As we have done already - after reading chapter 6 in Visual Intelligence, go through your text and find out how the text discusses the material in the reader and any additional detail it might offer. You will need to turn in a mind map in class on Tuesday so it might be a good idea to make a mind map before you start the next part of this project.
Try to adhere to the format below - keep the numbering for organization.
1) Discuss what you read in the reader. Think about what you learned from the reader. What were the main points the author was trying to make? What were some examples he used? What was the most interesting part of the chapter - etc.? Don't simply answer these questions; these are just some things to ask yourself before you start writing. I am pretty open to what you write about.
2) Discuss what you read in your text. How did the author of your text book go about addressing the related material? What did you find out about the topic that wasn't covered in the reader? What did you find interesting that was presented in the text? How difficult was it to find the related material in the text? Again don't specifically answer these questions, just use them as a way to think about the material. Feel free to experiment with your own style.
3) After you have had a chance to think about the material - what parts do you think you will remember and what parts do you think might fade from memory sooner.
4) Make a list of the terms and terminology you used in this post.
1) Chapter 6 is about how our eyes and brain perceive object motion. In rare brain damaged patients, they begin to see the world and motion as if they were constantly around a strobe light. The chapter discusses the rapid speed which our eyes and brain process movement. This happens fast enough for us to enjoy a movie in fact, instead of just saying still photo after still photo. The chapter emphasizes once again that what our eyes and brain construct are different than what is actually shown. The reader also discusses at length the interstimulus interval, and how this effects the type of motion we believe we see. Our brain has trouble switching motion of object, and has a tendency to keep the objects moving in the same direction much like inertia. The book also discusses the aperture problem. An example of this is shown in a barbers pole. The smoothest velocity field is why the stripes appear to go up the pole, instead of around the pole.
2) I found in my textbook a similar story about a patient who cannot perceive motion. My textbook describes the disorder as motion agnosia, and that it is believed to be caused by damage in the MT cortex. My textbook discusses how movement perception is important for survival, although it may not longer be necessary to avoid predators it is important to avoid getting hit by cars. My textbook also states that movement helps us to distinguish objects from the ground, and gives the example of a person in camouflage. As soon as the person moves it becomes instantly visible to us. I think that these examples gave me a new way to think about motion. My textbook also discusses how our brain can process many different movements at once, and does so in daily life when outside walking. There are cars, people, and trees all around us moving that we have no trouble perceiving. My textbook also discussed the interstimulus interval. When the ISI is less than 30 msec, the lights appear to flash on and off simultaneously.
3) The information I don’t think I will remember from the reader is all the rules about how our brain perceives motion. There were so many, and I found it difficult to make sense of the pictures and imagine them moving. The real life examples that were given such as a movie scene were easier for me to understand. I thought the textbook was easier for me to understand as well. I felt like the reader tried to explain too many movement rules, and it was difficult to do with still pictures. I don’t think I will remember the specific times given for the ISI perceptions, but I do think I will remember the general rules such as the ISI goes up partial movement is perceived.
Terms: Interstimulus interval, inertia, aperture problem, velocity field, motion agnosia
1) Chapter 6 is about how our eyes and brain perceive object motion. In rare brain damaged patients, they begin to see the world and motion as if they were constantly around a strobe light. The chapter discusses the rapid speed which our eyes and brain process movement. This happens fast enough for us to enjoy a movie in fact, instead of just saying still photo after still photo. The chapter emphasizes once again that what our eyes and brain construct are different than what is actually shown. The reader also discusses at length the interstimulus interval, and how this effects the type of motion we believe we see. Our brain has trouble switching motion of object, and has a tendency to keep the objects moving in the same direction much like inertia. The book also discusses the aperture problem. An example of this is shown in a barbers pole. The smoothest velocity field is why the stripes appear to go up the pole, instead of around the pole.
2) I found in my textbook a similar story about a patient who cannot perceive motion. My textbook describes the disorder as motion agnosia, and that it is believed to be caused by damage in the MT cortex. My textbook discusses how movement perception is important for survival, although it may not longer be necessary to avoid predators it is important to avoid getting hit by cars. My textbook also states that movement helps us to distinguish objects from the ground, and gives the example of a person in camouflage. As soon as the person moves it becomes instantly visible to us. I think that these examples gave me a new way to think about motion. My textbook also discusses how our brain can process many different movements at once, and does so in daily life when outside walking. There are cars, people, and trees all around us moving that we have no trouble perceiving. My textbook also discussed the interstimulus interval. When the ISI is less than 30 msec, the lights appear to flash on and off simultaneously.
3) The information I don’t think I will remember from the reader is all the rules about how our brain perceives motion. There were so many, and I found it difficult to make sense of the pictures and imagine them moving. The real life examples that were given such as a movie scene were easier for me to understand. I thought the textbook was easier for me to understand as well. I felt like the reader tried to explain too many movement rules, and it was difficult to do with still pictures. I don’t think I will remember the specific times given for the ISI perceptions, but I do think I will remember the general rules such as the ISI goes up partial movement is perceived.
Terms: Interstimulus interval, inertia, aperture problem, velocity field, motion agnosia
1. Chapter 6 of the reader starts out by describing the case of a lady who suffered from a stroke and as a result lost her sense of perceiving motion. They explain that she can see things perfectly at a distance and close up but when pouring a glass of water etc. she can’t determine how full the glass is. The liquid looks like a solid. It’s like she sees the world in snap shots. I think of it like watching one of the really old black and white movies where it’s more like a slide show of pictures than a movie. The reader then discusses how people perceive motion. We construct motion just like we construct images and colors. If we didn’t construct motion we would see the world in snap shots as well. The reader explains how we construct motion by giving a lot of examples about dots and flashing dots. If two dots are flashed together at different locations in our visual field depending on the timing we would see one dot, not two. Exner called this Interstimulus Intervals. One example used in the book was when they described how movies in a theater are shown. I never really thought about it. I love going to the movies but never really thought about how they work. When reading the reader it reminded me of a flip book. There pieces of images on ever page and when you flip the pages the images become whole and the image appears to move, or motion in the picture happens. I never really put the motion of something like that and compared it to movies. The reader explains that there are 72 flashes a second in the average movie. That to me is crazy. When we watch a movie we see people walking talking we don’t see 72 flashes of color a second. Not only do the flashes contain the color but the motion of the actors as well. It’s like a giant flip book in laymen’s terms also called Interstimulus Interval.
2. I looked up motion agnosia in the text and found that the same examples that were given in the reader about pouring a glass of water and having trouble determining when a car was about to go by were given. I actually learned about this condition in my Biopsychology class last semester. We learned how PET scans can determine where the brain had been damaged and then we watched a short video about the woman with the condition. I also tried to look up interstimulus intervals in the text but only found a definition and not a good example.
3. I think I will remember the story of the woman with motion agnosia because I have seen the case before. I will also think about the interstimulus intervals the next time I go to the movies. It’s crazy to think that there are approximately 72 flashes a second that we can’t see flash.
4. Motion construction, motion agnosia, and interstimulus intervals.
1.In Chapter 6 I was initially interested in the example about the barber shop pole in the old style barbershops. I use to love looking at those when I was younger because it moved in such a weird way; the stripes would move up even though they aren’t actually going anywhere. In the book it says that the pole turns in place about its axis, and the stripes don’t turn with the pole. The answer to this lies in how one solves the aperture problem. This problem was first mentioned by Pleikart Stumpf. In one instance we construct the smallest motion the one depicted by the short arrow orthogonal to the line. The line moves without sliding at all along its length (for the picture look at page 155). However, the aperture problem is not limited to straight lines; it can arise with curves as well. To construct a motion from a curve means to construct a velocity field along the curve. A rule that one will use is: construct the smoothest velocity field.
2.My textbook mentioned a aperture problem ; a situation the text mentions is where a stationary eye views a stimulus in which bar A moves across the receptive field of neuron B, which fires to the bar’s direction of movement. If no eye movement occurs, this seems like a fairly straightforward situation in which the direction of movement would be indicated by the firing of the movement detector. However, the situation is not quite as straightforward as it first seems because the moving bar provides ambiguous information about the direction of movement. So, the bar moving provides ambiguous information about the direction of movement and the key is to notice how the bar appears to move behind an aperture. This ambiguity of the direction of motion is called the aperture problem, and if we imagine the aperture representing a neural movement detector, we can appreciate that a single detector cannot tell us in what direction movement is occurring.
3.I know I will remember what aperture is because I will remember the barbershop example. The aperture problem is not limited to straight lines and can work with curves as well. Also, the moving bar provides ambiguous information about the direction of movement.
4.Aperture problem, orthogonal, velocity field, stimulus, movement detector
1) This chapter (as the title states) is all about motion and how our eyes interpret it. It covers how we perceive certain patterns and how our mind simulates movement based on the pattern. Two of my favorite examples the text offers is the circle following a curve to an x. Essentially as long as the "travel time" from the circle to the x isn't too long or short, our eyes can register movement from one shape to the other. Another example in the book contains two x's and two o's. The example demonstrated how our eyes don't like to think of two objects merging into one. Our eyes tend to prefer fluid motion and one object shifting to another. The other example that I liked was the example on grating. I have a mild disagreement with it, but that may have to do with the way the example is presented. The example stated that we tend to see the grating as a single fluid movement in one direction instead of it's separate components moving in outward diagonal directions. I am able to see both instances of this fairly readily.
2) The textbook tends to say a lot of the same things the reader does in more biological terms. It describes our visual perception as a "motion detector" that starts by observing a fixed distance as point A and B. If I'm reading correctly motion detection is broken down into multiple intervals of data entering one neural circuit and moving into another neural circuit. A Freudian term (apparent motion) relates to the perception of smooth motion that comes from fast changing of an object or objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession. To put this in terms that I understand, I assume this to be similar to follow the principles of a flip book.
3) I was never good at biology, so the textbook itself is of very little use to me in comparison, and even though I retain information that I am interested in I retain visual images much better than I do written words. After those observations of my personal preferences and habits, I am much more likely to remember the examples presented in the reader about the grating and the transformation of the x into o's and other similar variations of said example.
4) Motion, Visual perception, Neural circuits, Apparent motion, Freudian
Compare and Contrast –Chapter 6
1) Chapter six of the reader starts out by talking about someone called L.M. They believe that she received damage to her temporal and occipital lobe due to a stroke. She was complaining of having headaches and being extremely dizzy. Later she was diagnosed as having a loss of movement vision, which means she couldn’t see movement. Locke says that in order to use; our minds, a body and its motion are inseparable, however a body and its color are separable, so we can’t separate objects and color. This lead people to believe that we construct movement, chapter six mainly focuses on the construction of movements and how our brain follows rules such as “construct motion to be as uniform over space as possible” and “when making motion construct as few objects as possible, and conserve them as much as possible.” The interstimulus interval affects the type of motion we believe we see, an example the book gave was the barber shop pole, which then describes the smoothest velocity field and why the stripes go up on the pole instead of around the pole which might make more sense. The reader focused a lot on motion and our brain constructing motion in different ways.
2) The text chapter 6 focused mainly on depth perception. It explained accommodation, linear perspective, shading, height cues, texture gradient, shading, and interposition as all affecting depth and how close and far images appear to us depending on these things. Along with depth perception it also focused on the motion perspective. They defined motion perspective as a change in the way things look as we move through space. An example they gave in the book was a lamp shade that had different shading and asked you to appear and look at the lamp is several different ways, which focused on kinetic depth effect. This means that a figure that looks flat when stationary and appears to have depth when it moves.
3) I will definitely remember L.M. and how she couldn’t construct motion on her own. I thought that was extremely interesting because I never thought of someone having trouble constructing motion on their own I just thought it was something we could see and that we could always pick up on. I will definitely remember the idea of constructing motion in or brain and that some people have trouble doing this. I will also remember the examples that were given; I especially liked the barber shop pole example and the velocity field rule that went a long with it. I think that I will also remember most of the rule, because they helped me make sense of the examples and what I was reading. I don’t think I will remember a lot about the text book other than the depth perception and rules that went along with them that was stated in the book.
4) Terms: velocity field, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, construction of motion, texture gradient, shading, accommodation, atmospheric perspective, height cues, motion perspective, interstimulus interval.
1) Chapter 6 talks about how our eyes and brain perceive object motion. It started with a story of a patient who could not see motion. L.M. has good acuity, could see depth from stereo-vision, had normal color perception, and could easily recognize objects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation allows anyone to experience this same loss of motion. magnetic fields are used to impair normal electric function in V5, a a small area of cortex about one centimeter in diameter. If TMS is applied to just the left side of the brain, the subjects loses motion on just the right half of the visual field. The chapter discusses the interstimulus interval, which is the temporal interval between the offset of one stimulus to the onset of another. An example in the book was that Max Wertheimer did experiments with two stationary, flashing lights that at some interstimulus intervals appeared to the subject as moving instead of stationary. In these experiments, the ISI is the time between the two flashes.P.E. Link found that you can construct motion over curved paths. Vittorio Benussi found that you also construct curved motions when no curve is flashed. Karl Duncker placed a light on the rim of an unseen wheel, and then rolled the wheel. You see the light not as rotating, but as bouncing something like a ball. This motion is called a cycloid. The book also discusses the aperture problem. This problem implies that motion sensitive neurons in the visual primary cortex will always respond to a contour that crosses their receptive field, independently of its true length and orientation, as long as its direction is consistent with the preferred direction of the neuron.
2) In my text, the chapter of perceiving movement started out by stating different ways we achieve the perception of motion. The first is Real Movement: movement occurs when an object moves across an observers field of view. Apparent movement: Max Wertheimer observed that presenting two stationary stimuli, one after another, in slightly different locations, can cause the perception of movement between these stimuli. Induced movement" an illusion that occurs when movement of one object induces the perception of movement in another object. Last is Movement aftereffect: this occurs after viewing a moving stimulus for 30 to 60 seconds and then seeing movement in the opposite direction when viewing a stationary stimulus. The text gave an example of the waterfall illusion: If you look at a waterfall for 30 to 60 seconds and then look at part of the scene that is stationary, you will see movement in a direction opposite to the waterfall's movement. My textbook took the route of stating and defining terms that are related to object motion. The reader took the approach of examples rather than 'terms'.
3) I got really confused with all of the examples of object motion. It seemed a lot more clear in my text because there were terms to put with the examples. The real life examples that were given such as a movie scene were easier for me to understand. It was difficult to interpret what the reader was saying when it showed symbols that were suppose to represent movement when looking at another next to it (the still pictures). The specific rules in the reader I think I will be able to remember if I match a specific example with it.
Terms: Interstimulus interval, aperture problem, visual primary cortex, visual field, transcranial magnetic stimulation, real movement, apparent movement, induced movement, movement aftereffects, waterfall illusion
1.) Chapter 6 starts off by telling us a story about L.M. L.M. suffered from a stroke that damaged both sides of her brain in one spot. This caused L.M. to still be able to identify, see, and touch objects, but not to see their motion. The book explains this phenomenon but telling us that motion, like color, is determined by a person’s visual intelligence. So a person would construct the motion they’re seeing therefore if your constructed processes are damaged then you are not seeing the motion in objects. As unique as this may sound researchers have figured out a way to momentarily transform a person into the same exact state as L.M. This can be done through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The book also talks about Interstimulus Interval (ISI) and uses an example of flashing dots. This shows the interval between the offset of one stimulus to the onset of another. This is interesting because it shows that people construct stimulus independently. Another thing Chapter 6 talks about is the difference between group and element motion. Group motion (according to the picture on page 146) is when the two dots move from right to left whereas element motion is when there is an object in the middle that remains in the same area as the dot moves from right to left around the stable box. This is also the same for short-range and long-range motion. Another type of motion talked about in the book is called Cycloid. This is when a curve is defined by the path of a point on the edge of a circular wheel rolls along a straight line. The image was really confusing when first reading, so I looked up Cycloid and there was a really good picture that gave me a good idea of what kind of motion it produces. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloid Ullman’s Rigidity Theorem was another topic discussed in the reader. The idea is that if there are 3 frames each containing 4 random points then there is no way that they could be interpreted as 3 dimensional which goes against Rule 33 stating to interpret motions as projections of rigid motions in 3D. One of the last things talked about is magnocellular pathways and how they process motion, luminance, depth, and coarse forms whereas parvocellular pathways process color and fine form.
2.) My book talked a little bit about Interstimulus Interval. It relates by saying that ISI is the time interval between the mask and the target. When the interval was brief, observers of the flashing object saw two lines appear simultaneously due to the visual persistence. This is the same thing the reader was talking about with a different example. It did talk about the reverse effects as well. If the interval was longer this meant that the observers saw a line appear and disappear, followed by a second line appearing and disappearing in a different location.
3.) Things that I will remember the most from the topics talked about were the transcranial magnetic stimulation. I think that it would be crazy to know how it would be like to visualize the world without motion. It would be crazy to be able to see an object, touch it, even pick it up, but then not be able to see it move. I would be like L.M. and be terrified of crossing streets or even going near them. You would be at a total disadvantage. I think that by getting a chance to see this and experience it, even if it was only briefly, it would make me not take simple things like the perception of motion for granted. Another thing talked about that I found interesting was Cycloid motion. The picture on Wikipedia was pretty cool and gave me a better look at what it really looks like. I would like to know what kinds of objects perform this motion in real life though. I can’t think of any.
4.) transcranial magnetic stimulation, Interstimulus Interval, group motion, element motion, short-range motion, long-range motion, Cycloid, Ullman’s Rigidity Theorem, 3 Dimensional, magnocellular pathways, parvocellular pathways
1) Chapter 6 began, like other chapters, with an example of a disorder connected to the chapter topic. This chapter is about motion. In the beginning example, L.M. had a stroke that resulted in her not being able to see motion due to a disorder called akinetopsia. This information led us into the idea that like objects and color, we also create motion. Transcranial magnetic stimulation allows anyone to experience this disorder for a short amount of time. The V5 area of cortex is the part of the brain that affects our perception of motion.
The first section of this chapter talks a lot about flashing dots and how we perceive them to be one moving dot if the timing of the flashes are correct. I found this interesting but it really makes sense that we would see that.
We construct motion to be as simple as possible. This is stated in some of the rules. How we create movement is due to the timing flashes and ISIs. This can be seen in the example of the four dots at four "corners". If the flashes and ISIs are longer we create straight line motions to make a square. If flashes and ISIs are shorter we create smooth line motions to create a circle.
I like the section about using the radio or infrared emitters on actors to create life-like animation because I already knew a little about that. I found the section before that interesting also. The part about lit dots on actors or dancers was interesting because it said that you may be able to recognize the actor just from the movements.
After reading about flicker colors, I really want to find a Benham top. It's so fascinating that we are able to create an artificial spectrum.
Chapter 6 had tons of interesting information.
2) My text talks about apparent motion like the reader does. It uses an example of light instead of dots. If you turn one light on and off and then turn another light on with the right speed, it can look like the light from the first bulb traveled to the next. My text also says that we see motion due to a set of innate rules in our brains. This can be related to the listed rules in the reader about how we construct motion. The reader does not talk about animal vision in this chapter but my text does. It says that some animals can't see their prey unless it moves. The examples of lions and frogs were used.
3)I always remember the beginning example of a person with a disorder so I know I will remember the example of L.M. I will also remember apparent motion both from the reader and the text. The light show actors from the reader will definitely stick in my mind.
Things that might fade from my memory are the things about the reader I didn't really talk about like the 3D motions. I don't know why but that section was not very interesting to me.
4) akinetopsia, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, infrared emitters, flicker colors, artificial spectrum, apparent motion
This chapter was all about how the eye percieves motion. I liked the example about the barber shop pole because we still have one of those in my hometown and I still love to watch it! This example dealt with the aperture problem. I also love how this reader always starts out with examples of people who have these impairments. In this chapter the example was of people who saw things in a sort of snap shot manner. We see things in constant motion, such as when we watch a movie it is just a series of flashes of color and light and it gives us the illusion of motion. When I watch a movie my brain sees people walking around and talking not the flashes that my eyes are seeing. This is called interstimulus interval or kind of like a giant flip book.
2)The textbook discusses a similar example as the reader about the disorder in that a woman can see a glass of water perfectly from far away but the liquid in the glass appears as a solid. The text describes this a motion agnosia. It also talks about how motion detection is a survivial skill. We may not need it to stay away from predators anymore but we can still use it to stay out the of the way of those campus buses that are always talked about at orientation. I know that when it is dark or you are alone in a scary situation movement of any kind activates your fight or flight response. As soon as something moves it is no long hidden to us and it is on our radar.
3)I don't think that I will remember the rules that the reader gave because it was a lot of information to throw at us at once. But I know that I will remeber interstimulus interval and the movie example with the flip book in the reader. I will also remember the disorder at the beginning.
4)Interstimulus interval, motion agnosia, Aperture problem.
1) The reader talks a lot about the way we see different movements and how objects versus light movements. The chapter started with a lady that had brain damage and turned out to have trouble seeing movement at different times. She would try to pour tea and the stream would look as though it was constant not moving, also she would have troubles with depth perception and the amount of people in a room thinking that a majority of the people were just standing still. The chapter talks a lot about how our brain and eyes perceive different movements and how we prefer one to the other. For example it talked about how light sources to us move slower than other things because we don't like light sources to be the object in motion. If there is an object around that is what we would like to have in motion and not just a laminated light moving around in the distance. Say we have a person holding a flashlight at the end of the tunnel and all you can see is the light moving, you will follow the light until the person comes into view and you will naturally start following the distance with the persons movements and not the flashlight. Its interesting at the end of the chapter how they talked about how they are trying to make computers that are able to read time and space of cars and be able to pick up how fast each are going and many different scenarios that we are able to tell just by sitting in a car. What I find interesting is that they are having troubles making technology that is able to do the things that are human eye is able to do, it just goes to show how sophisticated are eyes really are.
2) My reader started off talking about the different ways that we are able to identify different objects. For example they talk about if you see a chair you are able to see it, while if half of the chair is hidden from view and you are able to only see half of the chair your brain will still construct the chair. Right after it talks about how we are able to contract a chair with only fragments of it showing it starts to talk about when people were trying to create computer technology that would do the same thing. However they came across the same patter as the reader saying that even though humans are able to do this with ease that computers have a very hard time identifying the chair behind a certain object. My text talks about perceptual organization which is the grouping of small parts into larger units. What they were looking at was how Gestalt would try to tell the difference between objects and their backgrounds. If you have a light color object that is in front of a light colored background how are we able to tell the difference and even notice movements at times? What Gestalt was trying to do was use a theory called structuralism which is perceptions built up of tiny building blocks called sensations. Saying basically that we try to construct every object in 3D so that is why an object that is not part of a background will sometimes stick out easier to us than just a flat background. The last thing that they talked about in the book was the law of simplicity which says that every stimulus patter is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is a simple as possible. Which is the same idea that they talked about in the reader.
3) The idea that stuck out to me the most while even reading both the reader and the text book was how our eyes function. We are able to see movements, shapes, colors, depth, and many more shapes and sizes. Yet a computer is not able to do some of the things that are eye do millions and millions of times a day. Its fascinating to think about something that we have taken for granted every day is so valuable to us. The fact that they are not able to make a computer that does some of the things that we do is amazing to me.
4) Structuralism, perceptions, motion, perception, construct, perceptual organization, stimulus
1.) Chapter 6 discussed how visual intelligence constructs motion as well as all the other things that it constructs. As always, a disorder concerning the topic is discussed at the beginning and this time it was the case of L.M., and individual who suffered from a stroke that has consquentley damaged the lateral border between the temporal and occipital lobes which resulted in a disorder called akinetopsia. Individuals with akinetopsia cannot perceive motion, although they can do most other tasks the same as others.
I found the rules in this chapter made a lot more sense to me than those that had been previously mentioned. The first rule mentioned was that we construct motion as simple as possible. Things move in straight lines when possible, and if not they take the next simplest route. This is not only how our brains interpret light moving, but also, I think, how we expect motion to occur. For example when we drive, we usually take the mot direct route, and don't make a lot of turns and circle around blocks just for the fun of it. The next rule mentioned is that we construct as few objects as possible, and when we do construct these objects, we conserve them. Next we construct motion to be as uniform as we can. When we see three frames of pictures, we make them move in the most continuous, uniform, way. Included in this rule was the aperture problem, which explains why old school barber shop pole lines appear to move up or down, depending on what way it is spinning when they are actually not. Next we construct the smoothest velocity field. Ullman's Rigidity Theorem is part of the next rule, to interpret image motions as rigid motions in 3D. Ullman's Theorm states that if you have 3 frames with a minimum of 4 points, and they are randomly placed, there probably don't have a rigid 3D interpretation. This theorm is used in a lot of virtual computer programs. Going along with this rule is the rule that if you can, interpret the images you see as rigid and planar. The final rule is that light sources move slowly. This is demonstrated in the checkerboard/sphere example. Your brain assumes that the spheres are moving, when the shadow changes because that is more likely than the source the light is coming from changes or that it is coming from a different light source.
2.) My text talks about Akinetopsia, but refers to it as motion agnosia and how motion is very important in performing everday activities, such as pouring things, crossing the street, and even having a conversation with others. In the text's chapter on motion, 4 qualities are given for percieving movement and were demonstrated with figures. These four are:
1.) Perception is a creation of the nervous system. We percieve motion even when there is no movement.
2.) Visual perception often depends on more than just the image on the retina. We perceive movement when we follow a moving object, even though its image stays at the same place on our retinas.
3.) Perception often involves an interaction between different perceptual qualities. Our own and the objects movement help up perceive and objects shape and location better. and
4.) Perception depends on heuristics, when we use our best guess to determine what something is.
Between our class lecture and throughout the reader discussing these same concepts, I feel that I have a pretty good grasp on these four concepts.
3.)I think that when given an example of a rule, it is so much easier to comprehend what the author is trying to get across, and he does that with all his rules to some extent, but some are way easier to understand than others. I thought the rules that were the most clear to me were the last one about light sources moving slowly, because it makes sense when shown the checkerboard example, and the first rule about keeping motion as simple as possible. Also, the disorder that the author started the chapter off with I found very interesting and will probably remember.
4.)Terms: Motion, Akinetopsia, Aperture Problem, Ullman's Rigidity Theorem, 3D, motion agnosia, visual perception, retina
1) Chapter six of the reader introduces the topic of motion as a construction of our visual intelligence. Using the case of a lady called L.M., Hoffman illustrates how damage to the lateral border of the temporal and occipital lobes caused this woman to be impaired in her ability to construct motion. She could no longer see motion, and this made visual images appear frozen in time, so that, (for practical purposes) like a blind person, she had to learn to rely on her other sensory information, such as hearing and touch to estimate proximity of a moving car, or the fullness of a cup of tea.
Hoffman uses the case of L.M. to springboard into the topic of motion construction. He begins with the early theory of John Locke which suggested that a body and its motion were inseparable, and how the case of L.M. disproves this earlier notion. The reader explains that experiments using magnetic fields to temporarily impair a small area of the cortex can allow normal subject to experience loss of motion detection on one or both sides of their visual field depending on the side(s) of the brain being temporarily impaired through this experimental technique.
As with previous chapters, there are a number of rules that our brains follow to construct motion in a way that allow us to experience motion as we do. These rules include constructing the simplest motions possible, as few objects as possible, uniformity over space, the smoothest possible velocity field, constructions of 3D motions that are rigid and planar, and light sources that move slowly. Given these rules, as with previous chapters in the reader, there are a number of ways that our brains can be tricked using these same rules to experience motion when it is not actually present – such as when watching a film with its frames being flashed in succession so that we experience movement, or the stripes that seem to move up on a turning barber pole.
2) The Goldstein textbook discusses much of the same information as the reader, and presents it in new ways. For example, the same woman, L.M., who was impaired by her stroke, is referred to as having “motion agnosia”, a crippling disability.
Goldstein also discusses the history of views on motion perception, such as those developed by Hemholtz which tells us that even our own movement allows us to distinguish and differentiate objects as we move forward in our environment. This phenomenon described by Hemholtz known in the textbook as the “optic array”.
Goldstein’s text offers a number of biological explanations and theories for explaining motion perception. These include the musculature of our eyes which hold our eyes in steady fixation. As explained in the “collorary discharge theory which relies on signals reaching neurons to perceive movement. The textbook offers the experiment of this theory – by pushing on your eye to see how it effects your movement perception of the world around. I tried this, and sure enough, the world “jiggled” slightly as I pushed gently on the muscles that held my eye in place.
3) From my readings, I will most likely recall the overall concept of motion construction being an interdependent part of the visual system, and the way that a damaging event to the brain in critical regions can cause a crippling disability. It will be difficult to remember the rules. Even now, I feel I only superficially understand the specifics of the rules, but I do have a general idea of the importance of our brains reliance on rules for motion construction to help us efficiently make sense of the world.
4) Lateral border of the temporal and occipital lobes caused, magnetic fields, motion agnosia, optic array, collorary discharge theory.
1. Chapter 6 started off my talking about a 43 year old woman who had a problem with perceived object motion. She complained about losing movement in all three dimensions. They called this disease akinetopsia which is the loss of motion. It talked about a technique in which anyone can perceive a loss of motion called Transcranial magnetic Stimulation. They use magnetic fields to impair normal electric functions in the V5. Basically if the TMS is used toward the V5 on the right side of brain then the subject loses motion on the just the left half of the visual world and vice versa. In looking at the example by Exner, it talks about the flashing white dots against the black background. This exercise was to test the timing in which you see one dot and if the dots moves. He used a term called interstimulus interval (ISI) which is the construction time in which u see the first and the second dot. By looking at this example it shows that you don’t only construct objects in motions but you do so interdependently. This leads up to how they use this in the motion picture industry. The only motion that is in motion pictures is of which you construct. The motion picture industry just shows you a bunch of still pictures one after another. This also ties in to what max Wertheimer was talking about in a variation of Exner’s display. He says that if ISI is used then a single dot that moves from left to right is green for the first part and red for the second half in which you split the difference and give equal time to both of them. The main meaning of this is that you construct motion in a straight line and in curve paths which is creating the simplest possible motions. There are two different kinds of motion for this display. Ne being the group motion in which two dots move together rigidly from left to right. The other one is element motion in which the dot in the middle stays put and the dot on the left jumps around it from right to left. This example shows that if we didn’t perceive motion than we would be seeing things in still pictures and snap shots like motion picture films show us. Another point made by this chapter was when making motion, construct as few objects as possible and conserve them as much as possible (Rule 30). I think if our mind is complicated with more objects it would have a more difficult time perceiving things then it already does. This kind of ties into the magic trick Zach showed us in the lab meeting. When he was doing all of that spinning and moving my eyes didn’t know where to focus in which he in fact duped me. Also construct motion to be as uniform over space as possible (Rule 31). You use this rule when you are looking at wheels on a car when the wheels seem to be going counterclockwise when they are actually going the clockwise direction. If you look at the wheels on a Bentley the B stays in one place and does not move!! Which cost 15 thousand per wheel. This is the only car I know that doesn’t allow that to happen. It isn’t known how we divide motion into global components but some psychologists say we divide motion so as to minimize both common and relative motions. An example of this was the barber pole suggests that we create in a paradoxical motion. The answer to this revolves around the aperture problem. The arrows show hoe u construct motion within the frames. This problem can arise with curves as well which leads into another rule stating construct the smoothest velocity field (Rule 32). Meanings to make the stripes of the barber pole go around rather than up, would require a velocity field that is less smooth. The heart of this rule is that the motion you construct a one particular point depends on the motion at nearby points. You also construct objects in rigid motion. This is when points in space have all distances that remain constant during motion. This principle was discussed in the use of the Ullman’s Rigidity Theorem. If u are given three frames, each had four points, and the points were random, the probability is zero that the object has rigid interpretations in 3D. If they do then you construct two interpretations that are symmetric. This rigidity rule is used a lot in computer visual systems by using artificial vision systems to increase sophistication of the industries. You can also interpret image motions based on projecting 3D motions in rigid and planar forms. This was shown by the checkerboard, sphere ,and shadow model.
2. The text started out talking about apparent motion which used Exner illusion. This was defined as the impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alteration of objects that appear in different locations. This tie into the reader by TSM and ISI. Another thing the texted elaborated on was the Correspondence and Aperture problems. The correspondence problem was used to talk about the issues that are in movies. The problem with this is figuring out by the motion detection system which features in frame two go with the features in frame one. The example used is that we have different motion detectors that compete to determine our overall perception. The Aperture problem is when the moving object is view through the receptor field, the direction of the motion maybe ambiguous. This system tends to show some short distance constraints in which vertical motion detector wins over diagonal motion detectors. It also talks about global motion in the area of the middle temporal lobe. The vast majority of neurons are used for motion in one particular direction but don’t show much selectivity for forms of color. They studied this by training a group of monkeys to respond to correlated dot motions. They believe since monkeys were able to discriminate different motions in rightward motion, this makes a strong case that middle temporal lobe is the site of global detection neurons in the visual system. The biological motion was also mentioned in the text. This was defined as the pattern of movement among living beings. It helps us identify moving objects and its actions. The thing I found to stick out in this chapter was the disease mentioned at the beginning of the reader of akinetopsia. I think it was almost the same example used in the reader.
3. In looking at the information presented in this chapter, I think I would remember these rules a little better than some of the other one previously mentioned in other chapters. Rule 30 would be easy to remember because this rule is used quite frequently. Also rule 33 because it talks about rigid motions in three dimensions. Some of the examples used in this chapter would also assist my memory such as the barbershop sign which had to do with the aperture problem. I might forget the ullmans rigid theorem due to the way it was worded but I would remember that it is linked to 33 and 34.
4. Akinetopsia, Transcranial magnetic Stimulation, interstimulus interval, paradoxical motion, rigid motion, Correspondence/aperture problem, middle temporal lobe, biological motion, velocity field.
there are many point's in chapter 6 are the way we perceive movement with visual intelligence as we construct the movement in are minds. if a object is moving we have the ability to judge how fast the object is moving in timing it, such as a moving ball, car or how it colored in which we perceive it as a object that we can recognize it as being safe or being a danger to us as a whole whether it is a long/short range that give us the ability to detect the motion. For instance when we go to the lake and throw rocks into the water an it skips it is called cycloid motion. Or as we see or look at a fence we can see the the lines as a form of grating or in the fabric of our clothes as the fabric is woven together it displays the same idea but we cant see it because it is microscopic to the vision of the eye. During the idea of filming the movie avatar in order to get the visual facial reactions as well as the movements of the characters they used the idea of Johansson,G. to capture the movement making it real to us as we view the movie as the connect computer animations making them feel and look real. which is a break through in the last 10 years in the film industry and the use of 3D. the ISI we can see for example as the flashing lights of a police car looks like it is move for one color to the other color (RED or Blue) it is the movement of light turning for the left to right. called parvocellular to the pathway process color as a fine form. If motions is visible is it not the manipulation of the eyes collecting images due to color and but is it really what we see by the mind telling us that something is really there that is not there using scheme in the sense of prior knowledge, in the is in the surroundings. such as trees, moving object such as cars people moving by running or walking, because what we see is not always what is there the mind puts it there, in a way lying to us. for example when they used the on study playing with the basket ball and the gorilla walks between the people dribbling the ball.
In comparison to the text reference by Goldstein (2007) chapter six touches on a verity of different subjects in such as attention and perceiving the environment. with the use of divided attention such as when we drive we view and look at the car in front of us, and as we look into the rear view mirror, as well as the side mirrors. the use of selective attention we focus on specific objects and ignore other objects. the stimulus salience as we look at different scene, by mapping what we look at but not realizing that we do look at thing differently scanning the environment in are own way by way of fixations and saccades. the problem with that is there is a in-attentional blindness as we look at a particular object or scenes we fail to look at the whole picture just focus on one thing. As we look at a object we tend to ignore as we integrate the integration theory by Gelade & Treisman (1980) the use of the pre-attentive stage which feature and object as it separates it by (color, orientation, and location) and relates it to what we know as it triggers the focused attention stage. the other chapter that relates to this is the chapter 8 Goldstein(2007) text as it covers pictorial cues source of depth information as it reflect into the retina of the eye as a occlusion, or as the relative height, size, perspective convergence and familiar size. the polarization of light has to do with how we perceive and object that is moving in one direction to another direction. Scene from left and right eye also create a specific amount of disparity, known as binocular depth or disparity selective cells;as well as visual angle depends on the size of the stimulus and on its distance from the observer. the biological motion is a system which lights are connected to a person to show the motion called point-light motion known as a structure-from-motion. with that in mind the STS (superior temporal sulcus) which is detected in the temporal cortex in chapter 9.
What might fade from the memory is the way we see things in normal day life, if what we see is proven to be false in memory then it is that that will fade away. we have to look at the things that are accurate if the mind changes perception into something that is false is memory really accurate instead of thinking it is true. we all have to look at the broader view is it just in the means of giving to or testifying as a accurate memory making it a false memory.
all terms or listed in the paragraphs above.
1) Chapter 6 disucess visual motiion. It begins by talking of a patient with damaged parts of her brain which caused her to not be able to regognize visual movement abilities such as pouring a cup of coffee. In this chapter John Locke talks about how minds, a body and its motions are inseperable while a body and its color are seperable. The book uses an example of an O and X in which the O is followed by a dotted curve to the X. Our eyes follow this dotted curve and our visual motion moves our eyes from the O to the X. The reader also shows us several pictures of different designed balls in which it discuess grating. By each grating shading, it indicates the motion in which we always construct for the design and which way the grating goes.
2) The text talks about how the brain can reconstruct three-dimensional objects in the world from two-dimensional images. It discusses how monocular cues provide information about three-dimensional space, which include occlusion, various size and position cues and motion cues. Another thing the text discusses is binocular rivalry, which is when the stimuli on corresponding loci in the two eyes oare different and we experience competition between the two eyes.
3) One thing that stck out in my mind that I will remember from reading the text is that we have two laterally seperated eyes that our connected to our brain and provides us with important information about depth through small differences betweent the images of each eye. These differences are known as Binocular Disparities.
4)Visual Motion, grating, binocular rivalry,binocular disaprities
1.) Chapter six talks about visual motion and opens up with an unusual case about a woman who had difficulty pouring coffee into a cup because the liquid looked frozen, she would also feel uncomfortable in a room with other people because they would move to different parts of the room, but she was unable to see the movement. And lastly, she found it difficult to cross the street because she couldn't judge the speed of a car. This was a very unusual case because how could a person see an object, but not its motion? An interesting technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows anyone to experience a loss of emotion for a brief second. As we have learned in earlier chapters we construct objects, their shapes and colors, and motion. Sigmund Exner did a study where he flashed two sparks one after the other. If the time between the sparks weren't too long or too short, then the observer would see one spark, instead of two and the spark would move. The book does a similar example using an X and an O. Ted Adelson and Tony Movshon used an interesting approach to explore the interaction between the consrtuction of objects and the motions. They first created displays where a series called a grating, were under a circular aperture. Then they created displays that look like plaids. The idea of this experiment was to figure out what motion people construct by looking at the pictures. Dan Kersten made an illusion that showed how we construct motion. The book shows a checkerboard with two balls numbered one and two, and these two balls each have a shadow. The motion that is constructed in these dimensions depends on the sphere and how we interpret the relation between it and its shadows.
2.) The text starts out by stating the same exact information about motion agnosia as the reader did. It states that a woman who is 43 years old suffered a stroke and now has motion agnosia. She has trouble pouring tea and coffee, crossing the street, and seeing people disappear from rooms. The text goes on to discuss 4 ideas for perceiving movement.
1. Perception is a creation of the nervous system. We perceive motion even when there is no movement.
2. Visual perception often depends on more than just the image on the retina. We perceive movement when we follow a moving object, even though the object's image stays at the same place on our retinas.
3. Perception often involves an interaction between different perceptual qualities.
4. Perceptions often depend on heuristics that provide the best estimates of what a particular stimulus is.
The text discusses that there is real movement and apparent movement. Real movement is the most straightforward way to create the perception of movement is to move an object across an observer's field of view. Apparent movement is when a perception of movement can be created even when no movement is actually occuring.
3. After reading the information from the text and the reader I think I will remember motion agnosia because it is such an unusual and interesting disorder and I had no idea that it had existed until I took this class. I think that the four ideas for perceiving movement may fade from my memory because I just wasn't that interested in it. My favorite illusion was in this chapter, which is the checkerboard with the two spheres, and I know that I will always remember that!
4.) Motion Agnosia, construct, sphere, perception, retina, real movement, apparent movement,
1) Chapter 6 in the reader was called When the World Stopped Moving. The chapter focused on motion, different rules relating to movion, and also illusions of motion. The chapter talked about two differnt kinds of motion: group motion and element motion. Group motion is when two dots move together from left to right. Element motion is when the dot in the middle stays in the middle and the dot on the left jumps over it from the left side to right side. The chapter also gave picture example of different forms of motion. One of these examples was called cycloid. In a cycloid,light is seen as bouncing and not rotating. Another exampple was the windmill, which fits with rule 31. We construct motion to be as uniform over spaces as possible. One of the more interesting things talked about in this chapter was transcranial magnetic stimulation, which is a way to experience loss of motion. It uses magnetic force to impair v5. It was an interesting process.
2) My textbook had quite a bit of information on motion. It discussed motion agnosia a little more and how people with this disorder can't perceive motion. One example given was how it was difficult for a person with this disorder to do simple things such as pouring coffee. The coffee appears to be frozen and they couldn't tell when the cup was almost full. Something that the reader didn't discuss but my text did was movement aftereffect and spiral motion aftereffect. An example given for movement aftereffect is with a waterfall. When you look at a waterfall and then look away, the ground seems to moving in the direction opposite of the waterfall. The spiral motion aftereffect is when a moving spiral seems to be moving inward and when you look away, everything seems to expand outward.
3) I will probably remember the windmill and cycloid examples of motion the most out of the reader information. I will most likely not remember all of the different rules and concepts for motion that were presented in the reader.
4) Motion agnosia, group motion, element motion, motion aftereffect
) Chapter 6 was titled when the world stopped moving and was about how we see motion and process it in our brains. The chapter started out discussing L.M. and how she damaged both sides of her lateral border between the temporal and occipital lobes. This damage to the brain caused L.M. to often not see motion. My favorite line from the chapter was a conclusion by John Locke. He said that to our minds, a body and its motion are inseparable: a body and its color are separable. The first rule discussed in the chapter is that we create the simplest possible motions. When things move together in the same direction is called group motion. When things mover around a central point it is called element motion. Other rule of construction are that we construct as few objects as possible and conserve them and construct motion to be as uniform over space as possible. Another interesting aspect of the chapter is the cycloid. Karl Duncker put light on the top of a wheel and discovered that when you construct rotations it depends on the context. The rest of the chapter discusses velocity fields, how we see 3D motion and how we see light sources slowly.
2) My text discussed a lot of the topics the reader did but has a more scientific approach. The first topic I cam across was apparent motion. Our reader used dots to help associate the message and our text used light bulbs as an example. The text explained that if you turn on and off different lights it seems that light jumps from one bulb to the other one.
3) The information that I will most remember would be the L.M. situation because I can not even imagine not being able to see motion. The other aspects of the chapter I will not forget are the expiations of how we construct 3D motion.
1)Chapter 6 of the reader was title When the World Stopped Moving. The main theme of this chapter was how our eyes see motion and how we percieve objects that move. It covers how we perceive certain patterns and how our mind simulates movement based on the pattern. In the text it also talked about two differnt kinds of motion: group motion and element motion. Group motion is when two dots move together from left to right. Element motion is when the dot in the middle stays in the middle and the dot on the left jumps over it from the left side to right side. There were many examples used throughout this chapter in the text that demonstrated different types of motion. For example, the illustration that demonstrated rigid motion on page 158. Another example of motion was Kesterson's model that illustrated the two spheres on a checkered board that appeared to be in motion.
Discuss what you read in the reader. Think about what you learned from the reader. What were the main points the author was trying to make? What were some examples he used? What was the most interesting part of the chapter - etc.? Don't simply answer these questions; these are just some things to ask yourself before you start writing. I am pretty open to what you write about.
2) In the text, the author described Motion perception. Motion perception evolved early, according to the comparative physiologist Gordon Walls, because, as the act of movement is intimately associated with life, the perception of this movement is intimately associated with survival. Predators that can detect the movement of peotential prey are more likely to catch that prey, and prey that can detect the movement of potential predators are more likely to survive. Thurs, although some animals may have poor depth perception or rudimentary color vision, none lack the abilitiy to perceive motion. While modern-day humans may not need movement perception to avoid predators, we do need it to avoid cars and other moving objects in our environment, and to take advantage of the information provided by movement, including the following: 1. Movement attracts our attention. If you are in a crowd and want to attract someones attention, one of the best things you can do is wave your arms. Movement in our peripheral vision usually triggers an eye movement that brings the moving object's image onto our foveas so we can see it clearly. 2. The movement of an object relative to an observer provides information about the object's three-dimensional shape. We may not be sure of an unfamiliar object's shape if we see it from just one viewpoint, but if it moves relative to us or if we walk around it, its shape becomes obvious. Movement provides information that helps us segregate figure from ground.
3) From this chapter I will most likely remember how our brain percieves and interprets motion. The illustrations really helped distinguish different types of motion that will help me remember how our brain percieves all kinds of motion. However; I will probably not remember the rules that are associated with motion because there are a lot of them.
4) Motion perception, movement,group motion, element motion, and rigid motion.