Read Chapter 14.
How do all these different topics that are in this social psychology chapter come together to form an all encompassing understanding of human thought and behavior in the social world?? How has your understanding of social psychology changed since reading this chapter?
From your reading, which topic(s) are most interesting to you?
What was the most surprising or memorable thing you learned about in this reading?
Provide a list of psychological terms that you used in your comment at the bottom of your post.
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Explore!
Debunking the Myth of Kitty Genovese
http://moms.popsugar.com/Should-You-Teach-Kids-Share-27333250
http://www.buzzfeed.com/regajha/how-privileged-are-you
Why Poor Schools Can't Win at Standardized Testing
The Girl Who Gets Gifts From a Bird
The main theme promoted by this chapter was the idea that humans are extremely responsive to social rules and expectations. Even the physical design of the human brain promotes this characteristic, as the prefrontal cortex (responsible for much of human social interaction and understanding) is much larger than that of a Rhesus monkey or a cat, the examples the book suggests. The clear importance of the prefrontal cortex suggests that social interaction and attitudes are a crucial part to human survival and culture. This chapter covers attitudes, stereotypes, group interactions, altruism, and even love. The interconnectedness of all these topics converges with the introduction of social psychology. There are many different quirks associated with the human mind, and especially with human interpersonal relationships, many of which are discussed in this chapter. For instance, humans will describe other people’s personality in terms of general behavior, as they act on a regular basis, while they will describe themselves in terms of situational behavior, or the way that they behave when presented with specific criteria for a situation. This is called the actor-observer effect, and it speaks volumes about how people interact socially. My understanding of social psychology has changed since reading this chapter primarily in how I view social interaction. The most striking thing in this area was, for me, the scenario in which people in a large crowd are less likely to help a lost child (due to perceived shared responsibility among the entire crowd) than someone walking alone. It really fascinated me how people change their behavior based on who is watching, and I feel this explains a lot about human nature.
The most interesting part of this chapter was, for me, the brief section on group thinking. I was interested by this because it made me think of mob mentality and how susceptible social behavior is to different factors (as in, how we behave in public vs. behind closed doors). The most fascinating part of this group thinking section was the idea of social loafing. I was interested in this because literally EVERYONE has experienced this phenomenon (it’s called group projects) and I always wondered why people couldn’t simply pull their weight and do the work. Finding out that there is a psychological phenomenon associated with this behavior is a little comforting, because it explains a lot, but also a little frustrating, because it makes it incrementally more difficult to blame the person engaging in social loafing (don’t worry, I’ll still yell at them for it).
The section I found most memorable was the story of the Milgram experiment. I read through the procedure, and at first I was shocked, thinking I was one of the people who would refuse to cause the person pain, but the more I thought about it, the more I realized that the capacity to cause pain is super prevalent in society. It’s not widely accepted, but people cause each other pain all the time. We have sports centered around fighting, and a biting remark is often celebrated for being ‘savage.’ The culture of causing suffering isn’t much of a surprise at all, in the end.
social rules
characteristic
prefrontal cortex
social interaction
attitudes
stereotypes
group interactions
altruism
social psychology
interpersonal
situational behavior
actor-observer effect
mob mentality
social loafing
culture
This chapter on social psychology covers an enormous variety of topics such as attitudes, attributions, social forces, and social relations. These are all related in that they are the factors that define how humans interact with each other. As professors are so fond of saying, we do not exist in a vacuum and what other people do greatly affects what we do. It is for this reason that things such as attitudes, norms, social roles, and group dynamics are covered in this chapter. Each of these things greatly affect the way that we interact and react to the social situations around us.
My understanding of social psychology has greatly increased in that I really did not know what social psychology was in the first place. I thought that it would be confusing because I didn’t understand how it overlapped with sociology, but now I see that it is really focusing on how society affects the individual. I found this to be the most interesting chapter that we have covered so far. It includes things that I have learned in sociology and also covers quite a bit that I have learned in my communication classes which I really enjoy.
The first interesting thing that I learned in this chapter is about attitudes. The section talking about changing attitudes was especially interesting to me. I was very surprised that people’s attitudes are so willingly changed as I always imagined them to be very deeply engrained. The cognitive dissonance theory seemed to be a good explanation to this. It seems only natural that people would want to get rid of the conflict in their attitudes and behaviors or in two attitudes that they hold. The self-perception theory of attitude change also makes sense as humans are very likely to observe their behavior to make decisions.
Another section of the chapter that stood out to me was the section on attributes. Attributes are something that we talked about in my oral communication class, but my professor didn’t give us a particularly good definition. The book gave a much better definition of the fundamental attribution error and I finally came to understand how it impacts the way in which we interact with others. I found it very surprising that fairly consistently we are more likely to use situational attributes on ourselves and dispositional attributes on others. This definitely affects how we interact with others because we are making broad and very dangerous assumptions about other people’s personalities and dispositions. Because of this, I think that the self-serving bias is definitely true. Though I don’t want to admit it because it is very shallow, I think that this is definitely prevalent in society. People are always quick to attribute their success on a test or in receiving an award based on internal causes. However, when they fail, they are quick to attribute their shortcomings to external factors. I have always known this to be true, but it is very interesting to see the psychology behind why this happens.
Vocabulary: social psychology, attitudes, norms, social roles, group, cognitive dissonance, self-perception theory, attribution, fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias
Social Psychology is such a dense topic that it is often now studied as a subject by itself. It encompasses many aspects of how us, as humans, interact with each other. Social Psychology was defined by Gordon Allport as a type of psychology that "seeks to understand, explain, and predict how our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others". This chapter discusses the various ways in which we interact with each other and why. It also goes into detail about certain disorders associated with social psychology.
As humans, we largely abide by a set of rules about how everyone in society is supposed to act. These "rules" are known as norms. The purpose of these norms are to provide order and predictability. They can be implicit, explicit, descriptive, or injunctive. Some examples of common norms are stopping at a red light, facing the front of an elevator, and not littering. Norms are also related to social rules. Social rules are a certain set of norms ascribed to a person's social position. They are expectations and duties associated with the individual's position in the family, at work, in the community, and in other settings. For example, we expect police officers to maintain law and order. Social roles aren't always positive, and they can sometimes be very constrictive for individuals. Women are expected to show communal characteristics, or associate with the welfare of other people, and if they begin to show more male-like social roles they can become oppressed and judged. This often leads to the idea of conformity. Conformity is the tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure. The Asch studies provide a perfect example of testing conformity. I thought it was interesting to find out that conformity differs between types of cultures. For instance, people in individualistic cultures such as our own view conformity as a bad thing, whereas collectivistic cultures value fitting in with other people and see it as a virtue.
I also found the social disorder, autism, to be extremely interesting. I've always been intrigued by it. I have encountered numerous individuals with this disorder and I have often wondered how it comes about and what those individuals are experiencing. I thought there was an explanation for what occurs to cause autism but after reading the chapter I found that a detailed biological understanding of autism has yet to emerge. It seems like they have found certain aspects which correlate with the disorder, but are unsure about if it results in the causation. Autism is characterized by extreme unresponsiveness, poor communication skills, and very repetitive or rigid behaviors. There are different variations of autism which can present themselves in different ways. Asperger's is one form. In this case, individuals have similar social deficits but often have relatively normal intellect. Hopefully one day will we have a clear consensus of how these social disorders occur so that we can better understand and communicate with the individuals that have been impacted by it.
Vocabulary Terms: social psychology, Gordon Allport, norms, social rules, conformity, collectivistic and individualistic cultures, Asch studies, social disorders, autism, correlation, causation, Asperger's
After reading this chapter and thinking through the many different things that encompass social psychology, I realized that the underlying theme was how we are influenced and influence others through our behaviors in everyday life. Whether through studying attitudes, attributions, social forces, or stereotypes; all of these things share the similar features of helping us figure out how and why we are impacted by one another. Each of these topics explores a specific part of this vast topic that piece together to form a well-rounded and intricate picture of human thought and behavior. Through the basis of human interactions these distinct topics give us a glimpse into differences in why and how people behave based on situations and other factors.
My understanding of social psychology has changed drastically since reading this chapter based on the many different areas I did not realize were included in this topic. To me social psychology was just looking at forming relationships but with the idea of attitudes and attributions I started to focus on some of the similarities to personality as well. The similarities from attitudes and attributions from personality to social psychology changed these topics from more of a individualistic perspective to how those personality traits and characteristics look and are viewed in society. This was seen through dispositional attributions. These attributions took a person’s personality traits and using them to explain a person’s behavior. Along with this, the topics of stereotyping and prejudice I never really thought of in the light of social psychology before. This topic seems to fit well as one of the puzzle pieces of this area, however, I had never considered the topic of stereotypes and prejudice to be so wide spread in our everyday lives and control so much of our relationships with other people.
This leads me to one of the most surprising things that I found while reading this chapter. When the authors focused on the idea of persuasion; I had no idea that there was so much logic and science behind the different tactics that people use in order to get others to do certain things. Along these lines, when the authors brought up the human tendency to follow orders later in the chapter my mind began to churn for this tendency to be an explanation for why German guards were able to do such harsh things to the Jews during World War 2. This thought process was due to the material my humanities class is covering right now. Overall, this chapter contained many different ideas and topics that are encompassed in the realm of social psychology that I would never have considered before reading this chapter. This chapter gave me some great perspective on the different biases, stereotypes, and societal norms that I fall into on a normal basis.
Vocabulary: social psychology, behaviors, attitudes, attributions, social forces, stereotypes, prejudice, obedience, persuasion
This chapter talks about social psychology and how people’s attitudes and behaviors can affect their daily behaviors and life. Social psychology is an area of psychology that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
My understanding of social psychology has expanded as I knew it had to do with attitude and behavior, but did not know about all of its’ studies and bystander apathy. I found this chapter very interesting and learned that social psychology covered more than I thought it did.
The most interesting thing to me was the group dynamics. I was so interested in this because of the different social behavior factors one can have when in public vs. when at home. One of the most fascinating to me was social loafing. It reminded me of the discussion we had last week in class with group projects and how they differed from high school to college classes.
What I found memorable was bystander apathy. I read through this section thinking why wouldn’t someone have called the police for Kitty Genovese? But then I thought about it. If I was one of those 38 people, who are standing there, shocked to see this man stabbing a neighbor of mine, would I react? Could I? Would I fear that he would come at me next? Knowing that there are other people around me witnessing this attack I might think that one of them might call instead, but considering it took thirty minutes for Kitty to die, I think it would be right to say that I would have called myself. In fact even if I hope that someone had called, I would still call to make sure they had information and they would hurry for the sake of the victim. There are times when I have not interfered like when my cousin has had a seizure because I did not know exactly what to do so as I was a child at the time I screamed for the adult and stayed with my cousin as he had the seizure, he was fine after it though. Growing up I made sure I was trained in CPR and First Aid Training so that if I can, than I do not need to stand off to the side, but can instead help out and not be a bystander apathy. I can understand bystander apathy, but at least someone needs to learn to stand up and realize not everyone is going to do it for them and that a victim in a crime sometimes need someone else to dial 911 for help instead of just standing there and watching the crime continue to happen.
Vocabulary: social psychology, attitudes, behaviors, group dynamics, social loafing, bystander apathy.
The book defines social psychology as a field of psychology that “seeks to understand, explain, and predict how our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.” This definition breaks social psychology down into three parts: the effect others have on the way we act, the way we feel, and the way we think. Whether we want to admit it or not, everyone is influenced in some way by those around them.
A big part of social psychology is social cognition, which is how we view and understand other people and ourselves. Social cognition has two main parts: attitudes and attributes. Social psychologists also study social forces and the effect they have on people.
Our attitude is our impression and interpretation of the world and the people in it. It’s usually pretty stable and lasts for a long time. Attitudes are made up of three parts: affective, behavioral, and cognitive. The cognitive component is what our beliefs about a certain topic are. The behavioral component is how we act around a certain topic. The affective component is our feelings towards the topic. Our attitudes can sometimes forecast how we will behave, but this is not always the case.
Attributions, the second part of social cognition, are ways of explaining the behavior of others in a casual manner. These explanations may be situational, which use the environment to explain behavior, or dispositional, which use personal traits to explain behavior. When we use dispositional explanations, however, we run the risk of committing the fundamental attribution error, and misjudging someone’s motives and traits based on their behavior, when really other forces are at play.
A person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior can also be influenced by social forces. Norms and social roles, for example, along with a desire to conform to the rest of the world and obey authority figures can all dictate a person’s behavior. These forces can be beneficial at times, but things like obedience can definitely have a negative effect on the realization of your full potential.
Finally, social relations can also shape the way we think, feel, and act. Group dynamics can pressure you into acting a certain way. These can be positive or negative. For example, one type of group dynamics is group productivity, which is the idea that people are more productive in groups. However, groups can also encourage social loafing, which is the idea that people are more likely to put less time and work into a group project than an individual one.
This chapter was very educational for me. I never realized the full effect that groups and group dynamics had on our behavior. I was also surprised to learn that psychologists have so many types of love, and that each type entails a combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. The most interesting part of the chapter for me was the section on disorders, and autism in particular. My little brother has Down syndrome and autism, and I’m always interested in learning more about how his brain works.
Terms: social psychology, social cognition, attitudes, attributes, fundamental attribution error, norms, social roles, conformity, obedience, autism
I had barely gotten into this chapter before I found something that related to it. I saw a really interesting article about social psychology and the changing of people’s attitudes the yesterday. It was on the Vox snapchat story, of all places. It was a really interesting article about how people’s attitudes, specifically towards laws about bathroom privileges for transgender people, can change with an unexpected technique called “deep canvassing”. It was similar to normal canvassing, in which spokespeople would go door to door and poll members of the public on what their attitudes and opinions were about including trans people in nondiscrimination laws. If the person was against inclusion, the canvasser would ask why, and open up a dialogue. There was an amazing video in which a canvasser was speaking to somebody who was initially very against including trans people in nondiscrimination laws had changed the person’s mind by the end of their conversation. The canvasser mentioned, in a non-confrontational manner, that he was gay, and asked if the resident knew anyone who was trans. The woman’s nephew had recently announced that he wanted to transition to female. The canvasser mentioned his friend who had done the same thing not too long ago. This gave the two some common ground in order to have an open, friendly but rather philosophical and deep conversation. They shared personal stories and talked about the reasons the law was important. By the end of the conversation, the canvasser again asked the woman to rate her support of the law on a scale from one to ten (one being fully against it and ten being fully supporting it). At the beginning of the conversation, the woman had rated herself at a 4, but by the end she was a confident 10. It was very interesting because a follow up study of the woman and many others like her showed that there was a lasting change in the attitudes of those who had been canvassed.
I found this super interesting in the “do attitudes influence behavior” section, because clearly the change in attitude affected the behavior of whether or not to vote in favor for the law. Of course, this is a very specific attitude applied to a very specific law.
I was curious, after reading the article, as to why the “deep canvassing” even worked on people. I wonder if it had to do with a sort of cognitive dissonance in which somebody wanted to support an LGBT family member but had internalized a prejudice against the LGBT community simply as a matter of influence from the media, family, society, etc. Perhaps the questioning of the canvasser revealed that the person had no reason to continue to hold stereotypes and thus eased the cognitive dissonance that the person was experiencing.
social psychology, behaviors, attitudes, prejudice, stereotypes
Each individual topic touched upon within this chapter builds on the next from inner working all the way to what is happening in the world around us to determine our social behavior and thought process. These social behaviors start with attitudes at the base of our cognitive thinking that are kind of like a blueprint to our evaluation of the world around us. These include our attitudes toward food, people, social constructs, authority, and so much more. These attitudes in some ways general (however not always) can affect our behavior in certain situations. However in some cases cognitive dissonance can occur as a result of having contradictory beliefs for example a nurse who smokes might have this dissonance within their mind. There are even implicit attitudes that we are not fully aware of ourselves. Other factors affecting our attitudes and behaviors can be stereotypes and prejudice of other groups we are around. Another huge part of our behavior and cognition of the world around us is the attributes we place on others which explain why someone may do what they have done. We have all experienced this while driving in a car and attributing recklessness to someone who may be speeding which may not be the case and they might be heading somewhere for a medical emergency thus causing the Actor-Observer Effect. One of the biggest environmental aspects of social psychology that ties into a person’s general behavior is the societal rules and norms that must be followed in everyday life to be a functional part of your environment. These norms can be determined by your social role within the society and environment people are a part of. We conform to these norms and may obey them even if they in retrospect seem outlandish. The group we are a part of by far determines these roles and norms and they may either flourish and bounce off of each other in the best of ways through social facilitation or these groups may fall apart and dissipate through group polarization. We have all experienced this social loafing through group work in either high school or college classes. All of these singular topics meld together to form our understanding of the social world and how to navigate it.
I think through reading this chapter it has really changed my perspective on how I should act toward other people’s actions. This is especially true when I’m driving my car because I do tend to see speeding drivers and think they are reckless even though it is true that they may not be and they may just need to urgently get somewhere.
I though reading about the science behind liking a loving people was very interesting and I got a lot out of it. I never thought about it in that regard and I never thought about how yes I have liked people through similarities, proximity, Self-disclosure, Situational factors, and Physical attraction before. I guess I have thought about these things in people, but I have never thought about them in a scientific sense laying ground for the key reasons as to why I like or love them.
Terms: group polarization, social loafing, social facilitation, roles, norms, Actor-Observer Effect, cognitive dissonance, attributes, attitudes, stereotypes, prejudice,
Social psychology is a very broad and somewhat complicated area of psychology that involves social cognition, attitudes, attributions, social forces, and social relations. The main idea presented throughout this chapter is that while it is interesting to study the individual it is just as important to study how the individual reacts in response to the presence of others. So much of human behavior can be manipulated or changed simply by being surrounded or influenced by other people. All of the topics addressed in this chapter helped explain different parts of social psychology and how each different way we interact with those around us affects or influences our thoughts and behaviors. For example, when studying just the individual, is it thought that our attitudes are fairly consistent over time. However, when we are influenced by outside forces these attitudes can actually change, either by way of the cognitive dissonance theory or the self-perception theory. These attitudes then influence our behavior and how we interact back with society. Attitudes, however, can’t be used to accurately predict behavior because sometimes we hold implicit attitudes that subconsciously influence our behavior.
My understanding of social psychology has increased greatly since reading this chapter. Prior, I had no clear understanding of what social psychology was, and was only under the assumption that it must involve how we interact with society. While this assumption was correct, from this chapter I was able to discover how and why our interactions with society impact our individual thoughts and behaviors.
The most interesting topic in this chapter was the Stanford Prison Experiment. This name sounded vaguely familiar but as I read about the experiment, I quickly realized that it was an extremely different situation than what I was originally thinking of. I found this topic this most interesting because of how quickly the men in the study assumed their assigned roles, and to the extent that they performed them. It only took a few hours for the “guards” to embrace their position as a person of authority, and to use that authority to their advantage, and against the “prisoners.” This study showed how quickly and to a great degree that people can be influenced by social role, exposing a concerning side of humanity.
The most surprising thing I learning from this chapter was about Milgram’s obedience experiment. When I was first reading through the procedure for the experiment, and came across the option of administering 450 volts which corresponded to “danger: extreme shock,” my first thought was that I could never do that to another person. However, when I got to the results section, it was revealed that 65% of participants continued all the way through the 450 volts! Over half of the participants administered a dangerous, extreme shock to a clearly distressed man simply because an authority figure was commanding that they do so. This level of obedience truly shocked me. I would think that if I were put in the same situation, I would stop well before 450 volts. However, that unfortunately may not actually be the case.
Terms: Social psychology, social cognition, attitudes, attributes, social forces, social relations, cognitive dissonance theory, self-perception theory, implicit attitudes, social role, and obedience
Social psychology is the basis for why people do the things they do. In short, people attribute why thy make decisions to either who they are, internal attributions, or what the circumstances around them cause them to do, external attributions. These differentiations in how they want to classify their choices comes from who the person believes they are. If they do something that is within the character that they believe themselves to be then they attribute the choice as internal but if the choice was out of character then the blame is passed to something else in the environment. The way people are raised also contributes to the development of attitudes which are an individual’s evaluations of the world around them. These attitudes might not directly relate to your actions but that is mostly because of people’s tendencies to things that are culturally perceived as cooler or better behaviors.
I did not have much prior knowledge on this subject before reading this chapter. I believed that the choices I made were mostly influenced by the way I was raised but I did not understand the concept of attitudes and attributions and how we justified our decisions.
The concept of Cognitive dissonance was very interesting because our of our ability to ignore our attitudes that seem to be so deeply rooted in us. We can be internally hypocritical ad it really bothers our subconscious. A very strange phenomenon.
Social psychology
Internal attributions
External attributions
Attitudes
Behaviors
Development
Cognitive dissonance
Social psychology is an area of psychology that encompasses a wide range of subareas. This area of psychology attempts to interpret and anticipate how people’s actions and emotions are impacted by others around them either physically or mentally. As the textbook mentions social cognition is a topic that most social psychologists are studying because it studies what influences people to react a certain way. Whereas other areas of psychology deal with interpersonal factors, social psychology looks at how external factors influence a person’s behavior. The four influences that the text focuses on are attitude, attributions, social forces, and social relations. Each of these areas is believed to be a factor in the way people behave.
My understanding of social psychology has come a long way since prior to reading this chapter I didn’t even know what it was. I knew that what social psychology studied was being studied but I didn’t quite know what the formal name was for studying the influences of others on a person’s behavior. It proved to be more complex than I originally thought because any one of the factors described had multiple parts or areas that could have been analyzed. I found this chapter to be very interesting because people can actually see and relate certain aspects of social psychology in their everyday lives. For example, in the attitudes portions of the chapter it mentions the cognitive dissonance theory. This theory states that people often change their behaviors because they feel discomfort when they participate in a behavior in which they have a certain feeling about. For instance, the book gives the example about smoking. Everyone probably knows that smoking is bad and so therefore smoking makes that person feel uncomfortable thus making them want to change their habit of smoking.
The most interesting topics for me where the topics that dealt with famous experiments like the obedience and Milgram’s experiment or social forces and the Stanford prison experiment. It was compelling to see what the participants in the study thought and understand what motivated to continue behaving as they did. Although each experiment raised ethical concerns about the effects that it left on participants, the experiment itself was valuable. It really made me wonder what I would do if I were in their situation. In all honesty I probably wouldn't be a part of the people continued to give shocks or treat prisoners brutally but then what type of people would.
Vocabulary: Social psychology, attitudes, cognitive dissonance theory, attributions
The topics discussed in this chapter come together in a way that shows that people react to societal rules. We conform to norms so we don’t stick out or draw unnecessary attention to ourselves. We have to fit into a social group because we are social creatures and need to be around others, and if we don’t follow the “rules” of society, we won’t be able to be a part of society. This chapter helped me expand on my knowledge of social psychology primarily by giving names to ideas I recognized in my everyday life. I also realized how much we rely on groups and groupings of people, and because of that, create different stereotypes and prejudices about other groups.
In this chapter, I was most interested in the section about social functioning disorders. My mother was a special ed teacher for a while and because of that, tends to have students with social disorders in her regular classes and she is always doing research about their disorders in order to help teach them in the best way possible. She even has started consistently teaching about Temple Grandin to teach her students without autism (or similar disorders) about autism, and to give her kids with autism a chance to tell others about their disorder and to try and help build some social skills. And I recently heard that one of her former students with autism is working on a book with his family about growing up with the disorder.
I was also very interested in stereotypes and prejudices. I didn’t realize that stereotypes played a part in human evolution. I also thought that the social identity theory was very interesting. I was recently watched some sci-fi movies that were about aliens learning to live around humans and vice versa and this theory was easy to see at work. Once contact was established, the alien automatically categorized itself into this new society; learning how it should act to fit in. Then, shortly after, the alien became a part of the discovery group and served a key purpose. Finally, the alien compared itself to us humans and found humans too flawed to live and the alien vastly superior.
The most memorable things for me in this chapter were about the milgram controversy and the Stanford Prison Experiment. I had heard of the prison experiment, but not really what happened during it and I was shocked to discover that the guards became so cruel so fast. I also was very surprised to learn about Milgram’s experiment. I would like to think I wouldn’t have obeyed the experimenter when Mr. Wallace talked about his heart problem, but then again, so did everyone else.
Conform
Norms
Group
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Autism
Social identity theory