by Hans Holbein as well as the chalk paintings that have become popular. This demonstrates our limited ability to deal with distortion of images. I was interested in this topic because I had seen the chalk drawing images before, but never had a name for what they were called, or understood the “science” behind them. I really like art and I thought this was a unique technique and very creative.
Anamorphic projections are images that are in some way distorted, and when viewed from a certain vantage point can be reconstructed into a recognizable image that is often #D in nature. There are two types of anamorphic projections. Perspective or oblique projections involve (in simplest terms) the stretching of an image that when viewed from a certain perspective becomes normal again. Mirror or catoptric projections involve an image that is drawn to surround a mirrored (usually cylinder) so that when viewed in the reflective surface, they become a 3D image that can be viewed from multiple angles.
Road markings are a simplified example of anamorphic projections. They must be painted on in a certain way to make up for the changing perspective of the driver and lack of changing viewpoint. Leonardo da Vinci is the earliest known artist to use anamorphic projection in an image entitled “Lenoardo’s Eye”. It was also historically used to hide political, erotic, or sensitive images for personal protection. In addition in the 18 and 19th century anamorphic projections were used as child games and less as quality art.
Trope l’oil is related to anamorphic projections. It is French for deceiving the eye, and involves a painting combined with architecture which tricks the eye into thinking the painting is reality. Like anamorphic projections, when viewed out of the correct viewpoint the images become distorted. However, trope l’oil is usually viewed from a normal viewpoint, instead of an unusual one like in anamorphic projections. These paintings are famous for being done on cathedral ceilings.
terms used: anamorphic projection, anamorphosis, trope l’oil, vantage point, distortion, mirror projection, perspective projection, oblique projection
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphosis
o I choose to use this website because it provides an overall analysis and general information of the topic. It was useful in creating this blog post and contributed a lot of information
• http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html
o this website had good examples of anamorphic projection and comparisons to other art forms that are similar to it
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22654/anamorphosis
o though a short article this also helped in building the general knowledge about anamorphic projection but I used it the least.
1a) State what your topic is.
The topic I chose is esotropia.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
Esotropia relates back to the chapter because it’s a binocular vision disorder. Esoptropia is categorized in the form of strabismus. In this disorder, the eye deviates inward. Both eyes do not point at the same spot. About 3% of the world has this problem. This problem can be surgically fixed though. I thought this was interesting because it’s a problem of the eye I wonder how they can fix surgically. It seems like this would be really dangerous or someone would have to get a fake eye. So I really wanted to research more into how this process works.
Esotropia may be intermitten or constant. It is classified by age of onset, by frequency, or by whether it can be treated by glasses. It may occur with near fixtation, distance fixation, or both. Esotropia, which is also known as crossed eyes, can begin as early as infancy or later in childhood. Congenital estropia is a type of strabismus which can first appear in the first six months of life. The cause of this is still unknown. But it is thought that the problem is in the brain’s inability to coordinate the movement of the eyes. People who have this will often alternate their vision between the two eyes by crossing one eye and other times the other.
The effect of esotropia on the visual system depends on the severity of the eye crossing and age. Eye crossing affects the ability of the eyes to work together. Older adults with a new onset esotropia often experience diplopia, double vision, and binocularity, simultaneous use of the eyes, in addition to lose of vision. This can and does run in families. But this does not mean they share the same severity of it. Prematurity and genetic disorders increase the risk of eye misalignment.
Diagnosis can be identified by visual acuity measurements in each eyes. It can also be found by cycloplegic refraction, which is dilating with eye drops. It can also be identified with external or slit lamp exams, fundus exams, and complete eye exams.
Treatment of this usually requires eye muscle surgery. It’s good to check for pseudostrabismus before surgery because the child may just have the appearance of but not truly misaligned eyes. Before surgery is performed, they must find out if amblyopia has developed in one eye. This must be treated before any other action can be taken. Farsightedness must be detected prior as well. These problems must be fixed as soon as possible in infants. Children do not outgrown infantile esotropia and need to get surgery as soon as possible so they can develop binocular vision. Early alignment of the eyes allows for development of the brain’s ability to experience normal depth perception and fine 3-dimensional vision.
Terms: Esotropia, binocular vision disorder, strabismus, disorder, crossed eyes, congenital estropia, eye muscle surgery, amblyopia, farsightedness, binocular vision, depth perception, fine 3-dimensinoal vision, visual system, diplopia, binocularity, pseudostrabismus, genetic disorders, visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp exam, fundus, retina.
URL: http://www.pedseye.com/strabismus_esotropia.htm
URL: http://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/48
URL: http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/conditions/esotropia.html
The reason I chose these websites are because they all had relevant information on the topic. They were all trusted sites that talked about the causes, symptoms, and treatments on the topic. They all generally had really good information that helped me expand my learning.
1a) State what your topic is.
The topic I chose is esotropia.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
Esotropia relates back to the chapter because it’s a binocular vision disorder. Esoptropia is categorized in the form of strabismus. In this disorder, the eye deviates inward. Both eyes do not point at the same spot. About 3% of the world has this problem. This problem can be surgically fixed though. I thought this was interesting because it’s a problem of the eye I wonder how they can fix surgically. It seems like this would be really dangerous or someone would have to get a fake eye. So I really wanted to research more into how this process works.
Esotropia may be intermitten or constant. It is classified by age of onset, by frequency, or by whether it can be treated by glasses. It may occur with near fixtation, distance fixation, or both. Esotropia, which is also known as crossed eyes, can begin as early as infancy or later in childhood. Congenital estropia is a type of strabismus which can first appear in the first six months of life. The cause of this is still unknown. But it is thought that the problem is in the brain’s inability to coordinate the movement of the eyes. People who have this will often alternate their vision between the two eyes by crossing one eye and other times the other.
Esotropia can be divided into various categories each requiring a different treatment plan; each having a different prognosis. Congenital means from birth and, using this strict definition, most infants are born with eyes that are not aligned at birth. Only 23% of infants are born with straight eyes. In the majority of cases, one eye or the other actually turns outward during the neonatal period. Within the first three months the eyes gradually come into more consistent alignment as coordination of the two eyes together as a team develops. It is common for infants to appear as if they have esotropia, or inward turn of the eyes, because the bridge of the nose is not fully developed. This false or simulated appearance of an inward turning is known as epicanthus. As the infant grows, and the bridge narrows so that more of the white of the eyes (sclera) is visible on the inner side, the eyes will appear more normal. True congenital esotropia is an inward turn of a large amount, and is present in very few children, but the infant will not grow out of this turn. True infantile esotropia usually appears between the ages of 2 and 4 months.
The baby with infantile esotropia usually cross fixates, which means that he or she uses either eye to look in the opposite direction. The right eye is used to look toward the left side, and the left eye is used to look toward the right side. By definition, they alternate which eye they are looking with. It is more difficult to help this type of strabismus with non-surgical methods, such as Vision Therapy and/or glasses. Sometimes, clear tape applied to the inner third of each lens, occlusion, can reduce the tendency to turn inward. Prisms may aid alignment if the turn is not too large. Some children who develop strabismus, in which coordination between the two eyes is poor, also have atypical gross motor development patterns. They typically skip the crawling stage with bilateral movements, and go right from creeping to standing.
The interplay between gross motor, particularly balance systems, cerebellar and vestibular, and binocular systems, motor control of the two eyes, is also evident in the large number of young children with cerebral palsy who have strabismus. If the inward turn of the eye is constant, and of a large amount, surgery may be indicated. Note, however, that both the parent and surgeon have to be committed to multiple procedures to obtain perfect alignment of the two eyes for the patient. Furthermore, even multiple surgeries or "revisions" may end up yielding cosmetic benefits only. That is, the two eyes might look normal or "straight" to outside observers, but normal two-eyed vision has not been achieved.
The effect of esotropia on the visual system depends on the severity of the eye crossing and age. Eye crossing affects the ability of the eyes to work together. Older adults with a new onset esotropia often experience diplopia, double vision, and binocularity, simultaneous use of the eyes, in addition to lose of vision. This can and does run in families. But this does not mean they share the same severity of it. Prematurity and genetic disorders increase the risk of eye misalignment.
Diagnosis can be identified by visual acuity measurements in each eyes. It can also be found by cycloplegic refraction, which is dilating with eye drops. It can also be identified with external or slit lamp exams, fundus exams, and complete eye exams. Treatment of this usually requires eye muscle surgery. It’s good to check for pseudostrabismus before surgery because the child may just have the appearance of but not truly misaligned eyes. Before surgery is performed, they must find out if amblyopia has developed in one eye. This must be treated before any other action can be taken. Farsightedness must be detected prior as well. These problems must be fixed as soon as possible in infants. Children do not outgrown infantile esotropia and need to get surgery as soon as possible so they can develop binocular vision. Early alignment of the eyes allows for development of the brain’s ability to experience normal depth perception and fine 3-dimensional vision.
Terms: Esotropia, binocular vision disorder, strabismus, disorder, crossed eyes, congenital estropia, eye muscle surgery, amblyopia, farsightedness, binocular vision, depth perception, fine 3-dimensinoal vision, visual system, diplopia, binocularity, pseudostrabismus, genetic disorders, visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp exam, fundus, retina.
URL: http://www.pedseye.com/strabismus_esotropia.htm
URL: http://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/48
URL: http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/conditions/esotropia.html
The reason I chose these websites are because they all had relevant information on the topic. They were all trusted sites that talked about the causes, symptoms, and treatments on the topic. They all generally had really good information that helped me expand my learning.
I chose to look further into stereopsis which is defined as the ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth. From what I understood is that basically our eyes each see things in two dimensions, but each together gives us the three dimensional sight. This aids us in much of our daily life. When I first saw the term binocular disparity I thought that because of the word disparity that this was another disorder. However in this case disparity simply means different, not less. All together this equates to binocular summation which is the combination of signals from each eye, which is what makes things easier to accomplish. In the text the example was to close one eye and attempt to place the cap on the pen. It was much easier with both eyes than with only one because together the different views each eye has given us a more complete picture.
One of the most important benefits that three dimensional sight gives us is depth perception. Besides the fact that someone without stereopsis won’t be able to enjoy holograms or cool 3-D movies there are things that are far more serious. It makes playing sports dangerous. Imagine a baseball is coming at you if you don’t have ability to see depth there is a very good chance you will be hit and very likely injured by the baseball. Driving is also a hazard as it is pretty important that you be able to judge how far a car is from you when you turn left against traffic. A friend of mine has a sister that is stereoblind and she teaches Jazzercize. She had to ask the owner of the gym to paint the instructor stage a very different color than the floor to keep from falling off the stage during classes. This was because she had had amblyopia and few other vision issues as a child that were not fully corrected.
What I found really interesting was that it is possible to compensate for lack of stereopsis. Many artists including Rembrandt have stereoblindness. Individuals learn to adjust for the lack of depth perception. Often taking more time, adjusting the glass at a certain angle before pouring the tea into it. They are small subtle things you may never notice. Until perhaps you go to a 3-D horror film and they don’t flinch when the zombies seem to reach out from the screen.
One of the other things that I was interested in learning more about was the lady referred to as “Stereo Sue” who was very briefly mentioned in the text. In previous chapters and in most of what I found online it is stated that many disorders of the eye need to be corrected at a fairly young age or the brain will reroute and after that change is unlikely to occur. Susan Berry is a professor of neurobiology and was stereo blind from infancy. She had form an early age been affected by alternating estropia. She did undergo several operations and treatments but they were not completely successful. As an adult she found an optometrist that had a therapy plan. She followed a lengthy intense type of therapy program and at the age of 48 she was successful in training her brain, rewiring the synapses and was able to see in 3-D. I did not see very many other cases but did see that there is also a doctor in New York that does surgery on children and adults. I thought about the guy that Dr. Maclin tried to help and wondered if he would be a candidate for this treatment?
Terms: stereopsis, stereoblindness, three dimensional, binocular disparity, binocular summation, depth perception, amblyopia, estropia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereopsis
This site was good because it puts things more in laymen’s terms
http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v10/n2/full/eye199651a.html
This site had good scientific terms with the information
http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/optics/stereops.htm
This site had “pictures” that helped with understanding some of the terms
http://www.fixingmygaze.com/
This was about Stereo Sue
The topic I have chosen is anamorphosis. This is related to the chapter because it is an art form that plays directly into our perception of what we see. By the manipulation of the once parallel lines and shapes seen from a particular angle, an image can look distorted from one angle and un-distorted from another angle. The chapter describes space perceptions in length. The concept of anamorphosis plays around with those perceptions. I am interested in it because I really enjoy art. I find it interesting that there is an artform as unique and mind blowing as this. I wanted to know how and why it was done.
Anamorphosis is a technique in the world of art in which an image will be distorted and nearly unrecognizable from in most angles. The image will then come into focus when viewed from a certain vantage point or through a special curved mirror. There are two major types of anamophosis. The first is called perspective (oblique) anamorphosis. This is the type that requires the viewer to look at the image from a certain angle to bring everything into focus. The second type is called mirror (catopric) anamorphosis. This requires a curved reflective surface, such as a curved mirror, to see the undistorted image. Each type of anamorphosis has its own methoda of creation. One example on how to create your own anamorphic drawing is explained thusly. Perspective anamorphosis can use a system of grids. If one would think back to their younger years, they may recall a particular page in a coloring book involving a grid. Next to the blank grid, there would be a smaller grid with a picture in it. The idea of the page was to copy the little picture onto the larger grid. The grid system would make drawing the image easier because it was broken up into little pieces. This same concept can be applied to anamorphosis. Only this time, instead of a grid that it simply larger, a special grid is created. Using a variety of geometric equations, an isosceles triangle is drawn. Then, the one angle which differs is cut off, creating a trapezoid. After this, the orginal grid (the one with the image) is transferred to the trapezoid so that the grid “squares” are larger towards the larger end of the trapezoid and smaller as the shape decreases in size. Using the same method as one would in that coloring book, the image is drawn on the trapezoidal grid. Now, the image comes to life when viewed from what was the narrow end of the grid.
This has been around since the renaissance in 1485. Leonardo DaVinci created the first certain example of anamorphosis. His drawing now referred to as “Leonardo’s Eye,” depicts a grossly elongated eye when viewed from the front. When viewed from the side, however, the image become much more realistic in appearance. The technique soon caught fire, and spread to other artists throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. When one thinks of anamorphosis, two paintings from the 16th century stand apart. The fist is Hans Holbein the Younger’s painting called “The Ambassadors,” which has a distorted image of a skull at the bottom of the image. This comes into focuss when viewed from the lower-right hand side of the painting. Another famous painting by Hans Holbein depicts a distorted portrait. When seen through a small hole in the frame, the portrait shows Edward IV (Son of Henry VIII). Throughout this time, anamorphosis was used to hide images which would be viewed as heretical, erotic, and sometimes treasonous. Catopric anamorphosis was the most popular way to hide those scandalous drawings. Aside from the controversial, anamorphosis was also used in astoundingly life like murals. Specifically in the 17th century, Baroque trompe l’oeil murals used this technique in order to create the illusion of detailed archtitechure when it was in fact, a flat surface. This was especially popular in churches. In the 17th and 18th century, anamorphosis spread to Asia. Then, in the 19th century, the style switched from more serious forms of art to a form of entertainment similar to optical illusions. Anamorphosis continues its popularity till this day. Anamorphosis, in fact helps make road markings easier to read. In a anamorphic-esque style, foreshortening is used to make each line of a road marking appear to be the same size. Say the marking said something like, “Bus stop,” with each word on its own line. Bus, being further away, would be twice as big (tall) as the word “stop.” This way, a person driving towards the marking would perveive the words to be the same size, despite the difference one would clearly see from above or beside. All in all, anamorphic drawings can be used to fool our eyes in both useful and amusing ways.
https://anamorphicart.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/plane-anamorphosis/
I liked this source because it had step by step instuctions, as well as helpful images which helped me to understand how an anamorphic drawing may be done. I included this because I feel understanding how an illusion is made helps to understand how a person will perceive that image.
http://www.mediagang.co.uk/history-of-anamorphic-images/
I liked this site because it was an easily readable source on the history of anamorphosis. It gave a good background knowledge on how anamorphosis got its start, and what its uses were.
http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html
I liked this site because it acted as another site to cross reference events in history. I also liked that it had a bit more information on how anamorphosis is used today.
Terms: Anamorphosis; perceive; vantage point; distortion; perspective, oblique; mirror; catopric; geometry; isosceles; trapezoid; space perception; parallel; line
The topic I chose to research more about was the concept of anamorphosis. According to the book, anamorphosis is the “Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two-dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion.” This relates to the chapter because chapter six as well as the other previous chapters has talked about vision and how our visual systems work on a day to day basis. Each of the chapters build on each other and anamorphosis relates to the chapter as well as the other chapters because it is another way in which we see and perceive things. I find this interesting because I believe as humans we all see things differently. I might look at something and think to myself I know exactly what I am looking at because I know the width and the height but then someone standing next to me could have a completely different view or thought of it. We all see different things so how do we know what we are seeing is what is actually in front of our faces?
I have seen many examples of anamorphic art on the internet, on posters, in books and many other places and it always seems to strike my interest. I am a person that likes to look at something and be sure to know what it is that I am looking at. With anamorphic art, one can never be sure that they are seeing what actually is right in front of them. I am and always will be that person that will position me to be able to make out what the art is telling me.
Like I mentioned earlier, anamorphosis is a malformed image that appears in its proper shape when viewed in an unconventional way. There are two common forms of anamorphosis: oblique and catoptric. In one common form termed oblique, the unconventionality stirs from the fact that the image we are trying to see has to be viewed from a position that is far from the ordinary in-front and straight-ahead position from which we are used to images being seen. There is an artistic technique in which anamorphosis is closely related to known as trompe l’oeil. Both of these techniques use perspective constructions to create a “trick” image but the major difference between the two is what the nature of the trick is. In anamorphosis, the picture does not make sense but in trompe l’oeil, the viewer is being presented an image that in their mind makes sense standing from a more conventional space. They are actually being tricked into thinking that what they are seeing is reality. The other common form of catoptric says that the image must be seen as reflected from a distorting mirror. The most typical shapes would be cylindrical, conical, and pyramidal.
There are many things that people would suspect anamorphosis is but actually is not. What I am saying is anamorphosis is not stretching, it does not mean to transform, and it is not a visual illusion of size. Perspective does not stretch in the normal way and although anamorphosis is a transformation, it is not a synonym for it. Advertising signs and road signs are common forms of anamorphosis known as the Vignola method. Advertising signs have a rotating set of surfaces which makes it easier or sometimes harder to be viewed. The signs on the road that we see every day need to be viewable from the driver’s seat. These signs are made so that you only see them when you should see them and they are typically stretched images.
What you see has a great deal with where you are looking from.
Terms: Sensation, perception, anamorphosis, anamorphic art, trompe l’oeil, transform, stretch, oblique, catoptric, vision, visual system, two-dimensional.
https://anamorphicart.wordpress.com/ - I liked this website because it had a lot of information on many different concepts from sensation and perception that could build off the topic of anamorphosis. This website had sections broken down that were like a step by step way into looking at anamorphosis and anamorphic art.
http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html - I used this website because it broke anamorphosis down for me in a way that I could understand. This website used a lot of pictures and examples so I could see myself what point they were trying to make. I am a very visual person so it helps when I have examples to back up the information being shared with me.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphosis - I used Wikipedia because I like to check there to make sure that I am finding the same information and getting direction that is factual. I know that it is easy to go in and change information on Wikipedia but 95% of the time I find the information to be factual and useful.
1a) Binocular Visual Fields
1b) This was one of the main points discussed in the previous chapter. It went over a couple of different examples involving the type of animals (predators vs prey). It also explained the area covered by human’s binocular visual fields.
1c) I am interested in this subject because I am fascinated with the different types of benefits that can arise from the different kinds of binocular fields. Also I would like to compare this to other animals that have a similar field to humans, and if there is a big difference among species.
2) Binocular vision is the area an animal sees with having two eyes using them together. It gives the animal a spare eye in case if something goes wrong with the other. It also provides a wider field of view. It also lets an animal see more of an object behind an obstacle that would normally hinder view. Depending on where the eyes are located it can give certain advantages to the species. If you think of humans and cats where the eyes are on the same side of the head this provides binocular summation which is the ability to see very faint objects and enhance them. This is what helps cats catch mice that are far away from them. If the animal has the eyes on separated on each side of the head then the animal is given the advantage of seeing nearly 360 degrees around them. This is useful to animals like deer that are often hunted because then they can see all around them. This can also let each eye move independently from one another to increase field view.
Even with two eyes there is always one that is more favorable than the other. We refer to this as eye dominance. When comparing the two, the eye that can both move faster to an object and stay fixated on it is more likely to be the dominant. We also see with most predatory animals (one with eyes on the same side of the head) can use stereopsis which allows for a more precise depth perception. This happens when overlapping vision occurs due to the positions of the eyes on the head. The overlap then allows each eye to view objects with a slightly different viewpoint, and as a result provide greater depth.
When looking at specific animals there have been some interesting discoveries concerning binocular visual field. Primates have been studied by their orbit (eye socket) convergence which is the realignment of the visual axes of the orbits during primate evolution from laterally facing to anteriorly facing lines of sight. With primates, studies have also shown that orbit convergence is a correlate of the degree of binocular visual field overlap in mammals.
While there are many interesting facts about binocular vision we also need to realize just how much it helps the animals who have it with their everyday lives. For us humans we may not realize it but this has a major impact on our ability to walk. In one study researcher compared results of a walking test with people that had both functional eyes to a group of people with one eye covered up and what they found was walking slowed down for those with one eye covered This group spent more time fixating on the obstacles and fixated longer while guiding foot placement near an obstacle. We see similar things happen to certain birds and flying when one of their eyes gets damaged. These birds, if predatorily like eagles, then have a harder time hunting and gathering food. Even when at home and you cover one of your eyes with your hand you can begin to see the difference of binocular vision compared to monocular and how you are no longer able to focus in so clearly on certain objects. You also see when doing this how more than half you visual field is gone. This again is part of the overlapping with human and other animal eyes. When we cover up one side then we lose about 90 degrees of our visual field, and have to move our entire head to see more around us when normally our eyes individual visual fields overlap causing a greater field range and depth.
3) Terms: Binocular visual fields, eye dominance, binocular summation, stereopsis, depth perception, overlapping, monocular,
4) http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&UID=1974-10241-001 This was a great reference because it had many different experiment comparing both binocular and monocular visual fields and went into great detail of explanations of the different abilities of each, though I only used the information related to binocular
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20116/full This was a useful site because it shows a study done on orbit convergence and its relation to binocular visual field using primates.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10912/ This website helped me understand better what happens when our binocular visual field is damaged (either internally or externally)
The topic I picked to write about is Stereo blindness and its effect on movie goers who have it. It relates to the topic because the chapter talked about how the vision system works best on a binocular basis, and that is the system that 3D movies rely on to make things “pop out” at the audience. I am interested in this topic because I have long been unimpressed with 3D movies as I saw no difference from a 2D movie (along with my mother). I now have a name for my inability to see things “pop out” at me in 3D movies(not to mention the nasty side effects) as opposed to my previous theory (which is somewhat incorrect) that it was due to my myopia and astigmatism.
Stereo blindness is the technical term for “the inability to see in 3D using stereo vision”. That is just a fancy way of saying some people lack the ability to (or have difficulty) see the world with accurate depth perception. This is most commonly only a problem for flat-viewers (people who are stereo blind) but can extend into life outside of the movie theater in a wide range of severity in rare cases. This type of visual problem has several possible causes: use of one eye only, amblyopia (lazy eye), strabismus (crossed eyes), optic nerve hypoplasia, myopia, and hyperopia.
No matter whether the individual watching the 3D movie in question is a flat-viewer or a stereo-accurate (a person who can see a 3D movie in 3D): there is one basic principal at work within the brain when a person uses their sense of sight to try to view anything in a movie. That basic principal is that the brain and eyes work together (aka binocular). This works well because in an idea situation the brain uses information taken from both eyes and combines that information to create the full field of view in a process called binocular summation. This system works best in people with perfect vision because it relies on binocular disparity to tell the brain what is in the foreground and background. Binocular disparity is very important because if it is working less than perfectly: stereopsis(good depth perception) is thrown off which makes it harder for the brain and eyes to decide how far away an object is. And the importance of that function ranges from very important (“Do I have time to cross the street without getting hit by that car?”) to not very important (“I know how big the island in the kitchen is.”).
This led me the cause of the topic I picked because flat-viewers have developed monocular techniques (one eye) to make their way in the world using monocular depth cues. The most obvious example of this is people who only have vision in one eye. But since 3D movies only work by taking each eye and forcing it to not work with the other eye, flat viewers often get less than they paid for(2D movie for 3D price) and more than they bargained for (the side effects I explain below). It is important to note that flat viewers make up 2-12% of the general population. That makes the chance that a person could be considered stereo-blind one-in-six, and that is a lot of people worldwide.
These causes of stereo-blindness impacts a number of people in two different ways: the flat-viewer simply cannot see the 3D effect of movies/the world or they cannot see the 3D effect and experience negative side effects on top of paying too much for a “real 3d” movie they will only see in 2D. Those side effects are: Headaches, nausea, motion sickness/dizziness and general eye strain. I speak from personal experience with all of these symptoms. The headaches can range from mild to severe migraine pain located in the areas of the brain I now know are the occipital lobes, the optic nerves, and the eyeballs themselves. Depending on how the movie is shot and edited, there is a real chance that someone in the audience will get nauseous. I spent most of the first time I watched Avatar sick (By that I mean, I could not look at the screen half the movie and was cautious nauseous for several hours after.) because it was only available to watch in theaters in 3d. This motion sickness (a motion that is seen but not felt) is caused when the eyes see motion that is not sensed by the vestibular system. This creates a feeling similar to seasickness/carsickness and is called visually induced motion sickness. This can ruin a movie going experience and it shows when you ask the internet what they think of Shaky-cam as well as fast editing. I found a Facebook page with the purpose of telling people which movies use this technique and many blog posts saying exactly what flat-viewers have been saying since The Blair Witch Project hit theaters. Long pan shots/shots of things that move but don’t physically move also have the capability to induce motion sickness. Which leads me to the worst symptom of this list: general eye strain? The tired eyes that 3D movies cause flat-viewers could take a long time to go away. Personally, my eyes don’t feel better until I get full night’s sleep.
Luckily for flat-viewers, there is hope for several reasons. I found one article when a director seemed to listen to the audience and said that he knew the shaky-cam was not well received. I take that as a good sign since Catching Fire was very popular, and it means that shaky-cam could be on its way out. The second reason for flat viewers to be hopeful is the idea that even though TVs are headed the 3D direction, people are working technology that would take out the glasses part of the equation (which is definitely not great for people who wear glasses daily). The same article also said that it seems like 3D will only be a feature, not a requirement, for watching TV. The third reason for hope is that I found several sources that claim people can learn to see in 3D. While this is usually done with people who lack depth perception in their daily life, it could be applied to situationally bind stereo blindness. And finally, even if 3D doesn’t jump the shark- I found a link to a site telling people how to make Anti-3D Glasses to counter act the side effects of watching 3D movies/TVs. I can’t attest to whether or not they work as they as the site says they do, but I like there are enough flat-viewers out there that people are looking for solutions.
Terms: Stereo blindness, binocular , 3D , 2D, myopia, astigmatism, stereo vision, depth perception, see, flat-viewers, stereo blind, eye, amblyopia, lazy eye, strabismus, crossed eyes, optic nerve hypoplasia, myopia, hyperopia. , stereo-accurate, sense of sight, brain, field of view , binocular, summation. ,binocular disparity , foreground, background, stereopsis, monocular, monocular depth cues, negative side effects, occipital lobes, optic nerves, eyeballs, motion that is seen but not felt, vestibular system, seasickness, carsickness , visually induced motion sickness, Shaky-cam , fast editing, Long pan shots/shots of things , Anti-3D Glasses.
http://www.mediacollege.com/3d/depth-perception/stereoblind.html I picked this site because it quickly summed up the information I needed. I used it for: the information about: causes, definition of stereo-accurate, and two impacts of stereo blindness, and sats, learning to see in 3D.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoblindness. I picked this site because it was easy to understand and accurate. I used this site for: definition of stereo blindness, definition of flat viewer,
http://www.visiontherapy.ca/3dmediaandvision.html I picked this site because it was easy to read. I used it for causes and learning to see in 3D.
http://www.cnet.com/news/tv-industry-turns-blind-eye-to-non-3d-viewers/ I picked this article because it explained the complaints many flat-viewers feel. I used it for: sats, information on 3D TVs.
https://books.google.com/books?id=36B5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=3d+blindness/movies+only&source=bl&ots=r-aN2hjFJM&sig=SxNut8hq_FJAqmA6yFnLGkkNbe0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-3ruVNHlJsS1yATc4YKAAg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=3d%20blindness%2Fmovies%20only&f=false I picked this page because it contained a useful stat to describe how many people are likely to be stereo blind. I used it for the stat “one-in-six”.
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Against-shaky-cam/193239307382899 I picked this site because it shows how negatively people feel about nausea inducing shaky cam. I used this site because it lists movies that have shaky-cam in them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaky_camera I picked this site because it clearly explained criticism of shaky-cam. I used it for the information on the criticisms, effects of shaky-cam and fast editing and dizziness symptom.
http://timbaran.com/shaky-camera-movies/ I picked this blog because summed up all the reasons flat-viewers and stereo-accurate people dislike this story. I used this site as an example of many other bloggers who have written posts similar to this one.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness#Motion_sickness_due_to_films_and_other_video I picked this site because it explained the difference in types of motion sickness. I used the information about The Blair Witch Project.
http://io9.com/hunger-games-catching-fire-director-promises-no-shaky-1442582368 I picked this article because it is an example of directors listening to flat-viewers. I used the info that the director said he knew people don’t like shaky-cam.
http://www.instructables.com/id/Anti-3D-Glasses/ I picked this site because it has a DIY anti-3D glasses tutorial. I used the information that these glasses exsist in the first place.
The topic I chose to research was anamorphosis. This relates to the chapter, because it is an example of how our brains deal with space perceptions. It highlights how even though we are still looking at the same object, our perception of it will change depending on how we look at it. This interests me, because I greatly appreciate art that uses this principle. It is a way for the artist to almost force the viewer to see what they want them to see.
Anamorphosis is when an object or image appears distorted when viewed from a normal angle but if viewed from a particular angle, or reflected in a curved mirror, the distortion disappears and the image or object seems normal. There are two main types of this effect: perspective (oblique) and mirror (catoptric). Perspective anamorphosis is when one must be positioned at a certain angle or distance from an object or image for it to appear the way it is supposed to. If viewed at an incorrect distance or position, the perspective will not line up with the subject, and it will appear distorted. This is generally for 3D objects, but may occasionally extend to 2D as well. Catoptric anamorphosis, on the other hand, deals solely with 2D images. With this type, a conical or cylindrical mirror is placed on a 2 dimensional image, such as a drawing or painting, to transform the flat distorted image into a 3 dimensional picture that can be viewed from multiple angles. The deformed image is painted on a plan surface surrounding the mirror, and by looking into the mirror, and only by looking into the mirror, the image appears to be undeformed. This can also be used to hide images from those that one does not want to see them while still allowing people with the proper tools to view them. Examples of perspective anamorphosis would be the famous painting The Ambassadors and informational markings on roadways. In The Ambassadors, there appears to be a very oblong shape at the bottom of the painting when viewed from the traditional head-on perspective. However, when you view it off to the right side and in very close physical proximity to the painting, the object reveals itself as a perfectly proportioned human skull. While road markings use this concept to a much less dramatic level, they are far more common. When seen from an aerial view, road markings, such as "Park Here" will appear to stretch out at the top of where the words or markings start. However, when they are viewed from the perspective of an oncoming vehicle, all the markings and letters appear to be the same proportionate size. This is to account for the distance and angle at which drivers will see the markings. Anamorphosis is believed by some to even exist within musical context. The song "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin is believed by some to play the phrase, "Oh here's for my sweet Satan," when played backwards. This would be an example of anamorphosis, because it is a perception that can only be experienced when something "the song" is played in a certain way (in reverse) and can only be done with a certain device (record player).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphosis - I chose this source, because it provides a wide range of information on the topic. It went into aspects of anamorphosis that most other sources did not even mention.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22654/anamorphosis - I used this source, because it is very reputable and presented a good background of basic knowledge to apply to finding more sources.
http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html - I used this source, because it not only described the concept fairly extensively, but it also provided many pictorial examples of the effect.
Terms: Anamorphosis, Space Perceptions, Distortion, Oblique, Catoptric, Perspective, 2D and 3D, Mirror
I am choosing to do my blog post for chapter 6 over anamorphosis. An anamorphosis is a deformed image that appears in its true shape when viewed in some "unconventional" way. The book defines anamorphosis or anamorphic projection as the use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion. It is the idea that the ability to cope with distortion is limited. In anamorphic projection, the rules of linear perspective are pushed to an extreme in which the projection of three dimensions into two creates a picture that is recognizable only from an unusual vantage point. I think the idea of anamorphosis is really interesting, one of the websites showed a raybans commercial for sun glasses and it showed how all of the items on a table were not really 3Dementional like we thought they were in the beginning picture. Anamorphosis is actually a really cool thing; it is a form of art and it shows what a huge difference seeing something in different forms can make. This is huge in relation to sensation and perception because when you see something it has an entirely different meaning when you see it in a 3Dementional form verses in 2D.
The term anamorphosis came from the Greek word meaning “to transform,” the term anamorphosis was first employed in the 17th century, although this technique had been one of the more curious by-products of the discovery of perspective in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is explained by seeing objects differently depending on a mirror such as seeing it through a curved mirror versus a straight mirror. The first examples appear in Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks. It was regarded as a display of technical virtuosity, and it was included in most 16th- and 17th-century drawing manuals. The more modern ideas of anamorphosis involve seeing things in different forms and different dimensions.
Sites I used:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22654/anamorphosis This site was filled with the history of anamorphosis and where it came from. The first signs of it, who discovered it and where it came from.
http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html This site was neat because it just explained what exactly anamorphosis was and gave some examples that made it easier to understand.
http://petapixel.com/2013/10/12/two-minute-mind-bending-demonstration-perspective-anamorphosis/ this website was probably my favorite of the websites it showed videos that made the definition turn into art for me and really made me see what the book was trying to explain.
Terms I used: Anamorphosis, Space Perceptions, Distortion, Oblique, Catoptric, Perspective, 2D and 3D, Mirror
1a) State what your topic is.
As for this i decided to do my topic blog on the linear perspective , this is the reconstructing a three dimensional world from two, non-euclidean, curved, two dimensional retinal images and it's one of the challenges that is faced by our brain because our sight is one of the most important guide to the correct functioning of the brain.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
this topic relates to the chapter because it helps us understand different angels of perception, the vanishing point, the anamorphosis projection, the pictorial depth cues,also the motion parallax cues.
The vanishing point is the apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth coverage, the pictorial depth cues is the cue that artists use to distance the three dimensional depth in a two dimensional picture. last but not least is the anamorphosis projection, which is the use of rules in this perspective to create a two dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when it's view from a special angle, this is very important to artists. an example of this would be shopping and trying on clothing, some stores have their own mirrors where the mirrors are made to make you look better than what you actually would look in their clothes, it's more of a positive illusion so you're convinced to purchase their clothing since "it looks good" when in reality, it probably looks average.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
My interest in this is that i want to understand how i can tell when an object is manipulated by the artists and which angle is best to view this object from, i also want to know what other research have been done in this topic for us to better understand every aspect of it. another interest of mine is that how could i explain this topic to someone who haven't read this book or have any type of understanding about this topic without confusing them, leaving them with a clear understanding of what this topic is really about.
2) Findings:
One of the findings of mine was a video that was presented by an art professor, this video basically showed artists how to draw things from a linear perspective angles, as to my understanding, linear perspective is more like a 3D view, or 3D understanding of things, it''s more on a upward surface than a flat one, it's also very vivid and it goes from upward.
In another article of mine, Italy 1400, an artist name Brunelleschi demonstrated how this could be used into our advantage as viewers or as performers, he explain how the horizontal line work, which is how we see the difference between the sky and the ground, our eyes make pavements and create distances and space between objects so we can have a better understanding of them, when you look at object. another study helps us understand how 3D motions pictures works, when we go see a movie, we now have the option whether or not to go see a movie in 3D, about forty to sixty years ago, 3D motion picture was invented because of the linear perspective, since we can draw things in a 3D like visual, why wouldn't we create something that can make us laugh even harder than we anticipated, boom, this was created, many research were done do to how confusing this topic might be when it comes to this topic, some people think it's just an illusion, while others think that it helps us understand things in a more vivid angle where some other species might not be able to.
I think overall this topic is one of the interesting ones in this chapter, i now understand why 3D movies are way better than regular movies, i also understand why i buy purchase clothes when i try them on at the stores, and then when i'm at home, they don't look as good as they did when i purchased them hours ago, i also understand why some artists are better than others, the better artists are the ones who understands the law of linear perspective, the ones who take advantage of this findings and they are succeeding faster than the ones who don't understand this law.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9Z-stKPlOE
This video shows linear perspective from how artists draw in a linear perspective.
http://legacy.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/ExploringLinearPerspective.html
I chose this site because it breaks down how we can better our understanding about the linear perspective and how we can use for our own advantage, also explains the origins of this phenomenon.
http://www.academia.edu/11115871/Virtual_slant_explains_perceived_slant_distortion_and_motion_in_pictorial_scenes
this site explains the usage of 3D motion pictures, it explains how it works and how this idea was brought upon the motion pictures industry.
TERMS: Anamorphosis projection, Pictorial Depth Cues, Linear Perspective, Visual Field, Vanishing Point, Motion Parallax, horizontal line, Motion Cues, Divergence, Convergence, Accommodation, binocular, monocular.
For this weeks topical blog, I have chosen to do more research on stereoblindness. I found it interesting that 3-5% of the population lacks stereoscopic depth, otherwise known as the inability to see 3D. In some of the research that I came across, the statistic of the 3-5% are much higher. In a couple of my sources, they mentioned a 5-10% population of stereoblindness. Stereoblindness is defined as an inability to make use of binocular disparity as a depth cue. This term is typically used to describe people with vision in both of their eyes.
The book discusses a possible cause of being labeled with stereoblindness, stating that if you have a secondary effect of childhood visual disorder such as strabismus (two eyes misaligned), you will more than likely have stereoblindness.
In the 1830s, the English scientist and inventor Charles Wheatstone discovered why the differences between the two images allow the brain to generate a sensation of depth. He even designed devices called stereoscopes, in which two slightly different versions of the same image viewed together through the instrument transformed into a single three-dimensional drawing. Only in the last few decades scientists have really began to understand the nerve signals underlying this stereovision. In much the same way that different cells in the tongue respond to different types of taste – bitter, sweet, salty and sour – so too there are cells in the eye and brain that respond to only one type of signal, for example, vertical or horizontal lines. The farther this signal travels into the brain, the more complex it becomes. Neuroscientists have found cells in the visual cortex, the part of the brain that processes vision, whose main purpose is to respond to differences in the position of the images transmitted from each eye to the brain. These cells, called binocular neurons, are thought to be the key to seeing in three dimensions. Though stereovision is probably the most sensitive strategy that the brain has for acquiring information about depth, there are other cues that that we use to rely on heavily, like shading, perspective and occlusion.
A woman by the name Sue Barry "Stereo Sue" has had stereopsis since birth. Sue Barry is a neurobiologist who studies eyes, brains, and the connections in between. Dr. Susan Barry, who, through vision therapy, was able to see in three dimensions for the first time in her life at age 47. Susan Barry had strabismus and lacked stereopsis since early childhood. She had a number of surgeries to try to correct the problem. Surgery had a cosmetic effect in that her eyes looked normal but they did not function normally. Eventually in her 40's Dr. Barry found an optometrist who practiced vision therapy. Vision therapy very quickly enabled Dr. Barry to see in three dimensions for the first time.
As far as Vision Therapy goes, there are many research methods out there that are trying to tell us that there is a definite fix to the problem. Although nothing can be gauranteed, scientists and researchers have done extraordinary measures in collaborating methods for people to try. Vision Therapy is the process of developing more efficient functions of the visual system and the brain’s comprehension and processing abilities of the information we read on the page or computer screen, as well as many other areas of daily living. When a child or adult has difficulty focusing or maintaining attention on a single task, in many cases, a vision dysfunction is a likely cause of attention deficiencies. So rather than treating the symptoms with medication, we treat the cause with noninvasive Vision Therapy. As a result, the patient is able to focus on vision intensive tasks, like reading, with greater ease. Comprehension is improved, which makes learning easier and ultimately the patient feels more competent, confident, productive and in general, happier. 3D therapy has been a well maintained form of therapy. It is important to get children's vision tested early, since most children are easier to get into a rhythm on training the eyes than adults do. A child's brain in more plastic and will be easier to retain the therapies given. Most therapies given to children will be a complex variety of games and techniques.
References:
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120719-awoken-from-a-2d-world I chose this site because it gave a little bit of the history of stereoblindness. It also had a personal story to go with it.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/secretlife/life-science/susan-barry/ I chose this website because so much of my search topics had Sue Barry mentioned. She is an amazing woman that over came her stereoblindness with vision therapy.
http://wowvision.net/the_wow_vision_blog/category/wow-vision-therapy I chose this website because of the video accolades given by children who have used vision therapy to overcome some of the visual disorders.
TERMS: TERMS: stereoblindness, stereoscopic depth, binocular disparity, depth cue, strabismus, Charles Wheatstone, stereoscopes, three-dimensional, stereovision, visual cortex, vision therapy, perspective, shading, occlusion
For this weeks topical blog, I have chosen to do more research on stereoblindness. I found it interesting that 3-5% of the population lacks stereoscopic depth, otherwise known as the inability to see 3D. In some of the research that I came across, the statistic of the 3-5% are much higher. In a couple of my sources, they mentioned a 5-10% population of stereoblindness. Stereoblindness is defined as an inability to make use of binocular disparity as a depth cue. This term is typically used to describe people with vision in both of their eyes.
The book discusses a possible cause of being labeled with stereoblindness, stating that if you have a secondary effect of childhood visual disorder such as strabismus (two eyes misaligned), you will more than likely have stereoblindness.
In the 1830s, the English scientist and inventor Charles Wheatstone discovered why the differences between the two images allow the brain to generate a sensation of depth. He even designed devices called stereoscopes, in which two slightly different versions of the same image viewed together through the instrument transformed into a single three-dimensional drawing. Only in the last few decades scientists have really began to understand the nerve signals underlying this stereovision. In much the same way that different cells in the tongue respond to different types of taste – bitter, sweet, salty and sour – so too there are cells in the eye and brain that respond to only one type of signal, for example, vertical or horizontal lines. The farther this signal travels into the brain, the more complex it becomes. Neuroscientists have found cells in the visual cortex, the part of the brain that processes vision, whose main purpose is to respond to differences in the position of the images transmitted from each eye to the brain. These cells, called binocular neurons, are thought to be the key to seeing in three dimensions. Though stereovision is probably the most sensitive strategy that the brain has for acquiring information about depth, there are other cues that that we use to rely on heavily, like shading, perspective and occlusion.
A woman by the name Sue Barry "Stereo Sue" has had stereopsis since birth. Sue Barry is a neurobiologist who studies eyes, brains, and the connections in between. Dr. Susan Barry, who, through vision therapy, was able to see in three dimensions for the first time in her life at age 47. Susan Barry had strabismus and lacked stereopsis since early childhood. She had a number of surgeries to try to correct the problem. Surgery had a cosmetic effect in that her eyes looked normal but they did not function normally. Eventually in her 40's Dr. Barry found an optometrist who practiced vision therapy. Vision therapy very quickly enabled Dr. Barry to see in three dimensions for the first time.
As far as Vision Therapy goes, there are many research methods out there that are trying to tell us that there is a definite fix to the problem. Although nothing can be gauranteed, scientists and researchers have done extraordinary measures in collaborating methods for people to try. Vision Therapy is the process of developing more efficient functions of the visual system and the brain’s comprehension and processing abilities of the information we read on the page or computer screen, as well as many other areas of daily living. When a child or adult has difficulty focusing or maintaining attention on a single task, in many cases, a vision dysfunction is a likely cause of attention deficiencies. So rather than treating the symptoms with medication, we treat the cause with noninvasive Vision Therapy. As a result, the patient is able to focus on vision intensive tasks, like reading, with greater ease. Comprehension is improved, which makes learning easier and ultimately the patient feels more competent, confident, productive and in general, happier. 3D therapy has been a well maintained form of therapy. It is important to get children's vision tested early, since most children are easier to get into a rhythm on training the eyes than adults do. A child's brain in more plastic and will be easier to retain the therapies given. Most therapies given to children will be a complex variety of games and techniques.
References:
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120719-awoken-from-a-2d-world I chose this site because it gave a little bit of the history of stereoblindness. It also had a personal story to go with it.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/secretlife/life-science/susan-barry/ I chose this website because so much of my search topics had Sue Barry mentioned. She is an amazing woman that over came her stereoblindness with vision therapy.
http://wowvision.net/the_wow_vision_blog/category/wow-vision-therapy I chose this website because of the video accolades given by children who have used vision therapy to overcome some of the visual disorders.
TERMS: stereoblindness, stereoscopic depth, binocular disparity, depth cue, strabismus, Charles Wheatstone, stereoscopes, three-dimensional, stereovision, visual cortex, vision therapy, perspective, shading, occlusion,
I chose to research 3D street art, or 3D chalk art. 3D chalk art is art that is drawn on the 2D surface (the street). There are a few great artists that do these in some major cities today. David Thompson, Qi Xing Hua, and Kurt Wenner just to name a few. I have always found art interesting, as it is something that I have no affinity toward. I kept seeing my friends share art like this on Facebook; of these street drawn chalk designs, and I was astounded at the detail they put into these pieces of art that people will walk on and will be gone as soon as the next rain comes. Some look as though if you were to take one step onto them that you would fall to your death. This illushion takes great skill and drawing ability. The artist must know how to bend each line in their drawing to get the best 3D effect. These optical illusions are trippy enough to see on my computer screen I could not imaging the feeling they would give you in real life.
Apparently the best way to look at these pictures and see them below the illusion is to look at them with only 1 eye open. Also I never realized that you need to be standing in a specific spot to see the image as it is meant to be seen, if you’re not close to that spot the image can just look like a mess of colors from your point of view.
Anamorphosis as an art style comes from the renaissance era, it was used allot in catholic cathedral ceilings. It is defined in Webster’s Dictionary as the fallowing “A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image.”
One of the most common ways today that we see these images in a way is road markings. I honestly never thought of them in this light, but as soon as the one article mentioned them it did make total scence. We are seeing arrows on the ground that let you know you can only go right or left, but we are seeing them from the perspective of a driver in a car.
In one of the sights I visited they talked about how it is actually easier than you think to draw these images, but maybe for them. With my drawing ability I barely am capable to draw a stick figure, let alone demons crawling out of the pits of Hell as one drawing depicted. So much thought goes into these drawings though, where the light is coming from vs where you want it to be coming from to create the illusion.
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/absolutely-stunning-3d-street-art-paintings/
http://www.anamorphosis.com/what-is.html
http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/street-art/secrets-behind-sidewalk-3d-sidewalk-art-made/
stereopsis seems like an interesting topic and I have chosen to do more research over this for the week. the reason i am interested in this is because of how much we relay on depth with our every day lives. we use depth in everything we do from taking a drink of water to driving down the road. each part of our site is important and we can live our lives without depth. binocular vision is apart of this as well.eyes of humans and different animals have different lateral potions so different images are produced by the rentans.the visual cortex of the brain has to deal with the depth proception. I have had a problem with my depth proception lately because of my recent eye surgary. its hard to go on with normal day to day activites unable to distinques depth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereopsis
http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/b36.htm
http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/optics/stereops.htm
Stereopsis refers to depth perception and 3-dimensional structure in visual information with two eyes. Our two eyes give us two slightly different images projected to the retina of each eye. Disparities result from the relative horizontal position of the two images. The impression of depth is present, but not as vivid when only one eye is working. The images cast on our retinas are two-dimensional, but we look at a three-dimensional world. A major clue to depth is parallax, the relative notions of near and far objects produced when we move our heads from side to side or up and down. This is 3-D vision is present in animals with overlapping optical fields, acting as a range finder.
Terms: depth perception, retina, disparities, horizontal position, parallax, overlapping optical fields
The topic I found the most interesting from chapter 6 was binocular summation and stereopsis. It was interesting learning about this concept because there is so much variance between different types of species, even on matter such as vision, especially how they have adapted to survive, and feed. Binocular vision means using two eyes together to see the world. There are many advantages to having two eyes compared to one. It provides an organism with a spare in the event one is damaged or destroyed, and it provides a wider field of view. It gives binocular summation in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced. Binocular summation means that the threshold for detecting a stimulus is lower with two eyes than with one. When trying to detect a faint stimulus, it’s statistically beneficial to have two detectors instead of one. It can also give stereopsis in which parallax provided by the two eyes' different positions on the head give precise depth perception.
Prey animals have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads to give the widest possible field of view. The eyes often move independently to increase their visual field. Predatory animals have both eyes positioned on the front of their heads, allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of stereopsis. Not all predatory animals have forward-facing eyes though, whales, and some non-predatory animals like bats and monkeys. In the latter of these animals, fine depth perception is needed to obtain food. Binocular vision improves the ability to pick a certain fruit, or particular branch, on a tree. These are beneficial to the organism’s likelihood of survival.
There are differences between the visual fields of predator organisms and prey organisms. A prey animal’s visual field is much larger than a predator’s field of vision. For example, a rabbit’s visual field is 360 degrees, they can even see straight up above them and down to the ground on the left and right. In some of the readings it is compared to a dome. In contrast, a human’s visual field is like a windshield. It only extends about 190 degrees from left to right in front of them. Of those 190 degrees, both eyes cover about 110 degrees. Unlike rabbits, humans’ visuals fields only extend 60 degrees up and 80 degrees down. These differences allow predators to see small, quick animals and objects in front of them to catch and eat. Prey animals with dome-shaped visual fields are better equipped to see all around them to avoid getting caught, and becoming a meal for a predator. I found a website with images of the different visual fields of organisms, which was helpful to me because I think visual images enhance the understanding of concepts.
Terms: binocular summation, stereopsis, binocular vision, visual field, parallax, depth perception, stimulus, detectors, field of view
Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision
http://www.google.com/search?q=human%27s+field+of+vision&rlz=1T4ADFA_enUS426US428&gs_upl=0l0l5l71635lllllllllll0&um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&gs_sm=3&oq=human%27s+field+of+vision&aq=f&aqi=g-S1&aql=
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698906000745
1a) State what your topic is.
Depth Cues; monocular depth cue, binocular depth cue, and occlusion.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
Depth Cues etc, etc, are terms from chapter six that I found fascinating and wanted to explore further (pg.152).
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
Mainly because of the two different ways we use or can use our depth perception, monocular and binocular. Also the occlusion and how that comes into play.
Depth perception is the ability to determine visually the distance between objects. Basically, we can determine the relative distance of objects in two different ways. One uses cues involving only one eye; the second requires two eyes. When something is far from us, we rely on monocular cues, those that require the use of only one eye. For closer objects, we use both monocular cues and binocular cues, those that necessitate both eyes.
Describing monocular Depth Cues through what psychologists have identified is to say that there are two different kinds of them. One comes into play when we use the muscles of the eye to change the shape of the eye's lens to focus on an object. We make use of the amount of muscular tension to give feedback about distance.
With binocular cues they require that we use both eyes. One cue makes use of the fact that when we look at a nearby object with both eyes, we bring our eyes together; the muscle tension associated with looking at close objects gives us information about their distance. The second binocular cue involves retinal disparity. This means that each eye or, more specifically, the retina of each eye has a slightly different perspective. The slight difference in appearance of an object in each eye when we gaze at it gives us further information about depth. In the natural world because of the relatively small distance from one pupil to another binocular cues are effective only for objects that are within about 500 yards of the viewer.
And the ability to perceive depth exists early in life. Research with infants has revealed that by two months of age, babies can perceive depth. Prior to that, they may be unable to do so in part because of weak eye muscles that do not let them use binocular depth cues.
Our brain takes in images like computations or neural mechanisms and it is fascinating that our eyes/retinal images are very different but despite we perceive coherent 3D structure, somehow the information provided by different depth cues is combined by our brain.
After going through different sites and/or research I finally came across something very interesting about “Lower Region: A New Cue for Figure–Ground Assignment”. Figure–ground assignment is a well-known psychological phenomenon; Figure–ground assignment is the process by which the visual system organizes a visual scene into figures and grounds following the initial formation of those regions. It was very interesting and the study was conducted by three Iowans at the University of Iowa.
http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2002/06/figure-ground.aspx - the website is where I found out about the research in reference to a new cue; the lower region.
http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v8/n6/full/nn1461.html - This website reported neuroimaging and how it correlates human 3D shape perception from the combination of two depth cues. They measured fMRI responses while observers judged the 3D structure of two sequentially presented images of slanted planes defined by binocular disparity and perspective. It was a cool article.
http://science.jrank.org/pages/2013/Depth-Perception.html - This website had a lot of information about depth perception, visual perception, retinal disparity and all the different cues.
http://www.danah.org/papers/sexvision.pdf - This is an honors thesis about understanding individual differences in depth perception by studying shape-from-shading and motion parallax.
Terms: Depth perception, binocular depth cues, perception, occlusion, psychologists,
pupil, retina, retinal disparity, lens, eyes, brain, neural mechanisms, 3D, research, cues,
binocular cues, muscles, monocular depth cues, retinal images, science, shape, retinal disparity, visual perception, shading, motion parallax, observers, binocular disparity.