Topical Blog Week #14 (Due Wednesday)

1) State what your topic is. Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter. Discuss why you are interested in it.
I decided to look into Walter Freeman and his controversial work on lobotomies. It relates to the topic in talking about how Egas Moniz did his work in creating the procedure and then Freeman went on to taking it to the next level. I am interested in this because I kind of remember it from when I was in high school but wanted to refresh my memory and look at it more.

2) From my reading I learned a lot about the history of the lobotomy. In the 20th century the lobotomy was an alternative to a lot of things from mental innless to chronic or severe pain and backaches. A lot of people may think that the procedure was a primitive thing compared to what we know now in the medical world but it was preformed up until the 1980’s in the U.S., Britain, Scandinavia, and other western European countries.

In the start when Moniz preformed the lobotomy he would as we learned drill holes into the patient’s skull and accuses the brain. Gottlieb Burckhardt was a Swiss neurologist who was the first to come up with the idea that psychosurgery could help mental health in people. Burckhardt only operated on sex people and his success rate was only 50%, a rate that would be tossed out the door in modern day medicine.

Walter Freeman was a fame hungry man for who wanted to earn success like his dad and granddad did. Freeman never had any real surgical training yet was allowed to work on over 40,000. Freeman was the first to do the “icepick lobotomy” where he used an icepick right out of his drawer to perform the surgery where he would insert the pick into the eye socket then move it back and forth like wiper-blades, a question I would have here is how would this even work? How would Freeman know what areas of the brain were being affected when he would not be able to in any way see what he was doing inside the skull. Freeman went on to making his procedure faster by at the same time inserting icepicks into both eyes and conducting the surgery. He performed his surgery not only on adults who seemed to be having problems with mental illness but on kids as well, Howard Dully was one of his younger patients and he went on later in life to write about it. Dully said in an interview that you would never be able to tell he went through the lobotomy and that he is tall and weighs about 350 pounds, however he feels as if he is missing something from him in his soul and he never had the courage to ask his family about it.

Dullys reason for the lobotomy brings up a whole different side from trying to help members with a mental illness. Dullys stepmother said he was defiant and he daydreamed and even objected to going to bed sometimes, well to us this would like a normal adolescent. Truth is it was, Dullys father took him to many different doctors all of whom said he was normal but Freeman preformed his surgery anyway to help him. Freeman would give lobotomies to house wives who at the time found their daily routines dull and wanted something more fun. Freeman wanted to become famous and was trying to make his name stick so he did so by doing surgeries that had no merit. Freeman lost his rights to work in the medical field when he performed his last lobotomy on a girl who was on her third lobotomy and had a brain hemorrhage and passed away. This was the end to lobotomies in the U.S. in 1967, 17 years after Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union all outlawed the procedures.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
This video talks about Freemans procedures and how he did them. It talks about how the surgery evolved from the point Freeman started it to the end and gives a time line.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II
This Wiki site does a good job talking about Freeman and gave me a great starting point for Freemans back ground.

http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/03/21/the-surprising-history-of-the-lobotomy/
This site talks about the history of the lobotomy is general. It covers the time from the creation to the end of the lobotomy.

1a) State what your topic is.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.

For this week’s topical blog I decided to do mine about Abraham Maslow and his idea of hierarchy of needs. This topic relates to chapter 13 in the book because he was in a portion of the chapter and we read about the idea of self-actualization which is the main level or the top potion of his pyramid he created to show the hierarchy of needs. The reason why I am so interested in this idea of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is simple. I have read about it so many times before in my first year classes that I miss reading about it and want to update my memory about it. Anyone can learn so much from his pyramid if they read into it, which is why I like reading about it.

2) Abraham Maslow was born and raised in Brooklyn, NY in 1908 which there he attended City College in New York, NY but then moved to Wisconsin to study psychology and from Wisconsin he moved to Columbia University to study psychology and did research on dominate primate behavior and sexuality. While studying and working with anthropologist Ruth Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, he began to see human needs in a different light. He began to see that human needs were more like a ladder and we could climb each step one by one, but without getting to the next step we could not skip any. This is where the hierarchy of needs comes into play and we have to start at the bottom of the ladder/pyramid.

At the bottom of the pyramid stood the basic needs of a human; these include food, water, and shelter. Then the second step would include safety, security, and the freedom from fear; next came the third step this would include self-belonging and love. Without love and a feeling of being loved we could not emerge and progress to the fourth step which was self-esteem. In this self-esteem step we would find respect for ourselves. To reach the fifth level which was self-actualization we had to accomplish the entire bottom four. For some this may be a hard task to accomplish but it is doable.

As years go by more steps have been added to the pyramid. Now there are eight steps instead of five. These other three include: cognitive needs (knowledge, meaning), aesthetic needs (search for beauty), and transcendence needs (helping others each self-actualization). When people have actually reached the top of the pyramid they have become self-actualized and tend to be happier with their everyday lives. They also tend to be more creative and better functioning rather than the person who is still on step/level two of the pyramid.

3)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhmasl.html

This website gave me a better understanding about Maslow and what he did in his early years of his studies.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

This website had a lot more information about the hierarchy of needs and his updated pyramid from later years. So I used a lot of this information in my blog post.

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-and-psychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization

This website just reiterated the same thing as the link above did. So a lot of the information used on this website is also in my blog post. It elaborates a little more on the idea of self-actualization.

Blake Wedeking

After reading chapter 13, I became interested in the life of Abraham Maslow and his development of self-actualization. This concept referred to individuals reaching their full potential in life after establishing the other steps along the way. I first became interested in Maslow when I began to ponder the idea of reaching one’s full potential. Is it possible to reach one’s full potential? How do we know when we are there? Are there certain measures we should take in order to reach the top of the pyramid? How important are the other steps in the hierarchy of needs pyramid? I think for a lot of us that developing a good self- esteem is an issue. I became interested in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as it could apply to societal pressures that are among individuals. What is the reason our self-esteem suffers? Can it be due to new popular magazines that deems individuals as fit if they are skinny and well dressed? Maslow was a very intelligent individual and I think that is another reason why I admire his reasoning so much. He proposes plausible reasons why we develop the way we do.

Maslow was very interested in people’s positive qualities rather than deeming an individual as a bagful of symptoms. Maslow’s roots stretched all the way back to Russia where his parents were first generation Jewish immigrants in Russia. Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York where his parents later moved after fleeing from the Czarist persecution in the 20th century. Oddly enough, Maslow was classified as “mentally unstable” by a psychologist of the time. Although, his parents were poor and not intellectually oriented, they did value education. Maslow had a rough childhood as he faced acts of anti-Semitism in which he faced many acts of prejudice and racism for being of Jewish roots. As a younger individual, Maslow worked out quite frequently hoping to achieve much physical strength which he believed at first would be the ultimate characteristic of an individual.

As a father and with the start of World War II, Maslow became inspired to look for harmony and peace in individuals. He began to ponder what made individuals reach their full potential and which stages they went through to reach this. He developed the hierarchy of needs that he released in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review. At the base of the pyramid there consisted of food, water, sleep, sex, excretion, and others which feel under the physiological stage. The next stage included safety which held property, family, resources, employment, security of body, and morality. In the third stage there held love and belonging which regarded friendship, family, and sexual intimacy. The fourth stage Esteem included self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect for others, and respect by others. The final stage was Self-actualization in which an individual would reach their full potential and be an adequate problem solver and accepting of facts as well as lacking prejudice to name a few. “It is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half” he quoted. These needs helped us to develop and prosper by giving us a way to live our life and reach our full potential in life.

I was also interested in how societal pressures could contribute to self- esteem which lies within Maslow’s fourth stage of the hierarchy of needs. I was especially interested how self- esteem developed within teenagers and could progress into adulthood. Teenagers face a wide variety of problems within high school. Teenagers seem to look to their friends if they have a problem rather than their parents and also face a lot of media pressures to be skinny and well groomed. Teenagers now more than ever are facing more pressures than in past years with the development of the internet. It seems that self-esteem can be a self- fulfilling prophecy in which what you expect is what you will get. During adolescence, self-esteem and belonging is of the most importance because it weighs being included versus being excluded by others. In order to trust others, we must trust in ourselves and develop on that. Maslow proposed that self-esteem was key in order to develop into a self-actualized individual.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
This site was helpful in gaining some background information on Maslow and how he developed throughout his career until his death. This site also provided a detailed personality of Maslow in which he was deemed as a positive individual looking for the positive in everyone rather than the “symptoms” as it is said.

http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm
This site provided me with information regarding Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and what stages were included within them. This site also provides step by step on how you can move on from one stage to another by accomplishing the basics for each stage. As you get further along, it becomes harder to accomplish each stage. After the four previous stages are reached then one can begin to understand their full potential. This site also provided great background information on when Maslow developed the idea as well as how it progressed into what we know today.

http://www.academia.edu/3311137/RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_DEGREES_OF_SELF-ESTEEM_AND_PEER_PRESSURE_IN_HIGH_SCHOOL_ADOLESCENTS
I found this site interesting when searching for information on self-esteem in adolescents and how it is shaped through the years. I found that a lot of societal pressures can effect self-esteem and how it is managed. This site contributed a great deal when relating societal pressure to the hierarchy of needs and why this may make or break an individual in reaching their full potential in life.

1a) State what your topic is.
Lightner Witmer
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
Witmer studied with an under many great psychologist and also started the first clinic for psychology.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
Witmer initially fascinated me with his peculiar name but also how we began his clinic kind of on a whim.

2) Lightner Witmer was born on June 28, 1867 and died July 19, 1956. He was an American psychologist who is credited with the introduction of the first clinic in psychology and coining the term clinical psychology. Witmer founded the world's first clinic in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. Before starting his clinic Witmer earned his bachelor’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1888. While enrolled in some graduate courses there he served as the laboratory assistant to another well-known figure in psychology, James McKeen Cattell. After a time at Penn Witmer followed in Cattell’s footsteps and went to Leipzig where he was in the same class as E.B. Tichener and both earned their doctorates in Wundt’s laboratory in 1892. After his training in Leipzig, Witmer moved back to Pennsylvania taking a job at the university as director of the laboratory of psychology and became a big advocate for the new laboratory psychology. Witmer believed psychology should be able to improve people’s lives. He first became interested in children’s psychology and was intrigued by a local teacher who brought a 14 year old student of hers who could not spell very well. Witmer being the kind hearted and caring person he was attempted to discover the problem. He found that it was due to poor eyesight. After this instance Witmer began seeing children in his lab with different learning disabilities. He then opened the first Psychological Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896, with the purpose of studying children who had either learning or behavior problems. Most of Witmer’s participants were local children who attended public schools from Philadelphia and surrounding areas. The children were brought to the Psychological Clinic by their own teachers, or parents. Witmer regularly dealt with speech problems, sleep disturbances, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, refusal to stay in school, as well as other issues. Although Witmer's clinic is no longer in existence, his idea of clinical psychology forms an important part of the modern department. A clinical program is now an important part of the graduate program. In keeping with the tradition established by Witmer, this program has emphasized the application of the findings of experimental psychology to the study of psychopathology.

3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer
http://www.psych.upenn.edu/history/witmertext.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/clinicalpsychology/f/clinical-psychology.htm

1. The topic that I would like to do more research on is the field of school psychology. This relates to the chapter because there was a section about school psychology in the chapter. What I would like to know is more about how it originated and tasks and other information about clinical psychologists in this field that the book does not share. I would like to know this because I am going to be a teacher and I think that knowing more on this topic will help me find ways around disabilities in the classroom, or at least have a better attempt than with no knowledge about this topic.
2. In the first article I read, it was about the basic tasks that school psychologists must perform in their job. A lot of the tasks is things that I expected from reading the chapter about this field, but some shocked me because I did not think of it, but now that I read this article it is clear to me why. One was that they work with all the teachers and teach them how to deal with certain situations with the students. Instructions that they are able to give to the teacher are tips on how to deal with certain behavior, this made sense to me because certain behaviors can prevent learning in the classroom, but also is distracting to the rest of the class. I can see having a bad behavior being a reason in stalling a student’s progress. So it is needed to interact with teachers in how to act when these behaviors arise. Also, another thing that shocked me is how much they have to work and talk to parents. If the student misbehaves the parents are informed, but if the student is not doing well in school the school psychologist meets with the parents and at times will tell the parents how to perform their role at home to ensure the best results for the student in class. This also made sense after I read it because I have heard over and over again that problems with failure to do well in school often come from the housing and parenting situation of the student. I was expecting for them to work more with students with disabilities, but in a way these are disabilities because they change how the student is learning and they are things that need to be changed in order for the student to learn better.

In the second article that I read it showed the overall knowledge and tasks that the school psychologists must meet. First off the school psychologist must be informed of problems with individuals before the individual is going through school. Of course it has to be problems that are already known, this is due to the psychologist being able to help the student before more problems occur and they are not too behind in their classes. In the first article I thought that they just waited for academic problems to arise, but instead if a student has some disability then the psychologist try to tend to the problem so they are able to prevent the student not doing well in school. Also, the psychologist must be able to do research on students, with the consent of parents and the student also being kept confidential. It would be basically like lab work, if there is a problem that is new to the psychologist, they do research on how they are able to reverse the problem to create a better learning environment for the student. That point brings me to the last point that was new, but the things that psychologists do not do research on is knowledge they have already from previous experience. They must have some knowledge in what to do in certain situations, every student that struggles is not going to be needed for research because most of the incidents that occur the school psychologist is going to know how to deal with due to experience. Also, tying along with experience, the psychologist must be familiar with class structure and material that is going to be taught, this is going to only going to make helping the struggling student an easier task.

I chose this last article because it had to do with what teachers are to do that is associated with clinical psychology. In this article, which a teacher wrote, it had what you can and cannot do while trying to implement clinical psychology in the classroom. Basically when implementing a tactic in the classroom while trying to help a certain student learn better, the teacher must change the structure of the class for the full class. This is due to when changing it for the whole class, no one is pointed out for having a learning disability and the class is then led to believe that it is just how the teacher takes control of their classroom. Examples of what can be done to implement things in the classroom is having the class get up as a whole and stretch (there might hyperactive children in the class that this could calm down) and the encouragement of remaining hydrated throughout the day for the brain to be hydrated. Even thought that these practices could be benefiting certain students while not the rest of the class, it is not a problem until it begins affecting the majority of the classes learning or changing the material that is taught in the class. Overall the teacher is the expert in the class, not clinical psychology. When teaching it is better to make sure the majority of the class is doing well, and the few others can be taught individually if tactics to help them in the class may harm the rest of the class.

3. http://www.nasponline.org/about_sp/careerfaq.aspx
I thought this article was useful because it talks about the tasks of clinical psychologists in the field of school psychology. I found it also to be interesting because there are some tasks that I read in this article that I did not think of when reading the chapter.

http://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/school.aspx
I liked this article because it was about the overall goal of the school psychology and also had more tasks

http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/aug/20/cognitive-psychology-classroom-caution
I liked this article because it explained how teachers can use clinical psychology in the classroom along with the risks associated with it.

1a) State what your topic is.
Client-centered therapy
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
When talking about clinical psychology, the chapter addressed two new forms of therapy: behavioral and humanistic. Client-centered therapy is the latter.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
I was interested in this because it initially seemed like it was based more around wishful thinking than actual science or research. I decided to learn more about it, specifically it’s efficacy of treatment, so that I could form an opinion for myself.

Humanistic psychology is said to be the “Third Force,” rejecting the big two approaches to psychology that preceded it; psychoanalytic psychology and behaviorism. However, Carl Rogers incorporated several aspects of these approaches into his humanistic, client-centered therapy. First and foremost, he believed it was important to set up an environment conductive to proper therapy. This is where he placed emphasis on being honest, genuine and empathetic with his clients. He thought that by creating the proper climate, environment, and conditions, change would almost inevitably occur in the client. The importance of the environment also plays a large role in behaviorism, as it can manipulate the antecedent and therefore the behavior. He also used a major therapeutic technique called reflection, in which he would rephrase what the client said and repeat their thoughts back to them. He said this was because it let the clients hear what they themselves were saying and it gave the clients a chance to discover their inner attitudes and feelings. Now this isn’t a direct association, but the importance of the often-unclear innermost attitudes and feelings seems to relate a lot to Freud’s emphasis of the unconscious in therapy. Regardless of whether or not his form of therapy was derived from the pre-existing therapies, it is still important to note distinctions and study the efficacy of client-centered therapy.

The best-known characteristic of this humanistic therapy is the almost unconditional positive regard toward everyone. He referred to this as quality-acceptance, non-possessive love, or simply caring. The thought is that everyone has value, simply by being a person. It is important to keep this in mind when dealing with those who behave in a manner conflicting with the general view of decency. Rogers also believed that he had to be entirely truthful. He referred to this as being transparent, as he wanted to convey whatever it was that he was actually feeling inside, in a manner of presenting healthy expression of emotion to his clients. He said that if he found he persistently disliked one of his clients, it would be better to tell them so. Thus, you do not have to approve of everyone’s actions, and you can even dislike them, but you still must address them as having unconditional worth.

Client-centered therapy is often known as non-directive therapy. This is because the therapist does not generally try to direct the conversation; rather they actively listen and let the client guide the session by talking about what troubles them and essentially responding to themselves. Through the years many derivative forms of therapy were adapted that use some penetrative measures to guide the conversation. They have also put an emphasis on the bodily feelings associated with their behaviors or actions. The notion behind this is to break down experiences into parts so that the client may better understand the whole. This is faintly reminiscent of some aspects of gestalt psychology.

A recent study evaluated the efficiency of client-centered therapy through a 5-year, longitudinal, pretest-posttest design. The most common problems being addressed were stress and anxiety. Results showed that roughly 70% of the participants showed significant improvement and reported feeling better about themselves. The study showed that client-centered therapy is effective for common health problems, but also is effective on more severe health problems of longer duration.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjTpEL8acfo
This link actually featured Carl Rogers talking about the basics of client-centered therapy and then showed a session of him a client.

http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/5212/1/strathprints005212.pdf
This link contained a look at more modern forms of humanistic psychology and the practices of therapy.

http://empower-daphne.psy.unipd.it/userfiles/file/pdf/Gibbard%20I_%20-%202008.pdf
This link contained the study that I referred to regarding the efficacy of client-centered therapy.

http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_rogers.htm
This link just has the biography of Carl Rogers that I used to get a little more background information.

For this week’s topical blog post, I decided to further research Hans Eysenck. Hans Eysenck was brought up in chapter 13 because he was an important figure in psychology and the growth it has had to what we learn about today in this area of science. I found Eysenck interesting because he went against Sigmund Freud’s ideas. I thought this was surprising because it would seem to me that Freud was such a popular psychologist, I feel that people who went against his ideas were up for higher scrutiny. But Eysenck went for it and because of him, we know have a new understanding in psychology and the flaws in Freud’s ideas of psychotherapy. I wanted to learn more about Hans Eysenck after reading this information from the text book and find out what other things this man did in his lifetime to positively contribute to psychology.
Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4th, 1916. He was born to a loving father and mother. His mother was named Helga Molander and she was a film star while his father was named Eduard Anton Eysenck. His father worked at a night club entertainer and was known for being very good looking. I was surprised while reading this because these types of parents don’t seem like the family where a very famous psychologist would come out of. But as I read further, I found out that Hans Eysenck was actually raised by his sweet grandmother. Later in life, Hans Eysenck’s grandmother would die in a concentration camp because she was “apparently” Jewish. I find this fact to be really sad. Even though Eysenck was born in Germany he grew up in Great Britain and received his PhD from University College in London in 1940. Eysenck went on to raise a son named Michael, who is also a very noted psychology professor. Hans Eysenck passed away on September 7th, 1997 (because of a brain tumor) but not before creating his lasting impression and legacy in the ever-growing world of psychology.
Hans Eysenck is talked about in chapter 13 of our book because of the work he did with reanalyzing Sigmund Freud’s idea of psychoanalysis. For me, this was really interesting because Freud is such a prominent name in psychology so it was cool to learn about one of the psychologists that went against the ideas Freud had developed. Eysenck wrote a small essay on the topic that was titled “The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation.” He wrote this in 1952 and it is basically a review of Freud’s work with psychotherapy and psychotherapy in general. It was very interesting to read this and think about the life and times when Eysenck was writing this. Surprisingly enough though, this type of research is not was Eysenck is actually most famous and most known for.
Hans Eysenck spent most of his life studying topics related to personality, intelligence, and genetics. Eysenck developed a model of personality based on three universal traits. This model is known as Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality. These three traits are as follows: introversion/ extraversion, neuroticism/ emotional stability, and psychoticism. Introversion versus extraversion related to how open a person was and whether they focused their attention inward or outward. Neuroticism versus emotional stability refers to the moodiness of an individual and their ability to handle different emotions. Psychoticism was seen on a spectrum where people that had a high degree of mental illness tended to have difficulty functioning in society. I found this to be very interesting after learning about personality in other psychology classes here at UNI and just relearning some of that information while also learning new information that relates to both this class and others I have taken here.
While researching Hans Eysenck, I also found some interesting, random facts about his life. While they relate to his work in psychology, I still find these little details sometimes more fascinating than the bigger accomplishments famous people have had. I enjoy looking at and learning about the things that other people overlook. One of the items I found out about Hans Eysenck that stuck out to me was that he was one of the people to have signed the Humanist Manifesto. The Humanist Manifesto is a collection of three manifestos that lay out a Humanist worldview. I thought this was interesting because it seems to be such an incredible project to have been a part of. Hans Eysenck published many works during his lifetime and at one point, he was the living psychologist most cited in science journals. I think that the work that Hans Eysenck did within his lifetime is really interesting I feel that it really shows how important his work was to the science of psychology because everyone is still talking about it to this day.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck
This website gave me a lot of helpful information on Hans Eysenck’s life. It helped me write the first paragraph of my blog post because it discussed things like where he was born and his accomplishments.
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait-theory.htm
This website gave me interesting information on Hans Eysenck and his work with personality. This website talked about his Three Dimensions of Personality, and it compared his ideas to other psychologists. I used some of this information in my blog post, but not all of it.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Eysenck/psychotherapy.htm
This website gave me an actual copy of Hans Eysenck’s essay about psychotherapy. I did not use a lot of this information in my blog post but it was definitely helpful to look at and be able to read to better understand Eysenck’s ideas.
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media-spotlight/201305/does-psychotherapy-work
This website gave me more information on how Eysenck and Freud disagreed on psychotherapy. I found this website to be helpful and interesting and I used some of this information in my blog post when talking about Eysenck’s essay on psychotherapy.a

What we would like you to do is to find a topic from this week's chapter that you were interested in and search the internet for material on that topic.
Please be sure to use at least 3 quality resources. If you use videos, please limit it to one video.
Once you have completed your search and explorations we would like you to:
1a) State what your topic is. History of lobotomies
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter. One of the sections discussed the history of lobotomies and the controversy surrounded by them.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it. I thought it would be interesting to learn more about the history of the lobotomies, and possibly the consequences of them, as well as the patients who received them.
2) Next, we would like you to take the information you read or viewed related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about the topic in a knowledgeable manner. By integrating/synthesizing we mean taking what your read/experienced from the internet search organize the information into the main themes, issues, info, examples, etc. about your topic and then write about the topic in your own words using the information you have about the topic.
Lobotomies came onto the scene as a way to subdue the most violent mentally ill patients by severing their frontal cortex fibers. The first, as it was called in the early 20th century, leucotomy was first done by a neurologist from Portugal by the name of Antonio Moniz. He was inspired by another neurologist, John Fulton, and his work with primates and the frontal cortex. The chimpanzees who were once frustrated animals who were prone to tantrums, were pacified and happy after the removal of their frontal lobe. An important note is that Fulton did not believe this should be used on humans. Moniz did not feel the same way, and he was not alone. The first human patient that had their front lobe removed as in 1930, which was performed by Walter Dandy. It was believed that there were fixed circuits in the brain that were not functioning correctly. The new science was cutting edge for help mentally ill patients, and was even seen as a miracle cure. This was because many believed the alternative to the lobotomy was worse, and many patients were put in straight jackets, left in mental asylums, and handcuffed. The lobotomy allowed the mentally ill to live in society without much restraint.
The surgeon would originally drill into the skull and remove the lobe. It would eventually be done with ice picks. It would take very little preparation, and would only take about four minutes. These original ice picks were the ones found in the kitchen drawer, and they apparently worked well. The surgery itself was started with electric shock to knock them out. Sometimes they would need up to six shocks to enter unconsciousness. They would then peel back an eyelid, and place the pick into the corner of the eye. They would then take a hammer and slowly tap until the pick was into the brain. Eventually they would take a sharp pick, drive it into the corner of the eye and sweep it from side to side, and cut the connections between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain. After the surgery, patients would emerge with two black eyes.
One of the most renowned lobotomist was Walter Freeman. Freeman encourage many different people to receive lobotomies. At Freeman’s urging, the amount of lobotomies performed soared. Lobotomies soared from 150 in 1945 to over 5000 in 1949. The fate of lobotomy was ended with pills, especially Thorazine. This medicine was known as a chemical lobotomy without the risks of surgery. Freeman moved to the West Coast, where he believed he could find more people willing to receive a lobotomy, compared to the East Coast. He hoped he could find desperate housewives who were unhappy with their lives, or children who were too excited and hyper (what we now know as ADHD). In the end, he lobotomized 19 children under the age of 18, which included a 4 year old. Freeman performed 2900 lobotomies in his life. His last was performed when a patient died of a brain hemorrhage. After this death, he was stripped of his hospital privileges, and soon after retired. In all, the United States performed around 40,000 lobotomies, and lobotomies are still performed, but only in the most severe and extreme cases. One significant people who had a lobotomy was Rosemary Kennedy, who was JFK’s sister, at the age of 23.
3) At the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15629160 - I liked this website because it gave a UK perspective on lobotomies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy - I liked this because it was a good source of background information
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk – This video was useful because it gave more information on the actual procedure and Freeman.

Once you have completed your search and explorations we would like you to:
1a) State what your topic is.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.

The topic that I will discuss is Joseph Wolpe. Wolpe relates to this chapter because one of his behavioral methods was discussed. As well as some of his behavioral therapies were talked about. I am interested in Joseph Wolpe because I enjoy reading about behavior therapies and different methods as to how to help people with behavioral problems. Also, one of his methods that he is widely known for is a great therapy used today for people with phobias. I also wanted to write about Joseph Wolpe because of his passion for what he did and his great contributions to the field of psychology.

2) Next, we would like you to take the information you read or viewed related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about the topic in a knowledgeable manner. By integrating/synthesizing we mean taking what your read/experienced from the internet search organize the information into the main themes, issues, info, examples, etc. about your topic and then write about the topic in your own words using the information you have about the topic.

Joseph Wolpe is widely known for his method of systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral method that is used on people with great fears or phobias of certain things. Wolpe thought that exposing the person with the phobia the stimulus in small doses would eventually rid the person of that phobia. This worked by desensitizing the phobia by exposing it to the person slowly and in little doses. Systematic desensitization has shown to have great turnouts for people struggling with phobias.

Wolpe was born and raised in South Africa where he went to school and gained his education in behavioral therapy. Over the course of his life he wrote several books on different behavioral therapies, but mainly he focused on systematic desensitization. Wolpe had a passion for helping people with anxiety provoking phobias. Although Wolpe retired in 1988 his retirement didn’t last much longer because he began to lecture at Universities regarding his behavioral therapies. He kept giving lectures to students up until the month that he died in 1990. Joseph ended up dying from lung cancer in the winter of 1990. A long life of passion and hard work drove Wolpe to create one of the best-known methods for over coming phobias today.

3) At the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.

http://psy1.clarion.edu/jms/Wolpe.html
I chose this site because it gave a great overview of Wolpe’s live and the different contributions he made.

http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/08/us/dr-joseph-wolpe-82-dies-pioneer-in-behavior-therapy.html
I used this site because it gave an article from the New York Times regarding the death and life of Joseph Wolpe. Although it was an older article it was a different source I believe helped me better understand his family life and academic life.

http://www.psychologistanywhereanytime.com/famous_psychologist_and_psychologists/psychologist_famous_joseph_wolpe.htm
I chose to use this site because it was the most useful. It gave great information regarding Wolpe and especially discussed his method of systematic desensitization.

1a) Abraham Maslow
1b) Abraham Maslow had his own section in this chapter of the book, but I think his section did not do him justice on how influential he really was.
1c) The main reason I am interested in Abraham Maslow is because of my job. As I am sure you are sick of reading, I am a youth counselor at an after school program at Four Oaks, and the director of all the after school programs is semi-obsessed with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. I think it because the only psychology class he took was an introductory course. Either way I get a heavy dose of Maslow’s hierarchy. I wanted to learn more about Maslow, and the more I read I decided I agreed with all of his conclusions. However, I do not agree with how he arrived to his conclusions.

2) Taking a page from our history book, lets start with a seemingly arbitrary upbringing of our character. Maslow was born in New York of two first generation Russia Jewish immigrants. His parents were not deeply educated, but they did value it. There was a lot of anti-Semitism and anti-immigration attitudes in Maslow’s working class neighborhood. He was often discriminated against in schools, businesses, and neighbors. He managed himself by retreating to libraries and books, which played a prominent role in his education career. Having a less than wonderful childhood one would expect Maslow to have a negative outlook on life and human behavior. Contrarily, Maslow was quite optimistic, and his positive attitude became a hallmark of his style of humanistic psychology.
Maslow coined the term humanist psychology because he believed treating people as humans with potential was more effective than treating them like a “bag of symptoms”. He developed his type of therapy when the only other mainstream options were psychoanalytic which has a plethora of problems and behaviorism, which reduces the complexity of humans and their emotions to small behaviors. While each type of therapy did advance clinical psychology neither really treated patients as “humans, at least in the eyes of Maslow. Maslow was also unimpressed by how psychoanalytic and behavioral psychology studies their subjects. He was heavily critical of Freud who almost exclusively studied those with psychological problems. Maslow took a different approach and decided to open case studies on highly functioning individuals. He decided to study two high functioning friends of his.
Anthropologist Ruth Benedict and fellow psychologist Max Wertheimer were followed, questioned, and studied with extreme scrutiny by Maslow. He revered these men because of their positive qualities and prolific lifestyles. Studying these two and other people Maslow considered high function he was able to develop qualities they shared that would eventually lead him to his creation of his hierarchy of needs. A top his hierarchy is self-actualization or the reaching of one’s full potential. He believed all his subjects were self-actualizers and that every human can reach self-actualization. Some characteristics of self-actualizers is the appreciation of life experiences, strong ethics, need for privacy, establishing deep interpersonal relationships, problem-centered, and concerned for the welfare of humanity. Maslow’s actual hierarchy consists of five levels.
This section will be brief since we have all had this before. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is in the shape of a pyramid with five layers. The lower the level the more basic the need and the more imperative it is to survival. Only when a lower level is met can one ascend to the next level. The lowest level is basic human needs and drives like breathing, food, water, and sleep. Next is security or safety. This layer is broad because it can contain physical, financial, family, and resource security. The third layer is relational development. This means making friends, having a loving family, and sexual intimacy. The fourth level is self-esteem, confidence, achievement, and respect. This shows that one is satisfied with their abilities and they have status that reflects it. The top level is self-actualization. These could be interpreted incorrectly. If I am stuck in class and get hungry that does not mean I lose confidence in my ability to play guitar. However, if I were in a constant stress of where I am going to find my next meal then I would begin to careless about guitar, friends, or even financial security.
One main criticism of Maslow is his methodology. He believed that research was important but also taken to an extreme. He thought he could learn more about studying a few people than sampling hundreds with a survey. Many disliked his methods because they were highly subjective. Regardless of Maslow’s methods he was able to produce some of the most influential psychological theories and provided a skeleton that invited a lot more research and more importantly practical and helpful applications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
This source had a great historical background on Maslow, his academic years, and his studies. It also sufficiently explains his hierarchy.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
This source explained Maslow’s theories and attitudes perfectly. It had all the same information and more of what the other sources had. It was particularly good at describing what self-actualization is and the characteristics of those who self-actualize often without being too cryptic.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html
This source kind of showed why Maslow developed his humanistic psychology and how he might apply it. Like the other two it described his theory, but it was the little stuff at the beginning and end of the webpage that made this source valuable.

1a) State what your topic is.
Joseph Wolpe

1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
During this chapter it discussed the emergence of modern clinical psychology. Joseph Wolpe was brought up during behavior therapy. Wolpe created one of the best known behavior therapy techniques. His technique was known as systematic desensitization. During this chapter it also discussed how Wolpe found a way to apply his procedure to phobic humans. Later he was able to create a procedure known as progressive relaxation.

1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
I found the behavior therapy to be the most interesting section in the book. However I became extremely interested in Joseph Wolpe behavior therapy techniques. We have briefly discussed systematic desensitization in my previous classes. However I am interested in learning more about Wolpe’s behavioral techniques. I am also interested in learning more about his childhood/background.

Joseph Wolpe is best known as a South African-born American Psychologist who developed famous behavior therapy techniques. His most famous procedure he created is known as systematic desensitization. He is also known for his work for assertiveness training. His techniques were used to treat those with anxiety of phobias. “Many have benefited from receiving therapy based on his ideas, facing their fears and overcoming them, with major improvement in the quality of their lives”. Wolpe overall work is known for helping those who are suffering and creating a happier and “successful life”.

Joseph Wolpe was born on April 20, 1915 in South Africa. His parents were known as Michael Salmon and Sarah Millner Wolpe. There was not a lot of provided information on Wolpe’s childhood. Wolpe grew up and received his education in South Africa. He stayed in his hometown known as Johannesburg and attended college. He received his M.D. at the University of Witwatersrand. After graduating from college World War II had broke out. Wolpe decided to join the South African Army as a medical officer. He was mostly working in the military psychiatric center. Wolpe treated patients that were suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, which was known as “war neurosis”. During this time they were trying to treat the patients with drug therapy. However Wolpe became interested in finding a more effective way to deal with this problem. This is when Wolpe started to work on his technique now known as systematic desensitization.

After war Wolpe started working at the University of Witwatersrand. This allows him more time to experiment and work on his own techniques. Wolpe then conducted his own series of studies. Wolpe decided to do his experiments on cats. The cats were given mild electric shocks while hearing loud sounds and visual stimuli. The cats were able to create a fear from the provided images and sounds. Wolpe then exposed the images and sounds while providing food to the cats. The cats were able to unlearn that particular behavior/fear.

During this time Wolpe had married Stella Ettman and had two children. They decided they wanted to immigrant to the United States. Wolpe found a job at the University of Virginia. Wolpe worked there the next five years. During this time he decided to reveal his ideas. In 1958 Wolpe published “Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition”.
Systematic desensitization is defined as “a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques”. Wolpe realized that most of our good or bad behaviors are learned. He believed that if a behavior could be learned there is no reason why it could not be unlearned. This technique was based off of classical conditioning that was introduced by Pavlov. Systematic desensitization allows you to image yourself in a fearful situation. During this time you begin to use relaxation strategies that compete with anxiety. Some relaxation strategies are known as deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation. You are able to use this technique in real life situations once you are able to manage your anxiety while imagining your fearful event. “The goal of the process is to become gradually desensitized to the triggers that are causing your distress”.

In 1958 Wolpe became a professor of psychiatry at the Temple University Medical School in Philadelphia. He remained at this University until his retirement in 1988. Wolpe had made many accomplishments. He became the directed of the behavior therapy unit. He was able to serve as the second president of the Association for Advancement of Behavior therapy. These are just a couple of his accomplishments.

Joseph Wolpe is best known as a South African-born American Psychologist who developed famous behavior therapy techniques. His most famous procedure he created is known as systematic desensitization. He is also known for his work for assertiveness training. His techniques were used to treat those with anxiety of phobias

http://panicdisorder.about.com/od/treatments/a/SystemDesen.htm
I chose this website because it provided information about systematic desensitization and also provided information about relaxing strategies.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Joseph_Wolpe
I chose this website because it provided information about Joseph Wolpe’s background and discussed a few of his accomplishments.

http://www.psychologistanywhereanytime.com/famous_psychologist_and_psychologists/psychologist_famous_joseph_wolpe.htm
I chose this website because it provided information about Wolpe’s experiments with cats and also discussed his family (wife and children).

Topical Blog #14: Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization

I. Why This Topic?

a. I am interested in Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization because for some reason he is the one guy I remember hearing about all throughout high school and college psychology classes. I figured he would be a good choice to do some more research on, seeing as I really do hear about him all the time!!! More than Thorndike and Pavlov!

II. Birth to College

a. Abraham Maslow was born April 1st, 1908 to uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia. He was the first of seven children to be born in Brooklyn, New York. As a child he was one of the only Jewish boys within his area, making his young life a little lonely and unhappy. Not only could he find no friends, but he had a hard time at home too. His father was an alcoholic who pushed him to go in a direction he didn’t want to go (law school), and his mother, if ever, showed now affection or love to anyone…including the family.

Maslow began his college career at age 17 by attending classes at the City College of New York. Then he switched colleges in 1927 where he learned under the knowledgeable E.B. Titchner. Apparently knowledgeable also meant boring because listening to Titchner talk about scientific introspection caused Maslow to lose interest in psychology; thankfully, he left before that interest diminished all together. After switching to CCNY again for a semester, Maslow left for the University of Wisconsin. In 1934, after obtaining both his BA and his MA, he received his PhD from that same University.

III. College to Career

a. Apparently studying monkeys excited Maslow so much, that when he obtained his PhD in Wisconsin, he decided to stay. However, he wasn’t going to teach without marrying his first cousin Bertha Goodman. After a year, Abraham Maslow left for greener pastures at Columbia University; consequently, he was able to work with a known Psychologist, Thorndike. For some reason Thorndike wanted to see if Maslow was stupid or smart…after administering an IQ test, he found he was smart. With a score of 195, Maslow could work on what he wanted to do, female sexuality. From 1937 to 1942, starting the same year he left to teach at Brooklyn, Maslow researched diligently on female sexuality. One heart attack and 14 years later, Maslow said goodbye to Brooklyn and hello to his final teaching destination, Brandies University in Massachusetts. It was here that he discovered what others already have, the “third force” of psychology. In 1966, he became president of the APA and then in 1970, during a brisk jog through the park, he died from another heart attack.

IV. Self-Actualization

a. Maslow had this belief that people are motivated not by unconscious desires or receiving rewards, but by an actual innate system of motivational needs. This system Maslow called the hierarchy of needs. It is a pyramid of four basic categories that can be achieved in any order (based off of the one’s personality), and once achieved, one can gain self-actualization. Maslow also goes into detail on what characteristics self-actualized people have. These characteristics are: acceptance and realism, problem-centering, spontaneity, autonomy and solitude, and continued freshness of appreciation.

Source One: http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/maslow.htm#Biography

- I received all of Maslow’s history and biography from this website.

Source Two: http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

- I used this site to research the hierarchy of needs.

Source Three: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2.htm

- I used this site to obtain the characteristics of the self-actualized.

Abraham Maslow

He relates to the chapter as the Humanistic approach to psychology appeared as an approach to psychotherapy. Humanistic psychologists criticized the ideas that human behavior could be reduced to biological instincts, and other ideas such as someone’s future behavior is limited by their past behavior. Their proposition is that the qualities that best characterized humans were free will and a sense of responsibility and purpose, a forward-looking lifelong search for meaning in one’s life, and an innate tendency to grow toward self-actualization. Maslow and Carl Rogers are the two most closely associated with humanistic psychology.
I choose to research more on him because I have been interested in his concept of self-actualization and think that it is very insightful. I am interested to learn about how he reached to his conclusions on self-actualization. I also wonder if I would be considered self-actualized.
Abraham Maslow was originally from Brooklyn, New York where he grew up the first of seven children. Later on, it was described that Maslow lived an unhappy early childhood of feeling unhappy and lonely spending most of his time in the library reading books. First he went onto study law in New York and married his first cousin Bertha Goodman. However, he decided to attend the University of Wisconsin where his interest in psychology grew.

After receiving his doctorate at the University of Wisconsin, he became a faculty member at Brooklyn College where he met Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer, who Maslow admired personally and professionally. Maslow thought that they were such wonderful human beings that he began taking notes about them and their behavior. This became a base of his life long research on mental health and human potential. From here, he wrote very detailed on the subject with ideas from other psychologists while adding his own twist of ideas to them.

Through his research he wanted to focus on human potential rather than psychopathology. He thought that the growth of self-actualization refers to the need for personal growth that is there throughout a person’s life. In self-actualization, a person finds a meaning to life that is important to them. Another way he described self-actualization is someone reaching his or her full potential. He studied people who he thought was self-actualized such as Abraham Lincoln and Albert Einstein. From here, he grouped 15 different characteristics that self-actualized people shared in common along with behaviors that lead to self-actualization.
Besides self-actualization, Maslow was also very well known for his hierarchy of needs. His goal was to understand what motivates people. He thought that humans have a set of motivation systems that did not relate to rewards or unconscious desires. He said that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and when one need is fulfilled, a person seeks to fulfill the next one and so on. Maslow thought of human’s needs to be arranged like a ladder. He had it arranged into five different stages. Eventually it was more arranged like a pyramid, with the most basic needs at the bottom and the top filled with self-actualizing needs. Today, psychologists have even expanded this pyramid into eight stages.
Overall, Maslow contributed a new kind of thinking to the field of psychology. He strived to learn about what constituted positive mental health. Humanistic psychology gave rise to several different therapies including Carl Roger’s client-centered therapy.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

I enjoyed this website because it included a lot of information on Maslow’s contributions and gave helpful detail to understand his thinking better.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhmasl.html

I liked this website because it included the basic information about Maslow and well as who inspired him to research more about self-actualized people and their characteristics.
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/abraham-maslow.htm
This website gave good information on giving details from Maslow’s childhood up until the time that he passed away.

1a) State what your topic is. My topic for this week’s blog is clinical psychology.
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter. Clinical psychology was the main topic of this chapter.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it. I am interested in clinical psychology because it is a well-known field in psychology. I find what clinical psychologists do to be interesting because there are many ways they analyze their patients and come up with ways to help them. I also like this field because it deals with understanding the patient and their condition in order to figure out their condition.
2) Next, we would like you to take the information you read or viewed related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about the topic in a knowledgeable manner. By integrating/synthesizing we mean taking what your read/experienced from the internet search organize the information into the main themes, issues, info, examples, etc. about your topic and then write about the topic in your own words using the information you have about the topic.
Clinical psychology is believed to have started in the late 1800s. The first clinical psychology hospital was started in Pennsylvania by a well-known psychologist of the name Lightner Witmer. This section of psychology is a mixture of science, theory and clinical knowledge. All of these elements come together to help benefit the patient and to direct the psychologist in finding the correct form of treatment. Many clinical psychologists deal with a wide range of patients and disorders, but the ultimate goal is to focus on understanding what the client is going through and coming up with a solution to help with their psychological distress or dysfunction. While many clinical psychologists focus on helping people, there are some who focus on teaching, forensic testimony and consultation. This field also contains aspects of psychotherapy and psychological assessment, which could be key when diagnosing patients. The main reason I am interested in this field is because they are so versatile, and are more engaged with their practice and patients. Since it is so versatile, there are a variety of places a clinical psychologist can work.
They can work in mental health facilities, individual practice, hospitals, schools, universities and much more. In these settings, they come in contact with various age ranges, genders and issues. It is a profession that will keep you on your toes, and that is another reason I have grown to like this specific field. While practice is important, so is the proper education.
Most clinical psychologists go on to receive their doctorate because the American Psychological Association (APA) sets the standard for all clinical psychology programs. It is important to be accredited before beginning practice. Each state has their own rules when it comes to the accreditation process, but each state must follow APA rules. Many people studying clinical psychology also go through certain types of clinical training. This training is also a part of the accreditation process.
3) At the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology
I liked this site because it gave background information into the field of clinical psychology. I was able to use this information to have a better understanding of how it came about.
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html
I was able to use the information from this site to better understand the role of a clinical psychologist and the schooling they would need to go through in order to become accredited.
http://psychology.about.com/od/clinicalpsychology/f/clinical-psychology.htm
This site gave detailed information about the different types of degrees clinical psychologists can receive.

J.P.

Once you have completed your search and explorations we would like you to:
1a) State what your topic is. 1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
My topic for this topical blog is Carl Rogers and Client- Centered Therapy. This was an important lead in the world of Clinical Psychology that was gaining its momentum. A large number of clinicians started to turn in the 1960’s and 1970’s.

1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
I am really interested in this topic because he made it into something that no one had done and how to help those who needed the help. I also thought that it was interesting that he would look past the patients past and look at how to help in the present and not to judge them.

2) Next, we would like you to take the information you read or viewed related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about the topic in a knowledgeable manner. By integrating/synthesizing we mean taking what your read/experienced from the internet search organize the information into the main themes, issues, info, examples, etc. about your topic and then write about the topic in your own words using the information you have about the topic.
Carl Rogers was born in Oak Park, Il on January 8, 1902. He was the fourth child of six from Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. His mother was a devoted Pentecostal Christian and this would run into Carl’s life. Before entering kindergarten, Carl already knew how to read. As he grew older, his love for education was still as big as it ever was. He began to have gratefulness in the world of science and all that it had to offer. He was also beginning to second guess his religion that his mother had instilled into him. He went to college and graduated from the University of Wisconsin. After he graduated from Wisconsin he went to further his education at Union Theological Seminary. During his time at Union Theological Seminary he became very involved in children and what he could do to help them. This is when his idea of Client- Centered Therapy took over.
Client- Centered Therapy was first known as ‘nondirect approach.’ Rogers devoted much of his time in the beginning of this therapy while he was bouncing from job to job at different colleges, even his alma matter, the University of Wisconsin. Humanistic Psychology was also very important and Rogers wanted to incorporate this into his therapy. He believed that all people are good deep down, and that people have the full capacity to be the best they can be in life. One major aspect of the naming of Client-Centered Therapy is rather interesting. Rogers didn’t want to name the idea Patient- Centered Therapy because the word patient was usually referenced to being sick and in need of a cure. The term of client led the main focal point and that they are in control.
What exactly is Client- Centered Therapy? This idea that Rogers created is that the client is in control and leading the conversation. It was common by other psychologists to lead the discussion and be in control, but this was not helping the client. The best way to put Client- Centered Therapy is that a psychologist listens rather than speaks and the client speaks rather than listening. For Rogers, the comfort of the client was number one. The psychologist would not pass judgment and not suggest what the client should do or offer a solution. The client is in full control to figure out what is best. There are successes to Rogers’s idea. The effectiveness in authenticity, positives, and complete understand is effective. However, there is a con that has been noted. There is not a fully lasting change on the client; instead there is a shorter change, but not a forever change.
This legacy that Rogers left on psychology is one that has influenced other famous psychologists such as Sigmund Freud. Client-Centered Psychology is still around today and used in a lot of school settings. I found this quote that Carl Rogers said, and it is a fundamental truth of what he wanted:
"Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me." -Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person

3) At the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_rogers.htm
This site gave a lot of information on who Rogers was and what he got out of life. It had great background information on him. Also, instead of listing so much about his background life it listed it as a time line to focus more on his important ideas.
http://psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/a/client-centered-therapy.htm
This site was a great source on what and all is incorporated with Client-Centered Therapy. It also gave the pros and cons of what all goes with Client-Centered Therapy.
http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/rogers.htm
This site also gave a great time line of Roger’s life. It also gave an overview of his other ideas, but I was mainly intrigued with his idea of Client-Centered Therapy.

1a) This week I am doing my topical blog on Lightner Witmer.


1b) This chapter dealt a lot regarding clinical psychology and how it was introduced. It talked a lot about Witmer and his contribution to the field. It discussed things such as him creating psychology’s first clinic, his ideas and overall impact.


1c) He seems like such a prominent figure within the field, especially after introducing and creating this idea of clinical psychology. The book had a couple sections regarding Witmer but I wanted to learn more about his personal life and how he got into the field.

2)
American psychologist, Lightner Witmer is credit for his introduction of the term clinical psychology. Witmer as well founded the worlds first psychological clinic within the United States in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania. He made many contributions to different areas within the field such as school psychology as well as the development of the area of special education. Today, little is known about his life as he was described as being very introverted and shared little about himself.
Witmer was born as David L. Witmer Jr. in Philadelphia on June 28, 1867. His name change didn’t occur until the age of 50. His parents were both devout catholics. His father was a germantown pharmacist who graduated in 1862 from a college in Philadelphia. Little is known about his mother, Katherine Huchel. Witmer was the oldest of four children, followed by his brother Albert, sister Lilly and brother Paul. All of his siblings went on to be quite successful themselves. Albert obtained a physiology doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. Lilly received a medical degree in Berlin and Paul received a doctoral degree in pharmacy. By 1905 Lightmer along with his siblings had all received degrees in some area of science. Their father was very influential within their lives, instilling a great value of higher education and driving them to continue on with their education and receive doctorates.
As Witmer was born two year after the Civil War and saw the results, he decided he wanted a better future for himself. This influenced his development of the theory of applied psychology which focused on helping people, especially children. In 1880, Witmer and his oldest brother enrolled in a prestigious prep school located in Philadelphia. During that time it was considered one of the country’s best schools. During Witmer’s time he showed much intelligence. He, along with two other classmates were told to build a canoe. While the other two argued over who would finish first, Witmer stated “I wish to finish last as I will learn from others’ mistakes and build the best canoe.” This showed his ability to reason. Witmer eventually graduated with high honors when he was just seventeen.
When Witmer went off to the University of Pennsylvania in 1884 he had the intention of studying art. After only a few years he switched to the finance and economy department, receiving his BA degree when he was twenty. During his freshman year there he was chosen as the class president. During 1888 he was offered a coaching position at Rugby Academy, a male secondary school where he taught both history and english. He began noticing on of his students who was fourteen desiring to attend college but was having difficulty differentiating sounds as well as having speech problems, which would today be known as dyslexia. Witmer helped the student correct his verbal problems and he was able to progress successfully, enrolling at the University of Pennsylvania where Witmer had gone. He developed his theory that children with problems could become successful educationally with support and dedication.
During graduate school he wanted to study law at the University of Pennsylvania. While there however had was introduced to James McKeen Cattell who inspired him to begin the field of psychology. After this Witmer joined the department of experimental psychology. He was then asked to become Cattell’s assistant, becoming a full time student and leaving the Rugby Academy. His man job in the lab was to gather data on individual differences and reaction times. However, Cattell suddenly left the university, abandoning his students and the lab. Now Witmer had no psychologists at the University to teach him. Cattell did however help get Witmer a job as Wundt’s assistant in Germany. He stayed there for a year and took classes with well known Oswald Kulpe. It was said that Witmer and Wundt had many disagreements but he received his doctoral diploma from him in 1892.
After leaving Germany, Witmer went back to the U.S. and became director of the laboratory of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. He became very interested in teaching child psychology. While there he also began doing research of his own and presented several papers within the world of experimental psychology. He also began advising graduate students. In 1904 he married Emma Repplier. She was a writer who worked for the American Philosophical Society which is said to be the place they met. Witmer went on to establish a small private school located near Wallingford, Pennsylvania which was dedicated to care and treat both retarded and troubled children. He later established a larger facility in Devon, Pennsylvania and even founded the first speech clinic in the world during the year 1914.
Witmer proposed the idea that schools should start getting more involved with their students classes and grades and also should have better educational equipment. At first this proposal was not very accepted. His clinic however was appreciated because it used psychology as a means of assisting struggling children in school. Areas he dealt with at the clinic included speech problems, sleep disturbances, behavioral problems, hyperactivity and much more. In the year 1907 Witmer founded the journal the psychological clinic. The journal got a lot of attention, presenting his idea that children, smart or mentally retarded, could reach their full potential with help. He also joined the Red Cross during WWI in 1917 and helped to rehabilitate homeless people who were victims of the war. Witmer died from heart failure in the hospital at 89 years old on July 19, 1956.

3)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer

This website had a bunch of great information. It is hard to find a lot regarding Witmer’s life but this site actually had a decent amount of information concerning his earlier years and family. It included a lot of information about his education and career. It talked a lot about his laboratory and the influence Cattell had over him, as well as his time spent with Wundt. It discussed his first clinic and how it got its start. It ended talking about his final days.

http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/voices-past-lightner-witmer’s-“clinical-psychology”

This site was interesting as it included a lot of direct quotes from Witmer and passages from his publications. It talked about his time at the University of Pennsylvania as well as his clinic he opened. It went on to discuss his interests such as kids with mental retardation and thoughts about kids he had within his courses. It was a very informing website.

http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Witmer__Lightner.html

This site didn’t present the most information but it was all pretty detailed. It discussed a lot about the works he wrote which the other sites didn’t mention.

I chose to do my topic over engineering psychology. This is introduced in the chapter and I am interested in it because I haven’t really heard that much about it that much and the idea humans and machines are intriguing to me. The reason engineering psychology started was during World War I peoples weapons started failing them. Bombs were not landing where they were supposed to and other weapons just not going right. S. S. Stevens used psychoacoustics which was used to restrain human error. His first project was reducing the noise in military aircraft so they could improve communication. He was successful and from here on out engineering psychology led to many other great inventions.
Engineer psychologists contribute a lot to our daily lives by making a lot of technology that we use a lot safer and reliable. Engineer psychologists have created and improved the GPS system that I personally know has been super useful to me. I am horrible at directions and have no instincts in that area so without my gps on my phone I would be so lost at all times. They have also helped improve things on cell phones, equipment used in the medical field, military equipment, stop lights, and many other things that provide safety to us every day.
Engineering psychology is becoming more and more important in our world today because technology is become more prevalent in our lives and we use it more everyday than we ever have before. We have to keep up with the demands for faster, more efficient, and more reliable technology because people are becoming more dependent on it. These psychologists do a lot of research and perform group tests to see what needs to be improved or changed in our technology. They discover new needs and wants of people and what they expect to get out of their technology.
Engineer psychologists get their bachelors, then master’s degree, then work their way up to a PHD. They can work in universities, hospitals, or government agencies. They work anywhere that requires software development, computer science, aviation, and engineering. After reading about this type of job I almost wonder if it is something I would ever be interesting in. I’m not going to change my career path now by any means but maybe this could be a backup plan some day! I feel like their work would be fun because they get to be creative and come up with new and exciting things and it gets to incorporate psychology into it which I like a lot. It would be interesting to study the trends before everyone else in the world sees them and create new technology to meet the demands of those trends.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_psychology
I used this site and the information about where engineering psychology came from.
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologycareerprofiles/p/engineering-psychologist.htm
I used this site because it gave a lot of good examples of things that engineer psychologists have contributed with.
http://careersinpsychology.org/engineering-psychology-careers/
I used this site because it gave good information about what engineer psychologists do and how to become one.

1a) PsyD vs PhD
1b) The chapter speaks quite a bit about the models used in graduate programs whether it should be based on science alone, practice alone, or a combination of both. Recently a degree known as the PsyD has been introduced to the psychology realm. This degree focuses on practice alone. It has been criticized since it’s existence.
1c) I was interested in figuring out more about the differences between the two types of degrees. A PsyD has always been seen as less significant than a PhD and I have even heard my professors talk about a PsyD as a lesser degree. Also, most requirements to get a job are a PhD, but why?

The University of Illinois established the first PsyD program in 1968. Because the university was an upstanding program, PsyD was given much respect from the very beginning. The postwar emphasized the use of clinical psychologists outside the academic realm. This in turn promoted the PsyD program than focused on the practice of clinical psychology. The differences in the models taught in the graduate programs are the major difference between the two degrees. When thinking about graduate school most people think about it’s not where I get in, but if. Though this is not a terrible thing to keep in mind, if someone doesn’t really look into the schools they are applying to or even the ones they have gotten accepted to they could get into trouble later. The programs offer two different ways to prepare to become a psychologist. What doe I mean by differences though? PhD programs prepare a student to work more in the academics side of psychology and conducting research throughout their career. PsyD programs prepare students to go out and practice psychology without conducting much, if any, research after they graduate. PsyD programs usually require a dissertation to be done before graduation, but not many wanting to continue doing research will benefit from this minor touch on research. When deciding on a graduate school students need to take into consideration what they want to do after the program before picking a program. Even though some students have no idea, that’s okay too. Understand then what works for you. Apply to both and pick the one that is more appealing. The acceptance rate for the PhD programs is usually harder, but the funding and assistance is noticed more than in a PsyD program. A PsyD program acceptance rate is about 40 percent, but most students end up paying for their entire schooling without any scholarships or grants available. Though some believe a PsyD is not ranked as high as a PhD, the likelihood of receiving a position and internship with a PsyD is not harder. Most employers are looking for people who are able to adapt to situations and work in all different kind of situations. However, if someone is looking towards a career in the academic realm, a PhD is the way to go. The amount of research necessary will not be available in a PsyD graduate program.

This website talked about the similarities between a PsyD and a PhD program, which most of the other websites failed to do.
http://www.liunet.edu/CWPost/Academics/Schools/CLAS/Dept/Psychology/PsyD2/PsyD-vs-PhD

This website talked about the PsyD vs Phd programs based on the funding and acceptance rate.
http://psydprograms.org/phd-vs-psyd-of-psychology/

The website laid out some specifics to think about when looking at graduate schools based on the end result of a PsyD or a PhD.
http://psychcentral.com/lib/choosing-between-psyd-phd-psychology-graduate-degrees/0007876

1a) State what your topic is.
Self-Actualization

1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
The chapter discusses Maslow and his hierarchy of needs in depth because of the significance of the theory and his contributions to clinical psychology.

1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
I am interested in this, not because of his needs and not knowing what they are, but because I am interested in the philosophical properties behind it. It reminds me of Aristotle’s views of happiness in how difficult it is to obtain. I want to see if this old view had any impact on Maslow’s thinking.

Self-Actualization is a theory based on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and this is the top most section. It is defined as someone actualizing the potential of there being. In simpler terms, if somebody has a potential to be a great artists, and they obtain all the needs below them on the pyramid, they have a much greater probability of actualizing that artistic potential. Another definition is the desire to grow to a person’s real self or ideal self. This is something that is not achieved by everybody and is something that few people are said to have achieved in their lifetimes. Some famous examples would be people such as Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. These individuals have been thought to have obtained it by first meeting all the basic needs and underlying steps of the pyramid of needs, which include physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem. In order to move up the pyramid one must obtain the step below, and it is possible to back track, such as if one was to lose a home and become homeless. According to Maslow, when a person reaches a state of self-actualization they have certain characteristics that define them and set them apart from others. Some of these characteristics are, being comfortable with solitude, efficient perceptions of reality, and reliant on own experiences and judgment, among a few others. This is just a brief overview of what self-actualization is, in my opinion it is heavily related to Aristotle and his views and writings.

Some of Aristotle’s work that this theory reminds me of is that of De Anima, and Nicomachean Ethics. In some of the definitions of self-actualization, it talks about potentiality and actuality. The potential of a person and the actualization of achieving who they were meant to be or the best person they can be. These two words are a huge focus in De Anima, which was dialogued by Aristotle that was used in the medieval times. Although Aristotle was using these to discuss ethics and metaphysics, the connection is there to me. Another similarity is that in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses at great lengths happiness and the attempt to obtaining this greatest good. This view of how not every person can obtain happiness and how living a virtuous life is a means to the end of happiness are two similarities between the two theories. The virtues needing to be lived by, and the needs fit into each other and the difficulty, or ease, depending on the person and lifestyle of obtaining the end seem to fit together. Overall I see Maslow’s work very similar in many aspects to Aristotle, and although there may not be a set connection, I can see one with working closely with Aristotle.

Overall the hierarchy of needs and self-actualization are useful theories that are still in effect to this day and have given people a sense of completion to their lives. I like the idea and the qualities that Maslow suggests with his idea and I find the theory compelling, I just wish there would be a way to connect the dots to the original transcripts of this theory.

http://en.wikipedia.org (3), Maslow, Self-Actualization, Potentiality and actuality: Instead of linking all three, I used the wiki pages on these three topics to gain information on Maslow and his theory, and the potentiality page gave me the sources of Aristotle when he used the same notions.

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-and-psychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization This site talks about the self-actualization theory and gives all the information in a more basic medium than the wiki page.

http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2.htm This site gave qualities and characteristics of self-actualized people as well as the theory.

Lightner Witmer was one of the psychologists discussed in this week’s readings. Witmer was born on June 28, 1867 in Philadelphia two years after the civil war ended. Growing up, Witmer and his siblings only attended the best schools around. In 1884, Witmer had graduated prep school and entered the University of Pennsylvania where he studied art for a few years before switching majors. He ended up receiving his BA in Finance and Economy. He later went back to enter graduate studies in political science. While at the University of Pennsylvania, Witmer was asked by James Cattell to be his assistant. Witmer and Cattell began studying individual differences. The main task was to gather data on individual differences on reaction times. Witmer also published a manual that explained how experimental psychology should be conducted.

After Cattell left the University of Pennsylvania, Witmer went to Germany to work as Wundt’s assistant at the University of Leipzig. Witmer stayed in Germany for a few years, and while working under Wundt, Witmer gained his doctoral diploma in 1892. That same year, Witmer returned to the United States and to the University of Pennsylvania. Upon his return, he became the Director of The Laboratory of psychology; filling in the spot once occupied by James Cattell. He also began teaching different courses in child psychology and doing research on differences in sensory/perceptual variables.

In 1896, Witmer presented a plan to the American Psychological Association and he was able to establish the first psychological clinic. It was this same year that he coined the term clinical psychology. The purpose of this new psychological clinic was to help and study children that had learning and behavior issues. He used psychology to help many different kids who were struggling in school. When these children were first brought into the clinic, they were examined mentally and physically. They were then sent to a specialist to check out either their eyes and ears, nose and throat, or the nervous system. The children were then diagnosed and recommendations were made. Some of these children remained in the program for years.

After working with many different types of children, Witmer began taking an interest in retardation. He began working with a student. Witmer was sent to help deliver instructions for a boy taking college entrance exams. This boy had issues following the English language and showed no knowledge of the distinction between past and present. Witmer believed that the boy suffered from a defect of articulation. Witmer worked with this boy and drilled him of the importance of articulation until he finally succeeded in entering the University of Pennsylvania. The boy later ended up in one of Witmer’s classes. It was then that Witmer noticed the boy still could not articulate the English language. Witmer believed that if the boy had been drilled on articulation earlier in life, he may have been able to pick up on the language.

In 1908, Witmer realsesd the first edition of The Psychological Clinic which explained all his works over the last 10 years. Witme’s clinic and journal are no longer existing, but his work lives on. He helped many children over his years, taught us about clinical psychology, and help the progress of psychology in general.

http://www.psych.upenn.edu/history/witmertext.htm
This site mostly discussed Wimer’s works, but it was in depth and taught me a lot about his accomplishments throughout the years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer
This site had a little of everything; his early life, family, work, and education. All around it was educational, but it was not in depth
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Witmer/clinical.htm
This site was good. It was one of the articles written by Witmer. It was interesting to read from a different point of view.

1a) State what your topic is.

My topic is PsyD vs. PhD.

1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.


This topic relates to this chapter because it deals with the controversy of what degree is better. These older practitioners did not have a choice between a PsyD and a PhD. They enrolled in PhD programs that were traditionally research based. The new idea of a PsyD is a degree that focuses more on clinical skills, which integrates research, but does not make research the main priority.

1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.

I am interested in this topic because one day I will hopefully be aiming for a doctoral degree, and I would like to see what degree would be the most beneficial for me. PsyD’s are fairly new and not a lot of people know what PsyD consists of. It interests me to see what a PsyD consists of and to see the differences between the two degrees.

2)

There are two major degrees to keep in mind while deciding on the appropriate doctoral program. The PhD is the doctoral degree that is widely known. It is a research based degree with a variety of appropriate career paths it can follow. The PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy.” In PhD programs, graduate students take coursework and defend a dissertation that they construct. PhD programs take approximately around one to two years longer ot complete. PhD programs are harder to get accepted into. The average acceptance rate for PhD programs is 15%.
The PhD was arguably not appropriate for students who aimed to become clinicians. PhD programs do not focus on clinician skills, there is coursework, but the primary focus is research. Numerous practitioners who obtained their PhD claimed that they were ill prepared for clinical settings. They wanted a different method of getting a doctorate degree. This is how the PsyD was established.
The PsyD is a newly prevalent degree that skyrocketed in popularity in the 1970s. PsyD stands for “Doctor of Psychology.” The purpose of this degree was to provide clinical psychologist with better training. PsyD’s focused on preparing grads for jobs after graduate school. Programs that offer a PsyD have a 40% acceptance rate. While there is not as much stress on research, students still have to construct a dissertation as well as obtain several hours of supervised practice. PsyD programs also focus on how to take new research and apply it to their clinical skills.
Determining whether a PhD or a PsyD is best is based from person to person. The degree should be chosen based on the applicant’s career path. Neither a PhD nor a PsyD is superior, it depends on what is degree is going to meet the needs of the student.

http://psychcentral.com/lib/choosing-between-psyd-phd-psychology-graduate-degrees/0007876
This article gives a general overview of the differences of a PhD and a PsyD.
http://psydprograms.org/phd-vs-psyd-of-psychology/
This article gave ideas on how people should determine which type of degree is right for them.
http://gradschool.about.com/od/psycholog1/a/phdpsyd.htm
This article mainly focused on PsyD and what it consists of.

1.
a. Humanistic Psychology/Humanism
b. This topic relates to the chapter, because it was the beginning of a completely radically different thought process and ideas than the time before. This term introduced an entire new meaning into the world of psychology (humans having free-will and are guided by motivation.
c. I am interested in this topic because I am a firm believer in the idea of humans having free-will and having an inner motivation to move forward in life. I wanted to definitely learn more about this topic and the thought processes leading up to it.
2. The humanistic approach to psychology, also called humanism, came to popularity in the mid-1900’s, making it one of the newer fields within psychology’s history. According to about.com it’s emergence was a reaction to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, which stated that peoples behaviors were based on unconscious behaviors, as well as behaviorisms study of conditioning processes. Humanistic psychologists thought that they would be able to find a more optimistic approach to explaining the human processes or something to at least aid freud’s and watson’s previous findings. According to Wikipedia the fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good and that the mental and social problems result from deviations from a natural tendency. The book discussed humanism as people having an innate desire for forward moving in life, self-actualization (a huge concept within humanism), and free will. Pertaining to Abraham Maslows hierarchy, self-actualization is the fulfillment of one’s potential, or in other words one’s true and full happiness. I just thought the idea of people doing their own things and having an innate desire to fulfill life tasks is such a great thing and great opportunity for people to have, which is why it’s so surprising that it’s such a new concept within psychology.

1a) Engineering psychology
1b) How does it relate to the chapter? The history of the beginning and early development of engineering psychology is mentioned towards the end of this chapter. It fits well in the chapter because this chapter is dedicated to showcasing the various ways in which psychology is practiced, and industrial organizational psychology is an often overlooked area in this aspect.
1c) Why interested? I’m personally interested in industrial organization, and more specifically engineering psychology, because I feel like this area of psychology is under-utilized and can make a big impact in society. When people think psychology most usually jump from Freud to psychotherapy without considering that it could have other applications outside of therapy. The field of engineering psychology deals with ergonomics and efficiency when it comes to how people interact with their environment and because of this is very versatile and applicable in many areas of business and society.
2) Synthesis.
Engineering psychology by definition is a sub-type of industrial organizational psychology that focuses on how aspects of business, society, or even machinery can be improved to become more efficient for human use. Engineering psychology is one of the most quickly expanding areas within commercial psychology also because of its emphasis on interaction between man and machine that has become essential in today’s business world. Ergonomics has been a central focus of modern industrial organizational psychology since its inception but in its early years the discipline was more concerned with how modifying the behavior of humans in order to adapt them to their surroundings, as opposed to considering how these environments could be designed to be more easily navigated by people. Frederick W. Taylor was one of the first psychologists to realize that the work environment could also be changed to influence productivity; one of the key principles of his book The Principles of Scientific Management was that work methods must be scientifically designed to assure the highest efficiency. While it might be easy to disregard engineering psychology because it could be more simple to focus on things like management strategies than study and determine which components of a static environment would be more efficient to change, it is important to take into consideration that a double-approach of modifying the environment and training those working in it to work most effectively would probably create the most efficient result.

http://www.siop.org/
This is the website for the society of industrial organizational psychology and I decided to use it because it provided a lot of good information about many different topics in IO psychology.
http://www.apa.org/about/division/div14.aspx
I wanted to use the APA website because it always provides reliable and relevant information on every topic I’ve researched so far.
http://capone.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm
This source provided a detailed timeline of history of industrial and organizational psychology that I felt was important and needed to be included.

1a) State what your topic is.
Self-actualization
1b) Discuss how the topic relates to the chapter.
This chapter focuses on clinical psychology and the different methods of therapy. The humanistic approach to therapy is one that is often used, and self-actualization is a major component of this.
1c) Discuss why you are interested in it.
I have learned about this topic in other psychology and education courses, and it has always seemed somewhat unrealistic and unattainable to me. I wanted to know if researching it further would make it seem more attainable and if there were more self-actualized people out there than I had perceived.
2) “What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization… it refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.” This is a quote by Abraham Maslow about self-actualization. It is a theory in humanistic psychology that was developed by Abraham Maslow. Self-actualization is the top tier of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. The first couple levels are basic human needs. These basic needs (in this order) are physiological (food, water, sleep, etc.), safety (protection, security), belonging and love (friendship, intimacy), self-esteem (self-respect, self-worth, health), and the last tier is being (creativity, admiration, appreciation, true self-actualization). Characteristics of self-actualized people include acceptance and realism (being honest with themselves and having a realistic perspective on the world), problem-centering (desire to help others. Less focused on themselves and more focused on those around them and the problems they are facing), spontaneity (not tied down by rules and structure. Not likely to feel pressured by outside social forces and conform. Live in the present. Spontaneous in personal thoughts and actions), autonomy and solitude (do not depend on others for self-worth. Value alone time to reflect and work on self-growth. Find peace in solitude), continued freshness of appreciation (are in awe and wonder of the world. Are inspired by and have a great appreciation for the world), and peak experiences (moments of intense feelings of appreciation, awe, wonder, and ecstacy). Those who are self-actualized pursue higher based values, such as truth, beauty, goodness, playfulness, uniqueness, wholeness, justices, simplicity, richness, effortlessness. Often times, this hierarchy is seen as a rigid, concrete sequence. But it does not need to be. Examples of those who had had not achieved every level but were still considered self-actualized include Mahatma Ghandi, Viktor Frankyl, and Nelson Mandela. All three of these icons did not have their safety need met, for they were in the midst of war, in prison, etc. but still embodied characteristics of a self-actualized human being. It is commonly thought that those with mental disabilities can not achieve self actualization, but this is actually not true. In fact, neurosis can be developed if self-actualization is not reached.
3) http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2.htm
(This included the characteristics of people who are self-actualized, and the quote at the beginning)
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-and-psychopathology/201308/the-theory-self-actualization
(this website contained information on Maslow’s hierarchy, and information about famous icons who were self-actualized)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kV8YO4YC6w
(what is self-actualization? On a deeper level from a man who is very passionate about the topic. Includes the values of those who are self actualized. )

1a. My topic is the history of lobotomy.
1b. This topic relates to the chapter because lobotomies came at a time when the application of psychological practices were becoming very prominent around the world. Before lobotomies and other such practices psychology was primarily in the arena of academia and Moniz and Freeman’s work is a prime example of how, at the time, many psychiatrists and psychologists were applying the psychology.
1c. I chose this topic because it is a truly interesting and haunting procedure that got taken to the extreme by American psychologists of the past.
2a. The procedure known as the transorbital lobotomy came into the mental health scene when psychiatrist Walter Freeman introduced the world to what he though was a revolutionary technique to treat the mal behaved and mentally ill. The lobotomy was an offshoot of early work pioneered by Portuguese neurologist Antonio Moniz. Moniz had deemed his procedure a leucotomy. Before Moniz pioneered the procedure in the 1930’s, work had already been done by Swiss Neurologist Gottfried Burckhardt who showed earlier that psychosurgery could be used to relieve some symptoms of psychosis. Gottfried only performed 6 procedures on patients with schizophrenia and claimed he had a 50 percent success rate. By saying success rate he did not mean that he had cured his patients, but merely that the surgery produced long term calming effects on his patients. Despite the sketchy findings from Gottfried’s attempts at psychosurgery, whose colleagues disproved of his work, Moniz went ahead and developed a more sophisticated technique known as the leucotomy. In Moniz’s leucotomy an anesthesiologist would incapacitate the patient at which point there would be sever holes drilled into the skull. He would then insert a tool known as the leucotone into the holes and sever different fibers of the frontal lobes in order to hopefully improve the behaviors of patients with psychosis. Interestingly enough, Moniz had to be assisted almost completely in the surgery due to his hands being almost completely crippled by gout and the fact that he had little training in neurosurgery. A contemporary of his who assisted him in his frontal lobe research helped him in this. His leucotomy was done in 1935 to a woman who had severe depression. He called his first attempt a complete success since her depression seemed to have subsided. It is interesting to note that while he claimed success for his first patient, the patient never discharged from the mental asylum. Moniz’s interest in leucotomy came when research of the time came out at the frontal lobes of the brain controlled complex behaviors. He was at a convention in 1935 where John Fulton performed a similar version of a leucotomy on two chimpanzees who had extreme behavioral issues. The results from Fulton’s surgery were very promising as the chimps appeared to have improved dramatically after the leucotomy. Moniz, thoroughly impressed with the results, ran with the procedure and adapted his technique for humans. He wound up operating on 20 patients. He concluded that 35% improved greatly, another 35% improved slightly, and 30% remained unchanged. He treated patients who had severe depression, schizophrenia, or panic disorders. He concluded that leucotomies should only be used in extreme cases when other options have been exhausted. Moniz wound up winning a Nobel Prize for his work, although his Nobel Prize is often considered today as one of the biggest goof ups in the Nobel awards history, primarily due to the lack of empirical scientific findings to back the use of such invasive measures and the fact that many patients were the never the same again. There were many negative effects of these kinds of surgeries that Moniz and later Walter Freeman, shrugged off as transitory effects of the procedure. Walter Freeman, an American Psychiatrist, took the baton from Moniz and took the procedure to America. Freeman believed that mental illness was caused by emotional overload and that by severing portions of the frontal could relieve the cause of many illnesses. Freeman, who A. Lacked proper certification to perform anesthesia based procedure and B. was looking for quicker cheaper route, transformed Moniz leucotomy into his own similar procedure deemed the trans orbital lobotomy. This required no hole drilling in the skulls of his patients. Instead he would insert an icepick through the eye sockets to scrape away frontal lobe tissues. Freeman, who was quite the showman, performed around 2,500 lobotomies by 1951. Problems arose for Freeman in those years. Freeman would often perform his lobotomies on people who showed little to know symptom at the request of hospitals, or patients. It started to get real dicey when he began to perform them on children. One child in particular brought Freeman under severe scrutiny in the medical community (although he was under much scrutiny already) when he performed a lobotomy on a 12 year child by the name of Howard Dully. Dully was brought to Freeman by his parents because Howard was defiant child who spent most of his time day dreaming and not wanting to go to bed. While no other psychiatrist would diagnose Howard, Freeman diagnosed him with schizophrenia and performed the operation on him. Later on Dully would comment that he was never the same after the surgery and that he felt as if there was something missing in his life, as if he had a less of a soul. In 1967 Freeman was banned from performing lobotomies after his last patient died of a brain hemorrhage. Lobotomies were pretty prevalent in our society until the 1980’s. While not illegal in all countries, many countries banned the practice on moral grounds. The subject remains a controversial topic in psychology.
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/03/21/the-surprising-history-of-the-lobotomy/
This website helped give a brief history of how the lobotomy came to be common practice in the first half of the 20th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dully
This website helped in that it described a firsthand account of patient who had undergone a lobotomy by Freeman.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy\
This website helped a lot. It gave a very detailed and specific history and timeline for how lobotomy became popular around the world.

1) My topic is psychology within business. This topic was covered in one of the final sections of the chapter but I wanted to do more research about it because it was an area I have never really divulged in until now.
2) Three aspect of the topic I am going to focus on are the Hawthorne studies, engineering psychology, and psychology within business strategies.
3) One of the most impactful studies that links psychology to business is the Hawthorne study. The Hawthorne study tested how employees responded to their work environment and how it affected their productivity. It found that multiple variable from one’s environment could lead to being more successful and more productive. The Hawthorne studies were conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger sometime within the 1920s. They worked with people from a Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company to study psychological aspects that altered/effected human behavior within working organizations. The study consisted of a series of investigations that emphasized socio-psychology. The researchers would look at how workers would respond to changed working environments such as being with others or being alone, or having people watch their work compared to them having free range and know that people are not really supervising them. The many focus of this experiment was to assist managers of such organizations to refocus their strategies of incorporating psychological aspects into their workplace to naturally increase productivity based on the punishment and reward based system that is commonly seen in behavior modification throughout human behavior. The Hawthorne study showed managers that the workers have social and psychological needs that need to be addressed within the work environment. These needs must be met in order for the workers to maintain motivation to complete their jobs to the best of their abilities. The study did confirm that workers increase their productivity and are reportedly more responsive to group involvement and attention from their superiors over things such as financial rewards. The findings showed that people found social factors more desirable and increased their productivity more so with intangible motivators.
Another aspect of psychology being seen in business is the topic of engineering psychology. This field is all about the integration of the relationship between humans and machines. Engineering psychology was created during the time of World War II because people began to see how impactful technology was and how it can improve peoples’ daily lives and make certain task easier. This area of applied psychology is all about creating machines that are designed for efficient human use. Engineering psychology plays a huge role within industrial psychology as its main focus is to use the principles within psychology to improve productivity and effectiveness of human behavior. In most business, the supervisors want to use these tactics to improve their productivity and increase the development/distribution of their organization/product. However, sometimes people start to look more at productivity of the machines than other factors. Goals of engineering psychology include humans being able to work with the machines efficiently, comfortably, and safely. It is important that business is able to value people in a personal manager and not view them as tools to run machinery.
Lastly, it is important to realize the psychological influence behind some of the best business strategies. In fact, some people say that in its simplest form business is psychology. One of the most affective business strategies that reflect psychological influences is allowing the customer to be involved in the creation. Such things as Build-a-Bear or Ikea are two phenomena that take cheap products that are greatly able to increase in value due to the personal involvement. When people exert effort into something they experience a greater feeling of happiness and pride. Other strategies talked about how letting the costumer vote, even if their votes do not really do anything, increases their satisfaction significantly. All of these behaviors can be contributed to humans behaviors and based off rewards and punishments. All of the best business account for psychological motivation behind peoples’ actions and behaviors.
4) URLs Used:
https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/organizational-theory-3/behavioral-perspectives-30/the-human-side-hawthorne-170-8381/
My first website provided me with the information on the Hawthorne studies and the role it plays in integrating psychology into business.
http://www.psychologist-license.com/types-of-psychologists/engineering-psychologist.html#context/api/listings/prefilter
My second website gave me information on engineering psychology and how it is involved within industries and business today.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2010/11/18/psychology-behind-the-best-business-strategies/
The last websites I used talked about the most successful business strategies and the psychological motivation behind each of them.
5) Terminology Used: Hawthorne study, productivity, variable, Elton Mayo, Fritz Roethlisberger, socio-psychology, punishment, reward, behavior modification, social, psychological needs, intangible motivators, engineering psychology, applied psychology, efficient human use, industrial psychology, business strategies

1) I chose to do more research on different medical therapies this week. I chose to do this because it interests me how many different types of therapies there are and how they work for different situations. Medical therapies are a major part in the medical field overtime and since the medical field is mainly talked about in this chapter I think it is good to learn more information on these therapies.

2) The three aspects of medical therapies I am going to talk about are the different types, what is the most known and used, and if any of them are not to be used anymore.

3) There are a lot of different medical therapies that have been used in the past and now. The three different types I chose to talk about for this are electroshock therapy, fever therapy, and insulin coma therapy. All of these therapies are used to help different medical issues like schizophrenia and other things like that. Electroshock therapy, or now called electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to essentially shock the symptoms out of the participant. Participants are shocked in a small, controlled way in order to stop the problem from happening. They can be shocked on the forehead or scalp that essentially causes a small seizure in the brain. The next type of therapy, fever therapy, was very popular back in the day. So popular that its creator, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, won the Nobel Prize for it. This type of therapy is when the individual with a disease is purposefully given a fever in order to help cure the disease. This therapy was used because it is said to help cure diseases like arthritis and rheumatic diseases, skin disorders, insomnia, muscular pain and even cancer on some occasions. Insulin coma therapy is when insulin is given to those who have a disease in order for their brain not to communicate signals. Eventually the increase insulin would put them in a small coma and then when they woke up they would act ‘normal’.

Out of these three types of medical therapies, the most known and used is electroshock therapy or now compulsive shock therapy, thanks to Lothar Kalinowsky. ECT is used with patients when medicine does not work to cure the health problem, like depression. It is proven to be the safest form of therapy out of these three types. There are many people in the world that do not fully understand the use of ECT, which is understandable. When I hear electroshock therapy I think of a harsh shock that puts the individual in harm's way and hurts them. In reality, ECT does not essentially hurt the victim. Most of the time the participant actually does not remember the event when they were shocked. We learn from a young age that shocking individuals is usually for a punishment and is to hurt them. People just get scared and/or nervous when they hear that ECT is being used on someone, especially if it is someone that they know.

ECT is the most known because fever therapy and insulin coma therapy really is not used anymore. Fever therapy was frequently used in the past but is rarely used today. This type of therapy practically changes the immune system of a human-being. With the increase in body temperature it reacts with the cells and other organs which can sometimes lead to negative problems. Fever therapy can result in dysfunctional cells, organs and organ system problems, and the impairment of the repair and immune systems in the body. Along with fever therapy not being used because it harms the body, insulin coma therapy is also not used because of the same reason. Since this type of therapy puts the participant in a coma for a short period of time, there is always a possibility that the individual will be in a coma for an extended period of time. There weren’t many cases where the individual who was treated with this type of therapy actually was cured. There were many cases where the individual was ‘normal’ for a short while and then went back to acting like they did before they were put in the coma. People nowadays have replaced this technique with lobotomy.

4) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/filmmore/ps_ict.html - I chose this URL because it had all the information I needed to know about insulin coma therapy. It happened to cover all the aspects I wanted to talk about and it was very helpful to read.
http://www.steinerhealth.org/health/fever-therapy/ - I chose this URL because it had information about what fever therapy was. From this website I could write information about that therapy that helped answer the three topics I was aiming to talk about.
http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/electroconvulsive-therapy - I chose this URL because it has a lot of information about ECT. It helped me learn information about how that therapy is not just shocking people in a harsh way.

Terms: electroshock therapy, electrocompulsive therapy (ECT), fever therapy, insulin coma therapy, lobotomy, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Lothar Kalinowsky

1) Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter we have covered this week, and why you are interested in it.
The topic I want to look further into this week is Carl Rogers and client centered therapy. This fits into this week's chapter well because it goes along with the message of better treatment for the patients and subjects of psychology and its treatment. Carl Rogers techniques were new to the time and had a great impact on how people recovered. I was very interested in this topic because of my interest in fair treatment of peoples in psychology.
2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?
For this assignment I will talk about what the three aspects of treatment are, how Rogers came up with the idea of client centered therapy, and finally the lasting implications this therapy has on psychology and treatment today.
3) Next, I would like you to take the information you found from the various sources and integrate/synthesize them into the three aspects of the topic, and then write about the topic.
The client centered approach also called the person centered approach was unlike anything at the time. Some would even call it radical. So what was the client or person centered approach? This approach moved away from the traditional treatments of the time, and towards a treatment that focused more on connection. Rogers believed that the space and feeling the person has an environment could greatly influence how they felt in treatment. There are three main components that Rogers stressed in his client centered therapy. One: the person giving the therapy must be genuine or really care about the clients. Two: the therapist must see the client as not just a “subject” but an actual human being with feelings. Three: the therapist must be empathetic towards the client, so that the client feels that not only the therapist cares but also that they can feel what he or she is going through. These steps are greatly stressed by Rogers as important to the client's therapy and recovery. Rogers was a man of compassion throughout his whole life. He was a man of religion and had strong beliefs towards helping people. One of my additional readings also explained he believed that “each person has a need to fulfill their greatest potential” and he wanted to help them fulfill these needs. He applied these to psychotherapy and used self- actualization, to back up his ideas. Self actualization is that all organisms want balance order and to be complex. This meaning that we want and need to know about ourselves. Rogers was influenced by the time of many men coming back from war and having poor or unsuccessful treatment all together, this inspired him to do more than just research and focus on the clients at hand. He became deeply involved with the AAPA which was focused on more applied psychology rather than basic. Today client centered treatment or person centered is used in the work environment everywhere. Lets look at teachers for example, many teachers strive to create an environment where students feel that teacher genuinely cares about them and their learning. They also aim to help the students feel that they are physically safe from harm when learning, this helps eliminate. The application for today does not end in the workplace, my additional reading revealed that many people use this technique in their everyday relationships. The approach he came up with changed the way that clients were treated forever. Rogers did not have an easy road and at many points his research was looked down upon (such as in Wisconsin). But the lasting implications prove that it was in fact successful and is still being used today.

4) Finally, at the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post
http://www.bapca.org.uk/about/what-is-it.html

I used this source because it helped me see what the implications the client centered approach made on the future, and how it connects to other jobs today.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/client-centred-therapy.html

I used this to get an overview of what this theory was and why Rogers felt he needed to develop it. I was able to understand his background and the time period when people needed a new kind of treatment .

http://www.goodtherapy.org/person-centered.html

I used this source mainly to find out the motivations behind Rogers beginnings with Client centered therapy. I also used this source to learn how it was applied in psychotherapy.

1) Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter we have covered this week, and why you are interested in it.
For week fourteen topical blog, I decided to research and learn more about humanistic psychology. This ties into chapter thirteen, psychology’s practitioners, because the humanistic approach to psychotherapy is introduced. I am interested in this topic because I’ve always admired the thinking behind the humanistic approach and wanted to learn more about how it came to be.
2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?
I would like to discuss what exactly the humanistic approach to psychology is along with note-worthy people in this field and their contributions / discoveries.
3) Next, I would like you to take the information you found from the various sources and integrate/synthesize them into the three aspects of the topic, and then write about the topic.
Time and time again the humanistic approach has been referred to as psychology’s “third force”. This particular approach looks at the whole person and their uniqueness. Those who strongly believe in humanistic psychology tend to look down on the idea that human behavior can be reduced to just our instincts and reflexes. Humanistic psychologists believe we have this innate, natural need to turn towards growth and finding our true purpose in life despite our upbringings (positive or aversive). This area of psychology has an indescribable poetic vibe about it that I admire.
Two noteworthy names of humanistic psychologist I would like to include in this blog are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow is best known for his very own Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. He made the areas of happiness and self-fulfillment a big part of his work. So many psychologists before him focused on unhappiness and a list of factors which play a role in unhappiness and illness. He did not, he created a new spin on psychology and we now refer to this as humanistic psychology. Abraham Maslow was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York with six other siblings. He was the eldest. He described his younger self as shy and unhappy. He went on to attend college in New York then to Wisconsin to study psychology. Throughout his studies, he began searching for what some might refer to as the pursuit of happiness. He wanted to gather answers on the needs of humans. Thus he arranged our needs in a ladder-type manner. At the bottom was were our most basic needs such as air, water, food, and sex. The second level included our safety needs such as security and stability. The third level included our psychological or social needs such as the need for love, belonging, and acceptance. And at the very top of this “ladder” included our self-actualization needs such as the need to fulfill one’s capability and discover happiness. He found it to be important to fulfill all other needs before one could truly reach self-actualization. If we think about it, if our most basic needs are not met, how do we expect ourselves to succeed in other areas of our lives? For example, if we do not have food to each every day, are we going to be worried about building a career? Probably not, we must fulfil the lower levels before we can reach self-actualization. Maslow believed once in the self-actualization phase, one would have peak experiences. Peak experiences can be described as when someone feels completely whole, moments of extreme enjoyment, joy, or love. One of Maslow’s quotes embodies who is was and what he brought to psychology, “human nature is not nearly as bad as it has been thought to be.” Maslow tended to look on the Brightside.
Along with Maslow, a man named Carl Rogers made a great contribution to humanistic psychology. He is best known for his creation of client-centered therapy. Carl Rogers was born in Illinois in 1902. He taught at the University of Chicago along with the University of Wisconsin. In 1942, he single handedly became the first therapist to record therapy sessions. Many would argue his client-centered therapy is one of the most influential and most used techniques in today’s clinical psychology field. His client-centered therapy was consistent with the foundation of humanistic psychology. The three basic components of client-centered therapy included creating a genuine connection to the client, acceptance of the client as a person of value, and use empathy. If the therapist was successful in all three areas, good things would happen. It almost seems like common sense to me but back in this time, the humanistic approach was something completely revolutionary. Overall, Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow both made beneficial, lasting contributions to the field of humanistic psychology as well as psychology as a whole.
4)
URL 1: http://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html. This link provided me with a clear definition and understanding of what humanistic psychology / humanistic approach along with a historical perspective.
URL 2: http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/abraham-maslow/. This link provided me with great background information about Abraham Maslow, specifically Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
URL 3: http://oprf.com/Rogers/. This particular link provided me with information about Carl Rogers specifically his past and the components of client-centered therapy.
Terminology: humanistic psychology, psychotherapy, instincts, reflexes, growth, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, basic needs, safety needs, psychological/social needs, self-actualization, peak experiences, client-centered therapy, empathy.
Word Count: 909

1) The topic that I am going to write about is lobotomies. This topic was covered briefly in the chapter because it was one of the first procedures to deal with cognitive behavior. I am interested in this topic because it is just a very bizarre procedure and things that are bizarre tend to peak peoples interest. I am interested in how it came to be and why it was used. Looking back on it using presentism, it seems very barbaric and unethical to perform such a procedure especially if you are not a doctor. Looking at it through the view of historicism however my give us a better understanding of why this procedure was very popular during its time.
2) The three aspects that I am going to discuss with this topic are; what a lobotomy is, what the lobotomy does, and the criticisms of lobotomies.
3) When people during the 40’s and 50’s showed symptoms of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, manic depression, bipolar disorder, and many more they were given lobotomies to remedy the behavior that went along with the illness. To why this became a procedure to help behavior is due to Phineas Gage. Gage, while working on the railroad had a spike go through his head and destroying his frontal lobe. Gage survived and due to the brain injury his personality and behavior changed. Psychologists determined from this case that the prefrontal lobe was responsible for personality and behavior. The result was the creation of the lobotomy. There are two types of lobotomies; prefrontal lobotomy and transorbital lobotomy. The prefrontal lobotomy is when the physician drills a hole into the patient’s skull and then uses a small knife to cut away at the prefrontal cortex. The transorbital lobotomy is when the physician takes an icepick and pushes it into the frontal lobe through the eye socket and wiggles it back and forth scraping away at the brain. The idea behind the transorbital lobotomy was created by neuropsychiatrist Walter Freeman. The point of this new option was to allow this procedure to be done by psychiatrics and psychiatric hospitals instead of only having surgeons perform the procedure. The entire objective of lobotomies is to remedy mental disorders that cause behavior that inhibits normal function. These disorders could be ones such as schizophrenia or manic depression. The lobotomy scrapes away at the prefrontal cortex and parts of the frontal lobe and this cuts away at nerve that connect parts of the brain. The idea behind this was that by damaging the frontal lobe that the behavior due to the mental illness would go away and the patient would behavior much more normal according to society. Just by looking at this procedure we are able to tell that this is a crude way of remedying mental disorders but at the time there were no real good ways to treat mental disorders. So even though most patients suffered side effects from the procedures, some patient’s behavior improved and led normal lives. The benefit out of the minority seemed to be a justification to continue with this procedure and thus it did continue for decades. Since there were side effects however, people began to criticize this procedure. One major criticism was the inherent risk that went along with the procedure. Patients were at a risk of brain hemorrhaging, infection, and an increased likelihood to develop seizures. The procedure was also criticized for the state in which it left some of the patients. Since the frontal lobe is responsible for behavior and personality, damaging it left some people in a blank state of being meaning that they were very boring and showed little to no emotion at all. Doctors in the Soviet Union concluded that the procedure was "contrary to the principles of humanity" and "'through lobotomy' an insane person is changed into an idiot. Another criticism is that anyone could perform this procedure. It did not require any special training or knowledge, anyone with an icepick could perform this. Freeman was at the center of criticisms for the way he went about doing his lobotomies. Freeman would go around the country performing multiple lobotomies in public. There was no sanitation or operating room for the lobotomies that he performed but rather he would do multiple in public on a table.
4) Terms: lobotomy, presentism, historicism, schizophrenia, manic depression, bipolar disorder, Phineas Gage, prefrontal cortex, frontal lobe, prefrontal lobotomy, transorbital lobotomy, neuropsychiatrist, Walter Freeman, mental disorder

1) For this assignment, I chose to do more research on Lightner Witmer and his contributions to clinical and school psychology. He fits into this chapter because he is credited with creating the first clinic and pioneering what we know today as clinical psychology, which was the overall topic of this chapter. I found Witmer interesting because he wanted to use psychology to solve real-world, everyday problems that people endure. I also found his research with children and the development of school psychology to be interesting.
2) Three aspects of this topic that I want to discuss are some general background information on Witmer and how he became interested in psychology, how he started his first clinic and how he came up with the idea, and any other major contributions that Witmer made to the field of psychology.
3) Lightner Witmer was an applied psychologist who is responsible for pioneering the field of clinical psychology and opening the first clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Witmer started off as a teacher, eventually earned his Ph.D., started research in the field of psychology and continued teaching. His first experience with helping children with intellectual disabilities was when he was teaching at a secondary school for boys. He had a student that had a hard time distinguishing between different sounds of words, so Witmer worked with him to improve his language difficulties.
Witmer eventually went on to open his first clinic where he worked mostly with children who had learning difficulties. While he was running his clinic, he started “The Psychological Clinic” journal and began to publish his findings from years of research. In his first journal article, he introduced the term clinical psychology, and why it was important for others to adopt. At the time, he believed that clinical psychology could be used to greatly improved the lives, academically and socially, of children with learning disabilities. Today however, clinical psychology is used for a broad range of people with an even broader range of diagnosis. Witmer kept teaching for a good majority of his career, but also worked a lot with the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children and the Devereux Boarding School. With all of Witmer’s work with children in academic settings, it made sense that another field of psychology would be established because of his research. School psychology is thought to have been created due to Witmer’s contributions, as well as from the contributions of other psychologists like G. Stanley Hall and Alfred Binet.
Witmer made significant contributions in the fields of clinical and school psychology. He wanted to create better learning environments for school aged children with learning disabilities, but also wanted to provide teachers and other educators with the necessary tools to be able to help these children. His contributions improved the lives of many children who were thought to be unteachable or feeble-minded, and provided an entirely new way of thinking for psychologists, teachers, and even medical professionals. He not only improved the lives of those children, but gave us a better understanding of why giving children the right education is important.
4) Sources:
http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Witmer__Lightner.html
This was the primary source I used to gather information on Witmer and his contributions. This website had a good amount of information and provided a general overview of Witmer's life. I chose this site because it appears to be credible with reliable information.

http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/voices-past-lightner-witmer%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cclinical-psychology%E2%80%9D
I chose this site because it had an excerpt from one of Witmer’s publications, and explains how he became interested in helping children with learning disabilities. I didn’t use a whole lot of information from this site for my assignment, but it definitely contributed to my overall understanding of the topic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer
I did not use this source a whole lot while writing this assignment, I mostly used it as a supplementary resource to check the information found on the other websites. While I don’t know how credible this source is, it had a lot of good information that appeared to be credible.

Terminology: Lightner Witmer, clinical psychology, school psychology, applied psychology, G. Stanley Hall, Alfred Binet, feeble-minded.

This week I decided to delve further into the life and work of Abraham Maslow. He was an important figure in this chapter for his work in humanistic psychology which became the “third force” in treating mental illness alongside psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches. Although I have often heard of Maslow, I have yet to take a critical look at his life and accomplishments. I think that there is a lot to be gathered from the path Abraham Maslow took through life from his early childhood to his last days as it appears that his experiences greatly impacted his work. So, first I will address a little bit of Maslow’s background followed by an overview of his most well-known contribution to the field of psychology: the hierarchy of needs. Lastly, I feel it is important to discuss the last stage Maslow defined in his hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, and what a person in this stage looks like; the other stages may be easy to grasp but this abstract concept could use a little bit more explanation.

As one progresses through life, there is no doubt that their experiences are continuously shaping and changing them. In my opinion, Abraham Maslow is no exception. His early childhood is especially important to his later work. Born in 1908, he was the first of seven children and was not from a wealthy family. Instead, he was one of the only Jewish children in his neighborhood and because of this he was often shunned and isolated by the other children. He has a lot of time alone and he became extremely involved in his books. In addition to the abuse he had to deal with outside his home, Maslow has also been said to have had abusive parents. They did not readily fulfill his needs for such basics as food, safety, love, or self-esteem. He grew up fearful, lacking love, and with a negative view of himself. Maybe this is why he eventually came to focus not on the negative aspects of a person but instead on the positive, hence his involvement with humanistic psychology. He had learned what focusing on the negative could do to a person and instead chose to look at the other side of an individual. After his traumatic childhood, Maslow chose to enroll at the City College of New York (CCNY) while taking law classes at night simply to please his father. It took him quite some time to settle in the field of psychology as he bounced from CCNY to Cornell back to CCNY and finally to the University of Wisconsin. It was here that he studied under Harry Harlow and eventually received a PhD in psychology. After earning his degree, Maslow spent many years teaching and doing research at the University of Wisconsin and Columbia University where he worked with Thorndike and studied human sexuality. From there Maslow moved on to Brooklyn College and finally Brandeis University where he would stay until retirement. It was a Brandeis that Maslow finally became prominent as a pioneer in humanistic psychology. It was during this time that he published his famous hierarchy of needs and was elected president of the American Psychological Association. His success in psychology was not the only important aspect of his life, however. Maslow was married (to his first cousin) and also had two daughters. He continued to be active until his death in 1970.

The one contribution of Abraham Maslow’s which most psychology students study today is the hierarchy of needs. That is, the needs which every human possesses and strive to fulfill during their lifetime; one cannot focus on the next level of needs until the previous levels’ needs have been fulfilled to a reasonable degree. Maslow defined the first, most basic level as physiological needs. These needs include air, food, shelter, sex, and sleep. If these needs are fulfilled then Maslow ascertained that a person will feel the need for safety: security, law, and freedom from fear and chaos. If these needs are, for the most part, satisfied an individual then starts to feel a need for love and belongingness. This is an attempt to eliminate loneliness through friendships, romantic relationships, a community or church group, etc. From here people begin to satisfy their needs for self-esteem. There are two different categories for this level, lower and higher self-esteem. The first comes from the respect of others which can be realized through appreciation, recognition, and status. The higher level of self-esteem must come from within oneself stated Maslow. In other words, we need self-respect which manifests itself as confidence in ourselves, independence and competence. These first four levels (physiological, safety, love and belongingness, and self-esteem) are what Maslow called deficiency needs or D-needs. That is our life, actions and feelings, are consumed by a lack for a specific need. Whether it is conscious or not, the individual strives to fulfill these necessities. The final level is self-actualization and that is what Maslow termed a being need or B-need. So, we are not motivated any longer by deficiencies but instead by a desire to grow, to become a better person. It is in this last stage that a person realizes their full potential. Thinking back to Maslow’s childhood, it is easy to see how Maslow was able to recognize what a person needed at a most basic level in order to become their best. After all, he lacked many needs (safety, love, self-esteem) as a child, thus a reflection on his own life could have led him to conclude that these are necessities for any person to grow into their full potential. Since Maslow’s time, there have been a couple of additions to the hierarchy of needs. Although Maslow’s hierarchy is likely the most common, it is worth noting these additions which may well contribute to one’s development. Before one can achieve self-actualization, some have emphasized the importance of two more levels: cognitive and aesthetic needs. Cognitive needs include knowledge and meaning while aesthetic needs focus on an appreciation of beauty, form, etc. Some have also added one level after self-actualization known as transcendence which involves helping others towards their own self-actualization. Although not part of the original, it is not to say that these needs are not also important. It is important to cultivate one’s mind and appreciation for the arts and it useful to consider where one focuses their energy if they do indeed fulfill the need of self-actualization.

Although most of the levels in Maslow’s original hierarchy of needs are fairly self-explanatory, the last level, self-actualization, is a little bit more abstract. After all, what determines the realization of individual full potential? Maslow recognized this dilemma and set out to dispel the confusion through a biographical analysis. He looked at famous individuals in history including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Eleanor Roosevelt as well as people he knew who he saw as self-actualized and then identified the traits that they have in common. He saw that self-actualizers have a good sense of reality and tend to be problem-focused. They don’t mind being alone and tend to have a few very close relationships rather than a large group of acquaintances. Self-actualizers are independent thinkers; their actions and thoughts are not determined by society, and they are not at all afraid to go against the norm and stick up for what they believe in. The people who fulfill their potential also tend to have a high level of respect for themselves and others and strong ethical standards. Finally, Maslow saw that self-actualizers typically had many of what he termed peak experiences. In these moments, Maslow said that an individual is completely absorbed by what they are experiencing, are filled with intense emotions of euphoria and joy, and come out of the moment with a changed sense of being. Although these moments may be hard to describe, these moments tend to define a self-actualizer’s life and alter their view of the world. All in all, Maslow estimated that only two percent of the population will ever achieve self-actualization, but these ideals are certainly something everyone can strive for. Even a partial realization of our potential is an incredible accomplishment!

Abraham Maslow has certainly had an impact on humanistic psychology. I think that his experiences throughout life, especially those of his childhood, heavily impacted his theories. I loved his positive psychology because it was different from many previous theorists. Whereas others had looked at the negative qualities or problems with an individual, Maslow focused on their good side and wanted them to achieve their full potential. These ideas became important in the humanistic treatment of mental illness. I believe that the hierarchy of needs is rather applicable to our lives and it certainly gives everyone a motivation in their lives to become the best they can be.

http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/abraham-maslow/
From this website, I gained information on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and peak experiences

http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/maslow.htm
I was able to get background information on Maslow’s life and supplemental information about his contributions from this site.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html
This site gave me great information about the self-actualized person and general information on the hierarchy of needs and Maslow’s life.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
I gained additional information about the above topics (hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, peak experiences) from this website.

Terminology: Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology, hierarchy of needs, behavioral approach, psychoanalytic approach, peak experiences, B versus D needs, self-actualization, positive psychology

The topic that I have chosen to research is client-centered therapy. This topic fits into the chapter, because it was one of the works of Carl Rogers. Rogers was one of the psychologists that made a huge impact in the field of psychology. During this era, Freudian types of therapy were still the most popular ways to treat people with mental illnesses. Rogers however wanted to step up, and find a new, better way to treat people with mental illnesses seeking therapy. In Freudian types of therapy, such as psychoanalysis, the clinician is in control of the session, and he seeks to investigate the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bring repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind. Rogers didn't think that was the best way to treat patients, and he came up with a form of therapy on his own, which focused more on the client, and the client's thoughts and feelings. In this essay, I am going to define Rogers' clients-centered therapy, the benefits of it, and the limitations to it.
Client-centered therapy, rather than looking into the clients past, focuses more on setting up the right therapeutic environment. The results of this is that it allows the client to begin to take hold and control their lives, unlike they had been able to do before, get close to self-actualization. Self-actualization is the realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone. There is three components that make up this type of atmosphere. The first component is that the therapist must be genuine and honest with the client. The client needs to act this way, because it provides a model for what the client should strive to be like in their own lives. The second component is that the therapist should accept the client as a person. This means that no matter what kind of person the client is, they are still a person of unconditional worth. There should be absolutely no judgment place on the client, and they need to feel like they are just as important in this world as anybody else. The third and final component is that the therapist needs to display empathy. The therapist needs to be able to try to put themselves in the clients' shoes. No one can really understand how someone is feeling except the person that is feeling it, and Rogers feels like one of the best ways to help out a client is trying to understand what they are feeling. Fully understanding it is impossible, but the thought is what counts. One of the key ways to do this is through reflection. Reflection is taking something that the client said, and rephrasing it in a way that leads the client to think that the therapist knows and understands what they are talking about. All three of these components are needed to create a successful client-centered atmosphere.
This type of therapy can benefit quite a few types of people. Rogers believed that it could benefit all types of people, but as I will get to later, we will find out that isn't the case. With that being said, several types of people do benefit from it. One of the first and main types of people that benefit from this is articulate people with mild problems. This means that the people need to be able to speak clearly and coherently, and most likely be adults. This also means that the people are mainly just people struggling with everyday problems. They may not have any type of mental illnesses, and if they do they would be mild ones. The other types of people that could benefit from this therapy, are people that could more so be taught in this area of therapy, such as parents, teachers, and instructors. Any type of person that needs a good output from the people they are looking over. So, for example, if a parent wants a good relationship with their child, and wants their child to grow up being a good person that contributes to society, they may try to raise their children using these techniques. They would want to let the child know that no matter what they can come to them with anything, and they would also want to raise the child in a safe and warm environment. This would allow the child to never have to hide any of their problems, and not have anything that would make them feel like they aren't reaching their self-actualization. Teachers and instructors are people that could use these same techniques.

Client-centered therapy isn't for everyone though. As I stated previously, Rogers originally thought that all people could benefit from this type of therapy, but pretty much the only people that benefit from it are the people that I mentioned in the last paragraph. Client-centered therapy doesn't work for people with more severe mental illnesses, and it also doesn't work for children or patients with no articulation. Rogers tried to do his client-centered therapy on schizophrenic patients. After using his techniques on this type of patient several times, the results he got back were questionable, and no evidence could support that those patients had gotten any better. Patients, such as children or dementia patients, who could not understand the point of the therapy, or who were not very good at speaking and coherently understanding what was going on also didn't benefit from this type of therapy. Children needed the guidance of the therapist to take control, and weren't going to freely speak without being questioned. Dementia patients acted in almost the same way. So, it was concluded that client-centered therapy does in fact work, but it is only for the people mentioned in the previous paragraph.

Terms: Carl Rogers, Client-centered therapy, empathy, reflection, Freudian, mental illnesses, psychoanalysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-centered_therapy
I used this website, because it gave a good explanation of what kind of components went into client-centered therapy.

http://donnieholland.wiki.westga.edu/file/view/person%20centered%20approach%20%26%20class%20behavior.pdf
This website gave me some of the benefits of client-centered therapy, and it also gave me some of the disadvantages to it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24d-FEptYj8

This video allowed me to get a good idea of how client-centered therapy actually works, and helped me to have a better idea and understanding of what I was talking about.

1) Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter we have covered this week, and why you are interested in it.
I was interested in Maslow’s work, as he is a well known psychologist and his theories are taught in most introductory psychology classes. I recently read a thing on how his needs hierarchy could be enhanced to make it more researched backed. I’d also never heard of some of his theories that the chapter mentioned before. But for this blog i have chose to focus on his needs hierarchy, because I never realized the lack of support it has until i read more into it, and it used to be one of my favorite things in psychology, and i’d use it to explain away some people’s motives.
2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?
In this blog i will talk about Maslow’s needs hierarchy. The three aspects i would like to go in more depth would be what is Self-actualization, how to change the hierarchy so that it is more empirically stable, and why there is a need to do so.
3) Next, I would like you to take the information you found from the various sources and integrate/synthesize them into the three aspects of the topic, and then write about the topic.
At the top of Maslow’s needs hierarchy there is often the word known as Self-Actualization, but it is rarely discussed as to what that need entails. That part of the pyramid talks about a variety of needs known as metaneeds, of which maslow described 14: truth, beauty, wholeness, spontaneity, justice,simplicity, humor, transcendence, uniqueness, perfection, completion, richness or totality, effortlessness, and autonomy. These metaneeds are often seen as the last step in the pyramid, that you can’t worry about them until all previous levels of needs are met, but looking at them in their meta form, these needs are sought after every day even when people have not met their other needs. Which begs the question, is Maslow wrong in his formation of his hierarchy? We in our daily lives experience a hunger, if you will, for these metaneeds. We want the truth from people, we want to laugh, some people strive for perfection on everything (type A personalities), while others seek to be unpredictable and spontaneous, These are seen even in people who have not had all four previous levels of needs fulfilled.
Maslow’s needs hierarchy has always been taught with the five levels: Physiological Needs, Safety and Security Needs, Love and Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization Needs. This pyramidal structure has shown up in thousands of psychological textbooks, but it lacks empirical evidence to support this theory. however if it were to be reorganised in in the following way there would be research to back it: 1st get rid of the five level pyramid, 2nd combine physiological, safety, belongingness, and esteem needs into one category of deficiency needs, and finally make it a two level hierarchy of deficiency and growth needs. This is a less strict progression of needs also, in that one can go back and forth across the two levels maybe multiple times a day. These two types of needs, deficiency and growth, are supported through the research done in 2001.
Why is there support to do this? If you look at Maslow’s needs hierarchy as it is, it is a strict progression of needs according to potency and strength, the lower the need is on the pyramid the stronger and more urgent that need is to fill. Also, it is set up in a way that you can’t skip over levels, which really you can and we do if you think about it. The example i’ve seen was on how college students prioritise their needs in order as esteem, security, self-actualization, belongingness, and physical/physiological needs. Seeing as how this definitely does not match up with the pyramidal design of Maslow’s, it is safe to assume that the hierarchy is infact NOT a strict progression. College students are not the only anomaly to the normal ranking of needs, there are many others including people of different culture, children, the elderly, artists, singers, among many others. So much so that the “Norm” is to differ from the model.
4) Finally, at the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
http://www.benchmarkinstitute.org/t_by_t/difficult_behavior/Maslow.pdf
This article shows how we all prioritise our needs differently and how they are not a strict progression across the board for everyone as Maslow would like us to believe. It had the college student example that i liked, and it just shows some of the major flaws of Maslow’s needs theory.
http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp802325.pdf
This article talked about how to improve the theory so it is more sound and supported. It suggested combining things into a two tiered hierarchy. this ended up being the backbone of my blog post this week.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1998.tb00414.x/abstract;jsessionid=65A8E86D56A9848F674B101BA9DAA0A0.f03t02?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+have+be+unavailable+on+Saturday+5th+December+from+10%3A00-14%3A00+GMT+%2F+05%3A00-09%3A00+EST+%2F+18%3A00-22%3A00+SGT+for+essential+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.
This was an interesting article by Maslow himself that talked more in depth about parts of the hierarchy and added insight into the metaneeds / Self-actualization. I found it interesting to pull from for talking about Self-actualization and what that realy is.

Next make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Maslow, needs hierarchy, Physiological Needs, Safety and Security Needs, Love and Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization Needs, truth, beauty, wholeness, spontaneity, justice, simplicity, humor, transcendence, uniqueness, perfection, completion, richness or totality, effortlessness, and autonomy

1) This week I would like to further explore the humanistic theory.
2) For this assignment, I would first like to discuss what the humanistic theory or humanism is. Then I would like to discuss how humanism gained its footings. Finally I want to discuss where and how the humanistic theory is used today.
3) The humanistic approach is a different kind of approach for psychology for a number of reasons. The first reason would be that the humanistic approach studies the whole person. It stresses personal growth and self-actualization. These people are studied from their own perspective. They are studied by seeing what they see, hear, and interpret. Humanists, the psychologists who studied humanism believed that the behaviorists and psychoanalysts who came before them were pessimistic and they believed that humans had growth and their future wasn’t solely determined by their past. They believed that the other studies were to deterministic. Humanists wanted to believe that there was personal choice in one’s outcome. The humanistic view has an optimistic view on human beings. It is driven by the belief that people are inherently good and have strong moral values. Humanists encourage their patients to learn to take responsibility for themselves.
Abraham Maslow created a hierarchy of needs that was said to be the levels a person needed to satisfy before they were able to achieve self-actualization. This was the first step in humanistic psychology. Maslow said that to achieve self-actualization, we first needed to satisfy all of our other humanly needs. This began with physiological needs, and continued up the pyramid with safety, social, and esteem needs. Self-actualization became point of the pyramid. Shelter is one aspect that would fall under safety, while relationships would fall under social. Carl Rogers developed a new kind of therapy a few years later. His therapy was client-centered therapy, in which the client leads the session. This is in contrast to Freud’s therapies in which he would start with basic questions and develop into questions based on the original questions. Maslow and a colleague, Clark Moustakas, invited fellow psychologists who shared their passion for creating a new psychology with new humanistic views to Detroit. As a result of this meeting, with sponsorship from Brandeis University, The Association for Humanistic Psychology was developed. During this time, Rogers was printing his first issue of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology.
After Maslow, Rogers, and others strived for a separate division of psychology called humanistic psychology, eventually it’s theories spread to the other major theories. Due to this, today there is no specific humanistic psychology. It is still represented by it’s Association for Humanistic Psychology and the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, but there is much less emphasis on the sole practice of humanistic psychology. Instead humanistic psychology can be found in movements such as green politics, feminists, gay rights, and the peace movement. It is also found in aspects of education and therapy. Other psychological areas have been grown from humanistic psychology, such as transpersonal psychology and positive psychology. Humanistic psychology has helped major ideas that we take for granted today develop. Some of these ideas are unconditional positive regard, free will, fully-functioning people, and peak experiences. A few of these, such as unconditional positive regard and peak experiences, were developed in the beginning of humanistic theory. Rogers used unconditional positive regard in his client-centered therapy. Maslow developed the idea that a person can reach a peak experience if they have a moment of pure joy and elation.
4) http://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html I chose this website because it gave a good description of humanism and explained how it was the same as the humanistic theory. I used this website in each part.
http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/hist_humanistic.htm I chose this website because it gave simple definitions of the words I was looking at. I used this website to help expand definitions and explanations.
https://www.ahpweb.org/about/new-vision/item/33-humanistic-view--methods.html I chose this website because it talked about humanisim in the past and the future. I used this website to explain how the humanistic theory is used in modern psychology.
5) Humanistic theory, humanism, personal growth, self-actualization, humanists, behaviorists, psychoanalysts, Abraham Maslow, hierarchy of needs, Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy, Freud, Clark Moustakas, positive psychology, unconditional positive regard, peak experiences.

The topic I chose this week was lobotomies. It was stated in the chapter that lobotomies were a large part of a small section of history, but still a popular practice today. I am interested in finding out how lobotomies have evolved. The three topics I chose to research this week were the history, a case study of a lobotomy, and one specific contributor to the lobotomy: Antonio Moniz.
Brain surgery was not a means of improving mental health until 1890. Friederich Golz, of Germany, was one of the first pioneers of brain surgery. Golz removed portions of his dogs’ temporal lobes. After performing the surgery, he found that the dogs were less aggressive. Not long after, another similar surgery was performed on schizophrenia patients. Gottlieb Burkhard attempted surgeries on six patients, two of which died. The surviving patients were found to be calmer, as well. After two deaths, one might think to not replicate this type of surgery, however, the practice continued. About 45 years later at Yale University, frontal and prefrontal lobotomies were performed on chimps. Carlyle Jacobsen found his chimp patients to be calmer afterwards. One of his colleagues tired a similar surgery on chimps. John Fulton attempted to induce “experimental neurosis” in his lobotomized chimps by presenting them with contradictory signals. He found that they were pretty much immune to the process. One practiced medical researcher made several improvements to the procedure. Antonio Egaz Moniz found that cutting the nerves that run from the frontal cortex to the thalamus fixed certain problems in patients with psychotic symptoms. He devised a technique that he called the leucotomy, which would later be called the lobotomy. Some of his patients became calmer. Moniz advised that extreme caution should taken and the lobotomy should only be used in severe cases. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on lobotomy in 1949. Walter Freeman, an American physician, performed his first lobotomy in 1936. He is invented the ice pick lobotomy. Freeman found that he could insert an ice pick above each eye with only local anesthetic, drive it through the thin bone with a light tap of a mallet, and move the pick back and forth. The patient that was previously difficult was now found to be passive. Freeman recommended the procedure for everything from psychosis to depression to neurosis to criminality. Freeman traveled place to place, delivering his quick lobotomy procedure. From that moment on, until 1951, over 18,000 lobotomies were performed in the US. It was often used on convicts and for use on “difficult” children. There are still western countries that permit the use of the lobotomy, although its use has decreased dramatically worldwide. The general statistics showed roughly a third of lobotomy patients improved, a third stayed the same, and the last third actually got worse!
President John F. Kennedy had a younger sister named Rosemary Kennedy. Rosemary had problems early on. Rosemary’s mother claimed that it was due to issues during delivery. She made claims that the doctor tried to halt her labor and in the process he injected the baby. Rosemary was thus slower to crawl, slower to walk, and slower to speak than her two older brothers. In first grade, she was having difficulty keeping up in school. Despite all of this, she lived a happy, fulfilling life as a child and teen. Rosemary kept a diary from when she was 18 to 20 years old. She describes trips, riding horses, dances, spending time with family, teas, and even a meeting with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Her diary entries have led some historians to believe that Rosemary had simple dyslexia, a learning disability, or depression. Whatever Rosemary’s case was, Rosemary’s mom described that her daughter had a “noticeable regression in the mental skills that she worked so hard to obtain” and “her customary good nature gave way increasingly to tension and irritability.” In 1941, the family consulted with doctors to try and find a way to help Rosemary. They came upon a “promising” new procedure developed by Antonio Moniz called a “leucotomy.” The Kennedy’s learned about the promise the procedure could have, as well as the risks. In November 1941, a lobotomy was performed on Rosemary by Dr. James Watts and Dr. Walter Freeman without approval from Rose. While the surgery did make her passive, it also resulted in her being unable to speak, walk, or communicate really at all. It significantly diminished her mental capacity. After spending seven years at a hospital in New York, she was sent to St. Coletta in Wisconsin. Originally, it was said that Rosemary was teaching retarded children in Wisconsin and that she wanted to live a secluded life. Rosemary would later confess that she never forgave her family for putting her through the surgery.
Antonio Montiz started out as a politician, but went to med school later in his career. Moniz believed that if he could locate brain tumors by visualization of the blood vessels in the brain, he could better diagnose patients. Moniz experimented with the injection of different dyes which allowed him to photograph brain structures. His initial attempts were with patients who had a suspected brain tumor, epilepsy and Parkinson’s. After few attempts, Moniz was successful. His work in this area subsequently led to the use of angiography in the detection of internal carotid artery occlusion, which was until then a frequently missed diagnosis. Other scientists had previously attempted a similar procedure, but Moniz was the first to successfully apply it to humans. For this work, Moniz was nominated for a Nobel Prize. However, this was only the beginning of his work with the brain. Moniz’s had this hypothesis that mentally ill patients had abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobes. Moniz believed that he could help these patients by using an instrument he invented, the leucotome. Moniz used the instrument cut through the white matter fibers of the brain. Moniz’s first psychosurgery, was called the leucotomy. It was described by the Nobel Committee as one of the most important discoveries ever made in psychiatric medicine. Moniz’s first patient was a 63-year-old woman suffering from depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations and insomnia. His patient improved greatly. For his contribution, Moniz received the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/lobotomy.html - I chose this website because it had the little amount of information I needed to learn more on the topic. This helped me build on what I learned in the chapter.
http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/01/little-known-tragic-life-jfks-sister-rosemary-kennedy/ - I chose this website because it had an in-depth view of what happened to Rosemary. I used the most information from this website. It did not build on what I read, but allowed me to read further about lobotomies and their lack of success.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291941/ - I chose this website because it was easy to navigate and it was organized. I used this information to build on what I learned in the chapter.
Terms and Terminology: lobotomy, Friederich Golz, John Fulton, Antonio Egaz Moniz, experimental neurosis, leucotomy, Walter Freeman, leucotome

1) The topic I chose to discuss for this blog was lobotomies. This fits into the chapter because talked a lot about the medical approach to mental illness and one of the things discussed was lobotomies. I thought this was interesting because I think it was interesting to see how mental illnesses were dealt with at the time and the fact that this really was a method used to treat a variety of different conditions, even though it seems ridiculous to us today.

2) Three aspects I want to talk about for this assignments are what lobotomies are, how they came to be used, and some interesting facts about lobotomies at the time that I learned from my research.

3) Lobotomies came about after electric shocks were used as a treatment for mental disorders. Although electric shocks seem horrible in treating a mental illness, lobotomies were even worse than this. Carlyle Jacobsen and John Fulton reported that they had done research on animals and found that destroying or damaging the frontal lobe was able to show a good effect on these animals. They reported that aggression seemed to go away if this area of the brain was damaged and that there were no bad consequences of this because the animals still seemed to be fine afterwards. One of the first lobotomies, done in a different way than how we think of lobotomies, was done by a neurologist in Portugal. He performed this by drilling holes in the patients skull in order to get to the brain. This man, Antonio Moniz, actually later went on to receive a Nobel Prize for this work. Moniz used this procedure in order to help patients with schizophrenia and reported that it worked very well. The lobotomy more often known about in psychology is the lobotomy involving an ice pick. This was created by Walter Freeman. He wanted a way to make lobotomies much faster, because Moniz's way was too slow. He was able to use this ice pick technique and make lobotomies only around 10 minutes long. His method of lobotomy was a transorbital lobotomy. This involved inserting an ice pick like deveice into the eye socket and into the prefrontal and frontal lobes of the brain and causing damage. Freeman went on to do around 3000 lobotomies. One of the youngest people to have this done was a 12 year old boy. The U.S. was the location that performed the most lobotomies, with around 50,000 being done, before they were banned after a woman had a brain hemorrhage and died. The majority of these lobotomies were done to mental patients who were in mental institutions. At this time, these places were extremely overcrowded and doctors wanted any way possible to control the unruly patients. Because of this, lobotomies were extremely frequent here. Back in this time, there were not many things to help people with mental disorders. They tended to just be locked away in rooms and restrained with uncomfortable and even painful restraints. Because there were no drugs to help these people, they were unable to manage their symptoms and often had to be death with physically and forcefully. Many believed that lobotomies were a better option for these people rather than having to live their lives being restrained or kept isolated alone. Although some lobotomies did seem to cause some sort of change in patients without damaging them in many other ways, a lot of the time these lobotomies did horrible damage to patients. Many died and others were unable to speak or do things they used to be able to do. Families actually ended up complaining after Moniz went the Nobel Prize, talking about how their loved ones were permanently damaged and changed because of what he did to them. Receiving a lobotomy often made people no longer have the use of their limbs and become paralyzed or may make them a completely docile and silent person. Because the doctors at this time were just looking for a way to manage patients with mental disorders, they did not see this silence or cooperation as a problem. Doctors thought this was a positive outcome of the lobotomy when really friends and family knew that this was not good and that their loved one should not have changed in this way. One interesting fact I found Moniz and Freeman is that, even though both performed lobotomies and clearly thought they were a good technique, they did not really agree on how they should be done. Moniz did not agree with Freeman that using an ice pick was a good way to do this procedure. One of the things that Freeman did do differently than Moniz, however, was that Freeman did follow ups with his patients after the procedure to see how they were doing. Moniz, on the other hand, did not care much about doing follow ups. Clearly this is not a good thing because this was a very invasive surgery and patients may not have had the best outcomes, as we have seen. One of the other major thinks about these procedures was that Freeman did not care much about informed consent. We know that informed consent was not really mandatory back at this time, but Freeman did think about this somewhat during his procedures. He tried to get consent of patients but if he could not, he often went to great lengths to give the procedure anyways. If the patient would not consent, he tried to get their parents to consent, and if all else failed he often would sedate the patient and perform the procedure anyways. This clearly shows another huge problem with these procedures in general and the practices behind them.

4) Lobotomy, Moniz, Freeman, transorbital lobotomy, Jacobsen, Fulton

1) I did research on the Humanistic Approach to Psychology. This topic fits into the chapter because we discussed a few famous psychologists who can be considered to use to use the humanistic approach like Maslow and Witmer. Witmer is given some credit for founding the field of school psychology. I am interested in this topic because it is important to looks at psychology from different approaches to get the full view of possibilities.

2) -what humanistic psychology is
-Maslows hierarchy of needs
-Carl rogers client-centered therapy

3) Humanistic approach to psychology has roots in existential philosophy, which seeks to find the meaning of human existence, the role of free will, and the uniqueness of each human being. Humanistic psychology encourages the discovery of new research approaches which seek to further understand the depth of human beings. One key element to the humanistic approach is personal responsibility. This means that people are responsible for what happens to them. The here and now theory is also important to understanding the Humanistic Approach. This says that people become fully functioning individuals when they live their lives as it happens. Fully functioning people, term coined by Carl Rogers, are not concerned with standards that society has set for them. The experience of the individual is also a key element to this approach. This includes client-centered therapy, for this therapists provide a therapeutic atmosphere that allows clients to help themselves. Personal growth is important to humanistic psychologists, they believe people are motivated to progress toward some ultimately satisfying state of being.
Ivan Maslow studied exemplary people, people who are very successful. He came up with something called deficiency motives. These result from the lack of a needed object and are satisfied when that need is obtained. Because of this Maslow came up with a Hierarchy of Needs. There are 5 different levels of needs and you must satisfy the lowest of the needs to get to the next level. The lowest level is physiological needs. This is a humans most basic needs-- hunger, thirst, air and sleep. Safety needs is the next level. This is or need for security, stability, protection, structure, order, and freedom from chaos. This is most prominent for someone when the future is uncertain. The next level is "belongingness and love needs". This includes two types, D-love and B-love. D-love is the need to satisfy the emptiness people experience with love and feeling like they belong. B-Love is something that is experienced and grows when someone is in a relationship. The fourth level is Esteem needs. This is the need to view oneself as competent and achieving. The final level is the need for self actualization. This is when people become their true self and have reached their full potential.
Carl rogers believed that client-centered therapy was the best way to treat patients. He believed that the client was in the best position to understand their own experiences. There are three conditions that are important for client-centered therapy to be effective. Unconditional positive regard, the therapist should always affirm what the client is saying and should never be judgmental of what their client is saying. Empathetic understanding, the therapist should see and understand the clients experiences from the clients view and not from a predetermined theory. Congruence, therapists should not hide their actual personalities from their clients but be open and real, this will allow the client to feel comfortably to disclose information to their therapists.

4) https://www.ahpweb.org/about/new-vision/item/33-humanistic-view--methods.html
This cite helped me with my discussion about what humanistic psychology is

http://study.com/academy/lesson/humanistic-approach-in-psychology-definition-lesson-quiz.html
This cite contributed to my discussion about carl rogers' client-centered therapy

http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
this cite contributed to my discussion about Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Terms: Maslow, Witmer, School Psychology, Humanistic Approach, Carl Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy, Hierarchy of Needs, Humanistic Psychology, physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualization, deficiency motives,

1)
-The topic that I have selected is about electroshock therapy, also known as ECT. It fits into this chapter since it is one of the medical approaches to mental illness. This form of shock therapy was rapidly becoming the treatment of choice. I chose this topic since it interested me right at the beginning of the chapter. I have seen it be done in many movies and tv shows before so reading about it I could picture it and was surprised to learn that it is still used today. I thought at first this seems unethical to do to patients, but it intrigued me while reading that it would just produce convulsions, but not death. I also was fascinated that the patients did not recall memory of the session.

2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?
-The first aspect I will speak about is what and how ECT works. The second aspect is how it can be beneficial to mentally ill patients. The last aspect is about the risks of ECT.

3)
-To understand electroshock therapy, one needs to rewind history and go back to the origins of this practice. A physician known as Ugo Cerletti in a Roman laboratory experimented on dogs and pigs to discover a voltage range that would produce convulsions but not death. ECT spread quickly in Europe and then expanded to America thanks to Cerletti’s team member Lothar Kalinowsky. He came to New York and it became popular. Cerletti and his team performed the first ECT treatment on a human in 1938. They had a patient who was an engineer that showed symptoms of schizophrenia. They put a rubber tube in his mouth so that he would not bite through his tongue. Electrodes were placed against each temple where electric currents were applied in short bursts. The patient had a grand mal seizure, but after he recovered, it seemed as if he improved. He also had no recollection of the session either. He was given eleven ECT treatments, and was much improved, or so they thought. His wife reported three months later that he resumed his usual schizophrenic behavior. One may wonder how and why this is a treatment for patients with mental illness. To help with this understanding one needs to understand that prior to ECT treatment, a patient is given a muscle relaxant and is put to sleep with a general anesthesia. Electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp and a finely controlled electric current is applied. This current causes a brief seizure in the brain. Because the muscles are relaxed, the visible effects of the seizure will usually be limited to slight movement of the hands and feet. Patients are carefully monitored during the treatment. The patient awakens minutes later, does not remember the treatment or events surrounding it, and is often confused. The confusion typically lasts for only a short period of time. ECT is usually given up to three times a week for a total of two to four weeks. ECT is among the safest and most effective treatments available for depression. ECT is one of the fastest ways to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It's also very effective for patients who suffer from mania or other mental illnesses. Although ECT has been used since the 1940s and 1950s, it remains misunderstood by the general public. Many of the procedure's risks and side effects are related to the misuse of equipment, incorrect administration, or improperly trained staff. It is also a misconception that ECT is used as a "quick fix" in place of long-term therapy or hospitalization. Nor is it correct to believe that the patient is painfully "shocked" out of the depression. Unfavorable news reports and media coverage have contributed to the controversy surrounding this treatment.
ECT is generally used when severe depression is unresponsive to other forms of therapy. Or it might be used when patients pose a severe threat to themselves or others and it is too dangerous to wait until medications take effect. There are other reasons besides severe depression and severe mania as to why this form of treatment is beneficial. For example, treatment-resistant depression, catatonia, and agitation and aggression of people with dementia (WebMD and Mayo Clinic, 2015). Sounds like this is a great treatment with great statistics of success rates mainly if they include medication as well. What are the risks however? ECT can cause adverse mental side effects. Some patients, especially seniors, experience a period of confusion immediately following ECT treatment. Another mental side effect of ECT is memory loss, which can take several forms. For instance, some have trouble remembering events that happened in the days or weeks prior to treatment. Other people will have trouble recalling things that happened after the treatment ended. ECT can have physical side effects. Some report headaches and muscle pain, while others report nausea (The Ranch, 2015). There are always going to be risks involved though when there is a medical procedure.

4)
-http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/electroconvulsive-therapy?page=2- This site helped with explaining the process and why ECT is used for the mentally ill. This applies to two of my aspects, just not the aspect of the example of the risks. I chose this resource since it is Web MD, which is a very credible website. It can be reliable and makes it easy to understand.

-http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/basics/why-its-done/prc-20014161- This site helped with explaining the process and why ECT is used for the mentally ill. This applies to two of my aspects, just not the aspect of risks. I chose this resource since it is Mayo Clinic, which is a very credible website. It can be reliable and makes it easy to understand.
- http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n04/historia/shock_i.htm#cerletti- This site helped with my further understanding of the history and first patient of this treatment. It also seemed pretty credible, just not as obvious as reliable as the other two sources which I know are credible.

- http://www.recoveryranch.com/articles/therapy/pros-cons-ect/- This site was chosen since it made it very easy to read about the pros and cons of ECT, which applies to my last aspect of the risks involved.

Ugo Cerletii, Electroshock therapy (ECT), Lothar Kalinowsky, severe depression, severe mania, treatment-resistant depression, catatonia, electrodes, schizophrenia

1) Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter we have covered this week, and why you are interested in it.
The topic I would like to discuss this week is the lobotomy. Lobotomy fits perfectly into this chapter because it is discussed briefly in the chapter and is a perfect example of the over all theme of the chapter which is the history and development of treatment of the mentally ill. I am interested in the topic of lobotomies for the very same reason the most of us are, morbid curiosity. The idea of a lobotomy seems outrageous and almost theatrical, like something that would only happen in some gothic horror novel, and the fact that in happened here in the United States by a man who wasn't even a trained physician riding around in an RV seems literally unbelievable.
2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?
The three aspects of the topic I would like to talk about for this assignment around the origin of the lobotomy, how it was popularized in the U.S., and its downfall and use today in modern medicine.
3) Next, I would like you to take the information you found from the various sources and integrate/synthesize them into the three aspects of the topic, and then write about the topic.
The first lobotomy is not what we would recognize from today. The earliest lobotomy was preformed in the 1880s where parts of the cortex, the out layer of the cerebrum. While this procedure would be considered more closely to neurosurgery, it noted the side affects of the treatment were a calmer state. The modern lobotomy was developed by Antonio Moniz based off of neuroscientist Fulton's work with chimpanzees. Moniz adapted the procedure and was the first to preform it on a human subject. Moniz's version of the lobotomy was called a leukotomy due to the use of the instrument called the leukotome that once inside the patient’s skull through two holes on each side of the head, extended a wire loop to separate the white matter of the brain. While this method earned Maniz a noble prize, it was in America where the lobotomy was developed even farther and almost marketized into infamy. Watts and Freeman introduced the lobotomy to the American public, but it was Freeman who took it on the road with the same zeal of a door-to-door salesman. By the time the procedure was sweeping the nation it had drastically changed. At first Freeman was using the prefrontal lobotomy procedure that had been used by Moniz, but he soon developed a method of his own after much practice Instead of needing to drill two holes in the side of the patients head an ice like pick called the orbitoclast, was hammered through the back of the eye socket in order to separate the frontal lobe to the rest of the brain. He coined this modified procedure as the transorbital lobotomy. While the lobotomy craze was sweeping the nation claiming it was reducing or eliminating aggression or depression in mentally unstable patients, there was also a good number of patients whom were either suffering from a new lack of apathy, initiative, ability to concentrate or to care about their lives or emotions at all. One of his more famous cases was preformed on the sister of President John F. Kennedy Rosemary. Rosemary was displaying signs of what most would see as a typical rebellious teenager, and after the lobotomy she was left with the mental capacity of an infant and spent the rest of her life in an institution. It wasn't until the mid 1950s that a slow in the popularity of lobotomies occurred with the development of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications hit the market. These medications yielded the same results as a lobotomy and involved much less risk and avoided permanent changes to the patients. It raises the question that if these medications had not been developed or had not worked so well for patients it the lobotomy craze would have stopped where it did. Today lobotomies are seldom used, but there are still some forms of psychosurgeries still preformed on only extreme cases where all other forms of treatments have been exhausted.
4) Finally, at the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.
http://www.livescience.com/42199-lobotomy-definition.html
This website discussed what a lobotomy was and the different types used to preform them.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/lobotomy1.htm
This website discussed the origins of the lobotomy.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/lobotomy
This website discussed the use of lobotomies today and what is used in replacement of them.

Next make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Lobotomy, cortex, cerebrum, leukotomy, leukotome, white matter, prefrontal lobotomy, transorbital lobotomy, frontal lobe, orbitoclast

1) Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter we have covered this week, and why you are interested in it.

My topic is Lightner Witmer and the development of school psychology. It fits into chapter thirteen because the chapter discussed Lightner Witmer's influence on clinical psychology. I am interested in this topic because I have an interest in going into the field of education.

2) What are three aspects of the topic you want to talk about for this assignment?

I would like to discuss the following three aspects:
-Lightner Witmer (biography)
-Witmer's influence on clinical psychology and school psychology
-School psychology today

3) Next, I would like you to take the information you found from the various sources and integrate/synthesize them into the three aspects of the topic, and then write about the topic.

Lightner Witmer was born in the summer of 1867 in Pennsylvania. He was the eldest of three, and like his siblings, he attended a private school, Episcopal Academy. He went on to study at the University of Pennsylvania. After earning his BA, Witmer taught at Rugby Academy in Pennsylvania. During this time, he took classes at the University of Pennsylvania in law, then political science, and finally transferred to psychology when James Cattell joined the staff. When he transferred to psychology, he also quit his work at Rugby Academy. Cattell suddenly switched jobs, and Witmer went to Leipzig, earning his doctorate in 1893. When Witmer returned from Europe, he joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1894, Witmer began teaching courses for public school teachers. One of his students presented him with a problem about a 14-year-old boy who struggled with spelling, but appeared competent in every other way. This was a pivotal moment for Witmer's work. This case of the 14-year-old boy marked the beginning of school psychology.

Witmer was introduced to the 14-year-old boy, who is referred to as Charles Gilman. Witmer soon discovered that Charles had average intelligence, high reasoning and logic skills, but he was deficient in spelling and reading. For example, Charles would read the word, "was" as the word, "saw." Witmer diagnosed this as something he called, "alexia." Today, Charles would likely be diagnosed with the learning disorder, dyslexia, and he would have been accommodated. However, those accommodations would probably not have come into existence without Witmer and others beginning to believe that people with disabilities could be treated and potentially cured.

Today, school psychology addresses children and families in relationship to the schooling process. School psychologists are referred to by schools and medical centers. They address developmental problems, social issues, learning disabilities, and environments restricting the ability of the student to learn. School psychologists will test, observe, and evaluate students to come to a diagnosis and solution. These were all processes that Witmer conducted as well. Perhaps the tests and evaluations were conducted differently by Witmer than they are today, but the idea still exists that students with disabilities are able to progress in the educational system.

4) Finally, at the end of your post, please include working URLs for the three websites. For each URL you have listed indicate why you chose the site and the extent to which it contributed to your post.

http://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/school.aspx

This site provided information on my third aspect. It discussed school psychology from the viewpoint of today.

file:///C:/Users/Paige/Downloads/Witmer.pdf

This site gave a full biography of Witmer, as well as provided a detail discussion of his cases.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/51/3/241.pdf

This article provided a summary of Witmer's life and studies. It was not as useful as the other two articles.

Next make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Lightner Witmer
School psychology
Clinical psychology