Reading Activity Week #6 (Due Monday)

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

The information in the text about Charles Darwin I not only found to be interesting but some of it was new to me. I did not know he was seasick all the time he was on the Beagle Voyage. I didn’t know that he was a religious man early in life and the further he studies and researched the less religious he became. After his book Origin of The Species came out, the church denounced him. Darwin stayed above the fray and basically let others defend him. I look at this like Darwin was saying that he believed his work so much and knew it to be true that he did not need to defend it.
I also learned for the first time that he married his cousin and the two had ten children together. The delay in his publishing Origin of The Species is a bit puzzling. He wanted to be thorough in his studies but also was in poor health. It wasn’t until he found out that Alfred Russell Wallace was working on something similar that he put it in high gear to write his book.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

George Romanes, a follower of Darwin, shows that no matter how careful you are when studying behavior, it can be discredited by just about anyone. Romanes was studying the behavior of animals but was accused of exaggerating the abilities of these animals. Romanes would not report a behavior (unusual) of any animal unless it could be verified at least three times. The main problem is that he did not observe this behavior himself. I believe this to be important because even though this happened after Darwin’s death, this type of reaction was probably what led Darwin to delay his book so long.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The work of Francis Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, is interesting but in some ways, chilling. Galton believed that a person’s intelligence and abilities were inherited from their parents and the generations that came before. The text states that Galton believed that himself and his peers were superior to other classes, countries, races, and women due to their inherited superiority. Not only can Galton’s beliefs be used by a slave owner to justify slavery, the world will soon see how a man can use it to justify the murdering of millions of people; invading and declaring war on half the world. Galton’s thought process is dangerous, reckless, and tainted the work of Darwin in my opinion.

4a) What didn’t you find interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

I find it funny how the thing I found not interesting in this chapter was the work of Darwin with Comparative Psychology. I found his thoughts on emotional expressions to be a little boring when compared to his other work.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think the work of Charles Darwin will be the most useful, mainly because of the way he conducted his studies. He obtained and catalogued over 1,500 species of animals. His studies were extensive and all very thorough. One of the reasons he delayed his book was to be sure he had enough data to back up his claims. His methods of study are something any scientist would be wise to use.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

There seems to be a theme throughout this textbook of scientists who fail in their younger years in education. It might be the case that the schools could not keep their interest or they may have been spoiled as kids. This chapter has by far been the most interesting to me and hopefully that will keep building in future chapters.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?

As I mentioned him earlier, I would like to know more about Darwin’s half cousin, Francis Galton. Although Darwin supported his work, it looks like he just used Darwin’s work and put his own spin on it. His research was biased at best if not downright flawed. It would like to know more about how his beliefs were used by proponents of slavery and racism around the world.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

A few things I was thinking about when reading this chapter included Darwin’s research and how tedious it must have been to complete but also how in-depth he was with it. I always thought it was difficult to argue against evolution and learning more about Darwin only reinforces these feelings.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Charles Darwin
• Francis Galton
• Alfred Wallace
• George Romanes
• Origin of Species
• Comparative Psychology
• Evolution

Please read chapter 5. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What did you find interesting? Darwin’s development of his origin theory
1b) Why was it interesting to you? I found it interesting to learn exactly how Darwin developed his theory. I had read about his trip to the Galapagos Island briefly, specifically learning about the finches that were limited to the Galapagos. However, I never learned about how he developed the theory of the best survive. He developed this through an economist, Thomas Malthus. I had no idea that Darwin got this theory from an economist! He also came up with natural selection from observing the changes in the breeding of pigeons. One a side note, I also learned that he was very sick for most of his life after he returned from his trip on the Beagle.
2a) What did you find interesting? Ethology
2b) Why was it interesting to you? I found the section on ethology interesting. I enjoyed reading about Douglas Spalding’s life. I liked that he was the opposite of Darwin, how he came from the working class and was self-educated. I also just liked learning about imprinting, instinct, and critical periods because animals have also been interesting to me. I really enjoyed the part about imprinting because I always thought it was neat how baby ducks and chickens follow their mother around. I thought it was interesting that whoever they see first they will ‘imprint’ on and follow around. The critical period was also interesting because that was new information to me. I didn’t know that there was a certain time period behaviors must develop, otherwise they wouldn’t develop at all.
3a) What did you find interesting? Francis Galton
3b) Why was it interesting to you? As soon as the text mentioned grisly post-mortem work and helping with live operations without anesthetics I was interested. Galton, like many other early psychologists, made many contributions to other fields, like geography. In psychology, he made contributions to the study of individual differences. One thing he did was show that every individual had different swirls and marking on their fingerprints. Another thing he focused on was trying to prove that intelligence was innate; another growing popular belief. He believed that people were born intelligent, and that they were superior. He did not believe that intelligence was something that was determined by their environment.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? George Romanes
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? I thought his ideas were kind of weird. His theory towards anthropomorphism was a little out there for me; that animals can have human faculties. He also uses anecdotal evidence, which makes me wary of his findings. This made me somewhat uninterested because it not as strong of evidence
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think that this chapter will relate to the future of psychology and the eventual belief in eugenics in the 20th century during World War II. Eugenics will rely on Darwin’s theory that we learned in this chapter. Functionalism will also be discussed in future chapters, which Darwin contributed to. His theories will also lead to comparative psychology and individual differences.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? You can kind of see the clash between religion and science again in this chapter dealing with Darwin, as we have seen in other chapters. There was a big divide during the 18th and 19th century between science and religion, and Darwin’s theories of origin brought even more issues to the table of science and religion, when he tried to solve the species problem. Who was right? Was the Bible’s version the truth, or was Darwin’s theory of origin the truth?
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Darwin in psychology
7b) Why? I would like to learn more about Darwin in psychology because I had no idea until I read this chapter that Darwin had psychological theories! I just also associated Darwin with ‘hard science’ and the evolution. I didn’t know that Darwin did research on the study of human emotion! I found this to be a very interesting study, and I would like to more about his work in this area!
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? I thought about how important Darwin’s theories remain even in today’s society. I also thought about how much this theories affected society in the 20th century, including the ideas of eugenics came out of Darwin’s theories in American society and in Europe.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Species Problem, functionalism, comparative psychology, individual differences, ethology, instinct, critical period, imprinting, Darwin, Douglas Spalding, Francis Galton, individual differences, George Romanes, anecdotal evidence, anthropomorphism

1)What did you find interesting and why?

Obviously, this chapter’s main focus was Charles Darwin. I knew about his theories of evolution and his Origins of Species, but I thought it was interesting to learn more about his personal life. I did not know that he married his cousin and proceeded to have 10 children. I also was unaware that Darwin was a very sick man. It is astounding that he made so many contributions to the fields of philosophy, geology, and psychology while being in poor health. When I do not feel well, I just want to lay in bed and sleep all day. Darwin, although he did have periods where he was weak and could not leave the house, still was very productive with his research and written works.

2)What did you find interesting and why?

I did not realize this at first, but Darwin leaves out talking about humans in his Origins of Species. Part of this was due to the fact that he was Christian, but another part was due to the fact that the Anglican Church was very prominent in England and, if he tried to publish his works, he would be cast out of the Church and disputed. However, when Alfred Russell Wallace sent Darwin messages with questions about his theory of evolution, Darwin realized that he needed to get his work published because it was better and he wanted his name to be associated with the term, not someone else’s.

3)What did you find interesting and why?

I thought Francis Galton was a pretty interesting character. It is interesting to note that he was cousins with Darwin. (Which is probably why he thinks he had an interest in the nature vs. nurture debate.) Galton firmly believed that intelligence was purely innate, and that no matter what environment in which one is raised, their intelligence is based on their heredity. I found the part that talked about women being “intellectually inferior to men.” At the time of Galton, women were not educated and did not have opportunities to learn a trade and apply their knowledge in the work force. Because of this, Galton took it as women were not as smart as men.

4)What did you find least interesting and why?

The section I found least interesting was about Darwin’s findings on artificial selection, natural selection (survival of the fittest) and sexual selection. I have learned about these topics in other classes, such as my Philosophy class at DMACC and my Intro to Psychology class in high school. I know the information is important, but since I already knew the information it was a pretty long review.

5)What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think it is really important to remember that Darwin had a lot of influence on Psychology, besides the big topic of evolution. Because if his findings, we not have the field of comparative psychology and the study of individual differences. These are both based out of evolutionary principles. I think it is also really interesting that Freud’s ideas of sexual motivation are based off of Darwin’s ideas of sexual selection.

6)How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

This chapter builds on previous chapters by introducing new branches of psychology. It shows how one major event, the development of the theory of evolution, led to many other developments across many different areas of study.

7) What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?

I thought Darwin’s findings on emotional expressions, and how basic emotions are expressed similarly around the world, was really interesting and advanced for his time. It was one of (if not the) first studies that included people from many different cultures. We say these days that “a smile is a universal language.” Darwin evidently found that to be true. I think it would be interesting to go more in depth in how he conducted his research, and what research has been done to follow up.

8)What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

While reading about Galton, I was thinking about what an arrogant jerk he sounded like. When trying to prove his theory, he conducted his studies in certain ways to make his ideas seem right. I also thought he sounded like a big misogynist, because of his thoughts on women’s intelligence. However, my ideas are probably due to my presentist thinking.

9)List of terms: Charles Darwin, evolution, philosophy, geology, psychology, Francis Galton, nature vs. nurture, artificial selection, natural selection, survival of the fittest, sexual selection, comparative psychology, study of individual differences, Sigmund Freud, sexual motivation, emotional expressions

1a) What did you find interesting? I found Darwin’s Delay interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you? I found this interesting because he had three reasons why he was delayed. These delays were; health, he was concerned with the reaction of his peers, and because of conservative scientific nature. He thought that his theory was good and had data to support it but he wanted more evidence before it could go public.
2a) What did you find interesting? Darwin’s theory of natural selection was interesting.
2b) Why was it interesting to you? I have learned about natural selection for a very long time and in a majority of my class. It is just an interesting topic. Natural selection is a theory of evolution. It is saying that in the struggle for exsistence, organisms that are adaptive will be the ones to survive and they will pass their attributes on to the next generation.
3a) What did you find interesting? Serviceable associated habits was an interesting topic as well.
3b) Why was it interesting to you? This topic was interesting because I haven’t heard of it so it was new to me before now. With this idea it is believed that emotional expressions are a product of evolutionary forces. Some of our expressions have survival function. Acquired expressions are inherited.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? The least interesting was George Romanes and his ideas.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? He just didn’t have any interesting ideas and nothing in the section about him reeled me in.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think that Darwin’s theories will be most helpful for understanding history of psychology because he is history for psychology.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? Every chapter builds on each other. For each chapter we are learning about different people and all of their ideas so it relates in that way of comparing everybody and each one of their ideas.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? I would like to learn more about serviceable associated habits.
7b) Why? I would like to learn more in detail about this topic and maybe get more examples of what this is.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? When reading this chapter I was thinking about what I have already learned about Darwin and his idea of natural selection and comparing it to what it says about those topics in our book.
9) Darwin, natural selection, theory of evolution, conservative scientific nature, serviceable associated habits, evolutionary forces, George Romanes, acquired expressions.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought the beginning of the chapter was interesting because it talked about how the human species came about. It discussed how during the Enlightenment period, some scientists looked into the biblical reasoning for the origin of species. There was a species problem dealing with origin, how many there were/are, and extinction. I found all of this interesting because it is a topic many people can relate to. Many people have their own beliefs about how the world and its inhabitants came about, and this gives insight to what scientists believe.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Charles Darwin played an important role in this chapter. He was interesting to me because he studied the theory of evolution. His theory was based off of his observations and collection of evidence while aboard the Beagle for a five year voyage. He was also influenced by others with similar views. His theory was that within species, individual species vary from the others. That the species are able to adapt to certain circumstances within the environment and that natural selection chooses the one with the most favorable variation for survival. I found all of this interesting because of how long he studied the topic and how in depth he went with it.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The section about individual differences caught my attention because it is a “cornerstone of evolution.” Francis Galton was the first person to study this topic and was the first to study the differences in human behavior. His studies consisted of observing differences in visual imagery by using a questionnaire/survey. Galton thought that intelligence was inherited and that nurture did not have much of a role in this. He used evidence to prove this saying that certain abilities can run in families. This is topic is easy to relate to because every person is better at something than another person. It is a topic that will continue to be studied and measured.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
For the most part, I did not find anything from this chapter to be least interesting. I thought this chapter was very interesting and was a chapter than many people could/do have opinions on.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the different theories will be useful because the theory of evolution is a popular topic among many. Having better knowledge of it will help to better understand other people's views and thoughts.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Besides having the same layout and structure, it had topics that are easy to relate every day events to. This chapter also discussed important theories that are controversial and opinionated.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
7b) Why?
Whether you believe in evolution or not, I think it would be neat to learn more about it because it is so controversial and with a better understanding it would help in a later discussion.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought about different religions while reading this chapter. I also thought about previous conversations I have heard about the theory of evolution and how some are very against it and some firmly believe in it.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Species problem, enlightenment period, charles darwin, evolution, francis galton, individual differences, natural selection

J.P.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
One of the first things I found interesting while reading chapter 5 in our book was the information about Charles Darwin and his earlier life. Many people just know of Charles Darwin because of the theory of natural selection. I thought it was cool to be able to read some things about him that many people do not really know. Reading these stories made Darwin seem more human, rather than just a historical figure everyone reads about in textbooks. To me, personal stories are more interesting that ones that everyone knows. I enjoy learning new things about people that I didn’t know before and that many people in general don’t know. This was the way I felt while learning about Charles Darwin and his past. For example, I thought it was interesting that Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, had a similar idea to that of his grandson’s. Erasmus Darwin “proposed that all organic life evolved from a single living filament” and that over time these new species developed and became more advanced that earlier ones. I feel like the fact that Charles Darwin and his grandfather shared similar ideas in evolution is a fact that not many people know and for that reason, I found it pretty interesting. Another piece of information that I found interesting about Darwin’s early life is that he tried out medical college because of his father, and did not have the greatest experience with it. Surgery, in the way olden days, had to be super fast and was a gruesome experience, one that Charles Darwin was not very good at. I feel like this helps show the idea that everyone is good at something because our society today tends to see what people are not good at rather than finding what they are good at. If that was the case, we would not know and learn about the Charles Darwin, creator of the theory of natural selection, and would just know him as Charles Darwin, failure of medical school. I think people should see this story and use it in a way to understand that not everyone is meant to follow in their father’s footsteps or take the path that society wants them too because if we made everyone do that, we would lose out on great ideas like evolution.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The second topic that I found interesting in this chapter was all about Francis Galton. Initially I thought I was going to write about Francis Galton for number 4: something I found least interesting, but I actually enjoyed learning about him and his ideas. Galton created many ideas and studies that helped further the science of psychology and he was also very wise in his ideas about intelligence as well. Darwin was actually Galton’s half-cousin and both had started off thinking they were going to have careers in medicine. Although, like Darwin, this career path did not work out well for Galton and he started studying many other fields of science, like exploring the outdoors, weather, geography, and finally psychology. Galton was the person to figure out that everyone has a unique fingerprint, leading people to use the fingerprinting technique that we know of and still use today. Galton also did many studies to find out if intelligence is inherited, after Darwin published his research on evolution. Galton studied family trees and found that many families that were wealthy during his time often had a relative in the past that had made some sort of discovery or was a very good doctor or lawyer. He then decided that the wealth of the families during that time was based off of higher intelligence in previous times. He also strongly argued against the environmental influences in order to support that intelligence is “part of human nature [and] the product of evolutionary forces.” To further support his ideas, and counter the studies from other scientists trying to disprove his ideas, Galton was the first person to be known to use both the survey method and the twin studies method. Galton surveyed 180 people asking them about things like their personalities and the origins of their scientific interests. Galton concluded that these surveys further supported his idea that scientific talent was inherited. Galton also sent surveys to 94 different pairs of twins asking them about their upbringings and ideas in science. He found further support for his idea that intelligence is inherited because many twins reported having similar ideas even though they were living in different environments for some time. I think that many of Galton’s ideas were very interesting and definitely gave a great starting point for years of studies in the future.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The third topic that I found interesting while reading chapter 5 in our book was Darwin’s work on the evolution of emotional expressions. Darwin opened one of his books with the argument that emotional expressions have an evolutionary approach. I find this idea so interesting to think about because people’s facial expressions have so much to do with survival, especially back in prehistoric times. One way that Darwin studied emotional expressions was through children and the insane. He proposed this idea because these two groups of people are less likely to try to control their expressions or hide them from others. I think this was a very creative idea. Another method he used to study emotional expression was through a process called galvanization. Galvanization is the use of electrodes to stimulate muscle contractions that create an emotion. This way of studying helped Darwin show that emotions such as laughing used specific sets of muscles. Another thing that Darwin proposed was that if emotional expressions were the result of evolution, the same basic expressions could be found around the world. This idea gave Darwin the chance to conduct the first cross-cultural study of emotional expression during his voyage on the Beagle. I think this is such an interesting idea and an equally innovative way of studying it. The final method Darwin used for studying emotional expressions was by using three basic principles. These principles included the idea of serviceable associated habits which states that some emotional expressions are useful in the fact that they serve some adaptive function to help an organism survive. These expressions are inherited, to further aid the growth of a species. The second principle is called antithesis which states that opposite emotions are shown through equally opposite bodily reactions. The final principle is called the direct action of the nervous system. This principle states that expressions are direct side effects of the physiological arousal that accompanies strongly felt emotions. I think that studying human emotions and the evolution and history of them would be a very interesting field of study, just like Darwin found.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The topic that was least interesting to me while reading this chapter dealt with comparative psychology and anthropomorphism. Comparative psychology is the study of similarities and differences among all animal species and anthropomorphism is a part of comparative psychology that deals with the attribution of human faculties to nonhuman entities. I was not interested while reading about either of these two subjects. I enjoy learning more about the psychological aspects that deal with certain people, rather than the science as a whole. I enjoy learning about people’s individual stories and their lives and to me, comparative psychology is too broad of a topic. I also feel that these two topics dealt a lot with animals and while I love animals, learning about them is not very interesting to me. I have never been the greatest at biology and to me, that’s what anthropomorphism reminded me of. I enjoy learning about people, not animals’ behaviors and I think that that is why I did not find these two topics very interesting. I understand that to learn about evolution, it is necessary to look into animal characteristics and I know that this area of study was important to the evolution of the science of psychology but I just was not that interested while reading it. I prefer to learn about people, individuals and not the more biological aspects involved in learning about animals.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Because most of this chapter had to do with Charles Darwin and his findings that helped the science of psychology, I think that it only makes sense that the most useful information I found to understanding the history of psychology comes from him. Charles Darwin discovered the theory of evolution and natural selection. Without these two ideas, we would have no basis for understanding the history of humans which is necessary for the study of psychology. Psychology is “the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behavior in a given context.” Therefore, the definition of psychology shows how important knowing the history of humans is. Without Darwin’s theory of natural selection, psychologists would have no basis for how intelligence or emotions came to be or why we humans act the way we do. Darwin’s theory is crucial for understanding the history of psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
One of the ways this chapter relates to previous chapters is it brings of the controversy over personalistic versus naturalistic ideas. The personalistic approach states that people move history while naturalistic states that history moves people. These topics are both talked about in chapter one. Darwin is a subject of personalistic versus naturalistic ideas because of his theory of evolution. Darwin made history by coming up with this idea, which shows the personalistic side to this theory. This also shows this idea of eponym because Darwin’s idea is now so easily identified with him. The naturalistic side to Darwin’s theory of evolution shows that many other people were coming up with the same idea, including Alfred Wallace, and that maybe this idea was brought on by the environment everyone was in.
Another topic that relates to previous chapters is the science of physiology. Psychology has a long history of being influenced by physiology so it is no surprise that this topic is reoccurring throughout the book. In Darwin’s three principles of emotional expressions, his third principle relates to the ideas behind physiology. Darwin states that expressions are side effects of the nervous system, therefore showing that our emotions are influenced by our physiological state of mind. Also, George Romanes, who studied ideas like animal behavior and anthropomorphism, was a researcher in physiology. His work in the science of physiology influenced his work in psychology, furthermore showing the influence these two areas of study have on each other.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
One of the topics found in this reading that I am interested in learning more about is Alfred Wallace. In June 1858, Wallace sent a letter to Darwin asking him to look over some of Wallace’s research. When Darwin read what Wallace had to say, and realized it was what Darwin had been putting off publishing for years, Darwin felt the competition and finally published his findings to beat out Wallace. This book talks so much about Charles Darwin, his life, his ideas and his findings, that I think it would be just as interesting to learn about Alfred Wallace. Many people do not know about Wallace, even though he was given an honorable mention in Darwin’s book. I think that finding out more about what Wallace did and the ideas he had compared to Darwin’s would be a very interesting read.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I found myself thinking of a couple different topics and ideas while reading this chapter. The first thing I thought about while reading was about the Galapagos Islands. These islands are famous because they are where Darwin is associated with finding evidence to support his theory of natural selection. While reading, I found myself wondering what else these islands are known for. I think it would be interesting to learn more about the Galapagos Islands, their history, and also what they are known for today. I also wondered how much more the Galapagos Islands are associated with psychology. I would be interested to find out if there are any other famous psychologists that came from that area or had something else to do with the islands, as Charles Darwin did.
The other idea I thought about while reading this chapter had to do with Charles Darwin and his reasonings for delaying his findings and publications on the theory of natural selection and evolution. I am curious as to how many other scientists avoided showing their work because they were ashamed, embarrassed or worried about the reactions of their peers. We learn so much about the people that did publish their findings that went against the ideas of society at a certain time but we have no idea as so how many people figured out something similar beforehand but were too afraid to step out of the shadows. I think this would be very interesting to look at and see how much of history we are missing because of the pressure to fit in throughout society.

Terms: Charles Darwin, natural selection, evolution, Francis Galton, fingerprinting, intelligence, survey method, twin studies, emotional expressions, three principles, comparative psychology, anthropomorphism, personalistic, naturalistic, physiology, Galapagos Islands, Alfred Wallace

1a) What did you find interesting?

I thought the entirety of the Voyage of the Beagle was really interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
It was interesting because Darwin was an average student who was offered an opportunity to travel, and although it was a five-year journey on a small boat, in a cramped living space, which he would be seasick for the entirety of, he agreed. This one journey laid the foundation for Darwin’s entire professional life and gave him the edge on the other people studying evolution at the time. Had he not had that sense of adventure people wouldn’t know the legend that is Charles Darwin. I also thought it was awesome that he could leave the ship for months and stay on the Galapagos Islands and study whatever it is that he wanted to.
2a) What did you find interesting?

I thought Darwin’s research on expressions was pretty cool.
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought it was interesting that he tried to relate all modern emotions to an evolutionary reason for having them. I thought it was even cooler how he compared legitimate expressions with galvanized expressions. This was cool because I like to think how much fun he had manipulating people’s faces with electricity.
3a) What did you find interesting?

I liked reading about Romanes’s anecdotal evidence and Morgan’s Principle of Parsimony.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
It was interesting because both people were highly intelligent and interested in the same things. They studied the same things for the same passion of explaining things evolutionarily, and found different things. Romanes’s first book was all anecdotal evidence, but he intended to use it as a jumping off point for his career of deep exploration into the intellect of animals. He thought that animals’ behavior could be explained through some higher cognitive functions, whereas Morgan said that everything could be reduced down to a lesser form of intelligence. He said that there was no reason to suggest animals possess cognitive functions beyond those that they would need to survive.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 

I didn’t find anything disinteresting in this chapter.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I am incredibly fascinate by evolution so I’ve looked at a lot of information about Darwin. I guess the least fascinating material in this chapter would be the stuff that I’ve read about the most. This would be the conclusion that Darwin came to about the evolution of Finches.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the most helpful thing in this chapter was seeing all the work that Darwin did before he would consider publishing his work. He wanted to be taken seriously, so he delayed publication until he could do more research and present his facts without the possibility of having his work based solely on inference.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter continuously brought up the zeitgeist concept. Erasmus Darwin proposed evolution years before Charles. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, William Wells and Patrick Mathew all proposed a theory of evolution in one form or another. Charles was just the first one to have a comprehensive theory with enough research to back it up.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 

I would like to learn more about all of this.
7b) Why?
I am just really interested with evolution. It makes a lot of sense and it baffles me that some people still don’t believe in it. I have four of Darwin’s books but I just don’t have the time to sit down and read them. I will learn more about a lot of this stuff.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought back to Copernicus and the heliocentric universe and how the church continually slows down the progress of science and therefore the progress of humanity in general.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin, galvanized expressions, anecdotal evidence, principle of parsimony, George Romanes, Conwy Lloyd Morgan, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, zeitgeist

1a) What did you find interesting?
Charles Darwin
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Well in many different classes we learn about Darwin and his theory of evolution and natural selection. Although I do know more about it, it’s always nice getting a “refresher” on the subject. When I too Biopsych we discussed both evolution and natural selection. They both contribute a lot to that field of psychology. The theory of evolution helped us to realize the biological component to psychology and the heritable part. There are also four characteristics for natural selection and I think I even remember them all: 1-partially heritable 2-Not everyone will survive 3-differences within species 4-limited resources. Having all those would then mean that natural selection happened. It was interesting to learn more about natural selection from this book as well. I also liked learning that his ideas of evolution are what started functionalism in psychology. How we study one’s behaviors and how they help people adapt to the world.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Darwin’s Emotional Expressions
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought his different principles of how we express emotion were very interesting. Such as having serviceable associated habits, or a natural reaction to something that helps us cope with the stimulus. I also found his principle of antithesis very interesting. I’m not sure whether I believe it but it basically states that is the emotions are opposites than the facial expressions would be too. So the expression for sad is the opposite of the expression for happy, but I’m not sure that would work for many other expressions. The third principle is the direct action of the nervous system, saying that the expression is the result of a physical arousal. According to his cross-cultural results most expressions mean the same thing everywhere. I’m not so sure that would work now, I know that there are some expressions that mean different things in different cultures, but he only conducted his study on three different cultures, whereas now we would conduct it on many more than three cultures.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Francis Galton
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I think it’s interesting how he contributed to the individual differences and noticed the differences in people’s fingerprints, so then he ended up basically creating fingerprinting. He also believed that intelligence was inherited as well. Which we now know according to presentism that intelligence is partially heritable, but is also environmentally related. He also was the first one to use the survey method, so he developed a very well thought out questionnaire to test nature and nurture with intelligence. I also had no idea he was the first to conduct twin studies which are also used a lot in psychology and have a major impact on research. He also invented correlation, which we use for statistics in research to interpret our data findings.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
The other contributors to comparative psychology after Darwin.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Well compared to Darwin it seemed like they didn’t make that great of contributions. It just seemed to go downhill after discovering all that Darwin had done for the field, so didn’t keep my interest at all. I got very bored and just ended up skimming the reading about what they contributed to the field.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Well I think relearning about evolution and natural selection is very important. It does really contribute to Biological Psychology because it is how we evolve and change and adapt as humans. It’s important to know how we change and the reasons behind why we change or how we can change. It is a long process of change, with natural selection, but it does happen.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Well this gives us more of the different fields of psychology and how they emerged. Originally we learned how the field of history of psychology emerged and now we are learning about evolutionary psychology and comparative psychology. It is still good to know about historicism and the battles and questions that they have in their lives. It builds on other fields of science and the questions they’ve had and answered. Things that Descartes and Wundt have helped answer.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
The emotional expression research Darwin Conducted
7b) Why?
I just believe that now expressions may not be interpreted as universally as they once were, so I’d like to see it conducted now. I also want to learn more about where and how the expressions were observed and why he wanted to conducted the research.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
How did Darwin discover what he wanted to be? Why did Darwin get invited to activities with famous scientists? What was Darwin’s interests with emotional expression?
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Natural selection, evolution, historicism, Darwin, Descartes, Wundt, evolutionary psychology, Comparative psychology, serviceable associated habits, antithesis, direct action of the nervous system, emotional expression, Galton, presentism, survey method, twin studies, correlation

1a) What did you find interesting?

Functionalism
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Although there was not much information on functionalism I really enjoyed what I did read about it. Primarily because I think that behavior and mental processes are interesting in their own. And the fact that it uses the theory of evolution applied to psychology, I had never thought to do that prior and it was a fascinating idea.
2a) What did you find interesting?

Emotional Expression
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I liked this section because all the information was fairly new to me and I just thought that it was interesting. I also really liked that Darwin did a cross-cultural study on emotional expression because at the time I feel as though that would’ve been quite the feat to accomplish.
3a) What did you find interesting?

The nature of intelligence
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because it was thought that this guy and his friends were better than everyone else because of their intelligence and he began to look into whether it was inherited or not. I think the reason I found this so interesting was because there are still people today that believe that “stupid” people should not reproduce.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Charles Darwin

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I didn’t like reading about Charles Darwin’s voyage, primarily because I have had to read a lot about it in previous classes. But I find the information to be incredibly dry. I was also really confused while reading about it how it applied to psychology until I got to later sections.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
It is applying something that most people have basic knowledge on , Darwin and Evolution, to psychology. It shows that not only do psychologists have an impact on our idea of psychology.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds on in the same way that others have in the past, it’s just allowing a better understanding on Psychology and the way that theories have progressed throughout the years.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Charles Darwin, Emotional Expression

7b) Why?
I had never really heard about this before and it was my favorite part of this chapter. I really liked reading about the different ideas and studies that Darwin conducted.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Functionalism, emotional expression, Darwin,

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Functionalism was kind of interesting to me in such ways that made me think about sociology and how these two are closely related. Darwin’s theory of evolution sparked the thought and the creation of functionalism which is where American psychologists were interested in the human behavior and their metal processes in how they helped adapt and change within the environment. Even after the creation of functionalism came two new areas of interest that were a huge hit from Darwin: comparative psychology and individual differences.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Darwin brought up the idea of facial expressions and emotions and how they are the same around the world. Even our expressions and the way we move our body can be resulted from evolution and helps us adapt through life. It was interesting how he came up with three principles on this idea: serviceable associated habits, antithesis, and direct action of the nervous system. He thought that antithesis was the idea that emotions had opposites. Some pretty cool things to read about and how they are incorporated with one another.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Just seeing how many men that can put ideas together and create one large idea or thought is kind of interesting. Reading all of the information about all of these men and how much they contributed to the world of psychology and how much it related to the same topic, evolution and the human experiences, is quite phenomenal. I mean how many people can thing of roughly the same principle and same idea within the same time frame and be so on key with everything? It is quite an interesting thing to ponder.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Honestly, there was not a single item while reading this chapter that bored me or put me to sleep. I thought all of the information was well up my alley and I thought every bit of information was useful and interesting, so nothing in this chapter did I find least interesting.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the ideas about human interaction and how Darwin believed that human facial expressions were useful and helpful to our survival could be a very useful idea to understand and it would help me understand the history of psychology. It gives me an idea of how we have adapted to the different facial expressions that are the same throughout the world but yet we all use them for the same reason. When we are sad or happy we would use a frown or a smile; we would use these to be friendly or to let someone know that we are not feeling well or we simply do not want to talk to anyone. This could, in the future, tell us a lot about psychology and how we can link it to the history of psychology when we learn more about evolution.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Chapter five builds on the other chapters in a lot of ways, but one of the ways that I liked was how this chapter and a few of the others use instruments to guide ones’ knowledge in a subject and they use those to get information from subjects in their studies. This chapter does a lot with giving us insight on how many psychologists did their studies and what their findings proposed like the other chapters do.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to learn more about the chain of being that states that every species is becoming more and more complex as they evolve from early in the beginning of time till now. This makes me question humans how much we have evolved and become more complex as we move through the times. How much have we actually changed physically like birds or other animals have. Can we actually see the changes that happened to us physically if we place ourselves up against with the other human beings in beginning of time? Of course we already have done this but is this the real idea of the humans as we evolve?

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Not a lot of ideas popped into mind while reading this chapter like the others, but one thing that did pop up while reading this chapter was the question “how can we have the same facial expressions throughout the world when other countries have different customs and some people may not be able to feel emotion”? That was a silly thought that I had but never really was answered so I guess I will have to do some extra research on my own time to figure out that answer.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Chain of being, Functionalism, Comparative psychology, individual differences, Darwin, Facial Expressions, Emotions

1a) What did you find interesting?
Thomas Huxley
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Huxley interested me because he was known as Darwin’s bulldog because he was one of the first and only people to defend Darwin and his theories against the church and more specifically Samuel Wilberforce. While Wilberforce criticized and poked fun at Darwin and his theories, Huxley used logic and science to defend his arguments.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Douglas Spalding
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
This man interested me because he is known today as the father of ethology, which is the study of instinctive behavior. Spalding studied instinct, imprinting and critical periods in animals but was most interesting to me was his ability to use the critical period of chickens to get young chicks to follow him.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Francis Galton
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
What was most interesting to me about this man were the twin studies he conducted. I have twin sisters so it was relevant to me, but interesting as well because he found support for his hereditarian belief.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Evolution of expressions
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This section was just not interesting to me, especially the part about galvanized smiles. Although it would have been fun to study and try on someone it just wasn’t a good read.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Learning about Charles Darwin and how he was one of the first to challenge the church and blaze a trail for others like him will be most useful. He not only studied many areas but also opened the door for many others.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds on the last by discussing the next step in furthering the field of psychology and that step was challenging the church.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Alfred Russell Wallace
7b) Why?
He had many of the same theories that Darwin did and was never really heard of.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was thinking about how obnoxious and how wrong the church was back then and how not much has changed today.
Terms: instinct, imprinting, critical period, twin studies

1) I thought that the section on the Voyage of the Beagle was interesting because during their travel, Darwin was exposed to the harsh realities of slavery. This experience greatly affected him and was a motivator that helped him contribute his evolutionary idea that featured descent from a common origin. I thought that was really cool because I never knew that before this reading and was really inspiring to read his ideas against slavery during a time when it was accepted.
2) Another thing I found interesting was the section on comparative psychology. Darwin may be considered one of the earliest comparative psychologists and many of his observations from his voyage on the Beagle were comparative in nature. I thought that it was cool that he was able to tie his ideas from his earlier writings of the descent of man to expressions of emotions in man and animals. This is very significant because it helped pave the way for comparative psychology and the study of emotions, both which are widely used today so it was intriguing to learn where it all came from.
3) A third thing that I found cool was the section on George Romanes. I thought he was an interesting fellow as he was the one who argued that spiders had a fondness for music and scorpions feel despair and commit suicide when surrounded by fire or intense heat. Also, he was interested and impressed with the capacity of dogs’ intelligence. It made me wonder how he came to these conclusions and if most people believed what he concluded.
4) One section that was not as interesting to me was the section on C.Llyod Morgan. He was the one to basically prove all of Romanes ideas wrong, which even though he had more logical explanations it still made me less excited to read about his thoughts since they were what we would consider more basic knowledge for the present day.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that the information presented about Galton and Darwin will be very useful in the understanding in the history of psychology because of Galton’s survey and twin study methods that are widely used today and all of Darwin’s contributions to comparative and evolutionary psychology.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
From the 17th century where the book approximately started from, the intellectuals were increasingly convinced that the scientific approach was the way to get the truth. The period of Enlightenment, which greatly influenced the growth of science as it becomes more accepted, and as some would say, heroic. Because of this enlightenment, scientists such as Darwin began to explore and uncover new species of plants and animals. Also, they mention toward the end of the chapter how Darwin’s theories eventually influenced Freud’s thinking about the importance of sexual motivation in directing the course of human behavior and functionalism and its stem from evolutionary thinking, which will be encountered in the next chapters.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
7b) Why? One topic I would like to learn more about would be emotional expressions. I thought it was interesting that Darwin made plausible arguments for why we express our facial expressions the way we do because of certain things. It made me wonder more about his studies and how concluded his findings and if any or all of them are still considered accurate to this day.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I guess since I had more focused learning about Darwin in my science classes like biology, I had never thought about how much he ended up influencing psychology. The idea of evolution stemmed from Darwin, and the start of comparative psychology came from his ideas and comparisons of animals and human emotions, all of which play a very prevalent key in psychology today. I also have noticed that a lot of these revolutionary thinkers were always ahead of their time. Whether it is for social structures in society, Darwin and his hatred for slavery or in the last chapter Mueller would allow women in his labs, it is all very cool to think about. It also made me question what kind of thinking or acceptance would I have for these radical thinkers at the time, would I be agreeing with them or against them?
9) Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin, descent from a common origin, comparative psychology, George Romanes, C.Llyod Morgan, Galton, survey, twin studies, evolutionary psychology, Enlightenment, Freud, functionalism, Mueller.

1a) What did you find interesting?
Where Darwin got his information and the conclusions he drew from it.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Of course I am not going to do an overview of his Origins of Species, but I the new information I learned on Darwin was interesting. For instance, I did not know he was going to go into the faith. I did know that Darwin based his evolution theory on Malthus’ economic ideas, but he also was influenced by geology. The debate between catastrophism and uniformitarianism argued how the earth’s surface took shape. Some geologists believed major geological events were responsible like earthquakes, tidal waves, and volcanic eruptions. They were not wrong but uniformitarianism encompassed that along with gradual changes from erosion, the twisting of rivers, and the slow pushing and pulling of tectonic plates. I also did not know how incredibly detailed Darwin was. There was an entire, possibly unnecessary paragraph dedicated to wowing the reader with all the data he collected during his time aboard the Beagle. Lastly about Darwin, his claim of natural and sexual selection were nearly dead on except for one part. He thought that a skilled acquired by a member of a species would genetically pass on that ability to it’s offspring. So if a chimpanzee learned how to crack nuts with two rocks, had offspring, and died before it could teach this skill the offspring would already know it through genetics. This is of course wrong. My dad understood organic chemistry before I was born, but no where along my cognitive development did I have an innate grasp of organic chemistry.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Morgan’s questioning of Romanes anecdotal method
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I enjoy the outright questioning and disproving of scientists as much as the next guy, but this particular case is a little deeper. Morgan was not only question Romanes evidence and method but the entire idea of questioning what one reads and his take-a-step-back-and-think attitude to interpreting data are important. Romanes created this anecdotal method where he collected information from other people on animal behavior. He only accepted the behavioral as universal if three or more separate, independent accounts were found. This worked for a majority of his data, but it did include some outrageous claims. Morgan of course did not like this method, but what he disliked more was Romanes liberal use of anthropomorphism. That is Romanes liked to give human emotions and actions to animals, while this has a kernel of truth and helps us understand animal behavior it is often false. The scorpion example is perfect. Romanes claimed fire depressed scorpions so they would commit suicide by stabbing themselves with their poisonous tail. Morgan made a more logical claim; scorpions use their tail to remove irritants, in this case smoke, and sometimes get a little over zealous and stab themselves. Morgan’s canon on interpreting science is still a powerfully effective way to think about modern data.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Eugenics and Francis Galton
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
In high school I worked a job where I dealt with a great deal of the general public and their children. My boss and I often joked about becoming government officials and creating a license to breed based on intelligence and other abilities. Little did I know this was applied eugenics. Galton did have a decent amount of evidence to believe intelligence was hereditary. We now know it is hereditary but can be fostered or hindered by environmental factors. Using his newly invented survey method and twin studies, Galton had reason to believe that the data reflected that intelligence was inherited genetically. Data is useless if not utilized to help the human race, so Galton began creating these fantasies of artificially selecting intellectual traits in favor of those more feebleminded.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Nothing was really boring but there was definitely too much Darwin.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I love Darwin and support the evolutionary theory, but I do not think he deserves this many pages in a psychology book. I know it is important to understand how natural selection plays a major role is psychology, but Darwin’s section was long in relation to how much he directly affected psychology. The reason I think his section is so extensive is that evolution versus creation is a hot-button issue. If this debate, if you can hardly call it debate but loud mouths trying to communicate with deaf ears, did not exist, Darwin’s section would be much shorter.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Theory of evolution is, but not so much in just knowing what evolution is but how to apply it. Whenever we think about a human trait it is important to have an evolutionary twist to it. One should always ask; “How would this trait help ensure survival and sexual selection?”
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
It is just another step into what we know now as psychology. We started with philosophers from Aristotle to Descartes to these philosophic scientist hybrids. Now we are seeming scientists using scientific ideals like surveys and twin studies. They are also honing on the ability to interpret data like the Romanes-Morgan discussion.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Eugenics
7b) Why?
I know it is unethical, but I can still dream of some utopia where everyone was bred to be strong, smart, creative, healthy, and good-looking. I know it wounds like an Aldous Huxley novel, but may be genome mapping is a more ethical approach to this type of society.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
What stopped eugenics from taking off? I suppose WWII is one response to someone’s attempt to play weed out certain traits.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Charles Darwin, Origin’s of Species, theory of evolution, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, natural selection, sexual selection. Conwy Lloyd Morgan, George Romanes, anecdotal method, anthropomorphism, Morgan’s canon, eugenics, Francis Galton, survey method, twin studies, artificial selection

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the idea of imprinting really interesting because it makes sense and because I feel like even as humans we imprint in a certain way as well. It's is really neat that we are correlated with animals in more ways than we think and it is something that I would think to be helpful in the field of Psychology. I feel like we imprint to our mothers more than our fathers because we usually see our mothers first and are comforted by them pretty instantly which creates this bond between the mom and the child. We follow our parents just as if the goslings followed the first movement they detected.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found it interesting that Galton proposes the idea that intelligence is inherited, known as Hereditary genius. I agree and disagree with his idea for multiple reasons. I agree because if we have smart parents, then we get some of their intelligence because they are the ones that teach us and shape us in the early years. I disagree because there are so many outside factors that could contribute to this idea not being true like toxins, environmental circumstances, and home life situations. Children who have a stay at home mom or dad all threw their younger years seem to have a higher intelligence which makes sense because they are constantly getting attention and being taught things in most cases. I think that Galton's research was very sufficient and he collected some very good results, but I'm just not completely convinced. I feel like Galton ignored the fact of outside circumstances to much or maybe during that time it wasn't as much as a concern and it was overlooked. Now-a-days it seems to play a huge part in a child's intellectual development.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The idea of anthropomorphism is something that is so interesting to me because it's weird, but so true at the same time. The facts that humans and animals are very similar is fascinating to me. It makes sense because of the theory of evolution, but it also makes sense because I personally feel that humans share bonds with animals for a reason. We connect with animals because we are so alike them. The fact that scorpions commit suicide when surrounded by fire which puts them at despair, and humans do the same thing in some cases when they feel trapped. In reality, animals seem to have personality traits and habits that humans have as well, which is a bit creepy. George Romanes was a very intelligent man by making this connection between animals and humans. Yes, in some ways I feel like he gathered this connection only because of the idea of evolution being expressed, but he dug deeper in a different direction.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

The whole idea of Darwin and the theory of Evolution doesn't really spark my attention because I've heard so much about it throughout the years, and I have become more and more bored with it. Yes, Darwin was very important in the history of Psychology, but he is just so known and repetitive in school, I lost interest. I rather read and learn about things and people I don't know a lot about. I also found "the canon" to not be very interesting. I'm also not too sure if I agree with it, so maybe that's why I didn't find it to be important.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

Even though I didn't enjoy reading about Darwin in this chapter, I believe that he could be the most useful person to understanding the history of Psychology because his theory of Evolution is of importance and it is always brought up in Psychology. His ideas and theories were important in understanding how humans are the way they are; the development of society and humanity. Charles Darwin will always hold high in the history of Psychology because in a way he explained it all in the idea of evolution. He made sense of the world and humans, which obviously effects a lot of branches of Psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

I think that this chapter builds on from the last chapters because it is still emphasizing the idea of different theories and how they evolved throughout time and how there was struggles in establishing themselves in the world of Psychology, but they were successful. It keeps building on the idea of challenging the norms and changing ideas about the world and people, creating new types of Psychology. I feel like each chapter builds more and more in regards to the deeper understanding of all the branches of psychology and the theories that created them.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?

I would like to learn more about Twin studies because they have always seemed to spark my attention. It's so AMAZING how to people can be born during the same time and be exactly the same and or completely different. But, I do want to learn more about how twins still continue to have similar personalities or habits even after living apart for long periods of time. The idea that someone is connected on such a deeper level than a single baby, blows my mind and it makes me wish I had a twin brother or sister.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

When I read about imprinting, the only thing I could think of was "Fly Away Home," because of the goslings that thought the girl was the mother goose because it was the first movement they saw. The baby geese imprinted on her like they would have with their real mother goose. I think it was pretty cool that kids learned about imprinting from a movie and it was something that played a important role in Psychology as well. It is definitely an interesting idea.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Theory of Evolution, Charles Darwin, Imprinting, Conwy Lloyd Morgan and his Canon, Twin Studies, Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius, George Romanes, and Anthropomorphism.

AS

1a) What did you find interesting?
Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
It was interesting to me how Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed that changed occurring during the lifetime of an organism could be passed on to offspring. I understand how certain genes can be passed on, however the ability to use simple tools is not something that could be passed on. The offspring would probably be able to learn how to do so, but not just be born knowing how.

2a) What did you find interesting?
The Voyage of the Beagle
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The fact that it lasted for 5 years was interesting to me. Someone has to be extremely interested and dedicated to be away on a boat for that long. I also was interested in how Darwin was exposed to slavery during his experience ashore. He thought that if everyone descended from a common species, it questioned the logical basis for slavery. I also found it kind of ironic how Darwin was so uncomfortable and somewhat crammed in the ship just as slaves were.
3a) What did you find interesting?
The Down House
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the Down House interesting because it is now the Darwin Museum. I would love to visit it one day. It must be so real since it actually holds real memories and he actually lived there.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
I wasn’t interested in the fact that Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgewood.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I’m sure back then it had to be perfectly normal for those sorts of things to take place, but it kind of made my stomach turn when I found that out. In today’s society I believe it’s illegal to do that, and it also could cause offspring to have serious complications.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think everything about Darwin in this chapter would be useful in understanding the history of psychology. Specifically the idea of teamwork. Darwin linked up with several different individuals throughout his life and journey. I think this showed us how there wasn’t just one person alone in psychology that did everything on their own and was successful. I believe Darwin came up with interesting ideas on his own, but without the help of others such as Sedgwick he would not have been near as successful as he was.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the Voyage of the Beagle
7b) Why?
I know everything could not have fit in this chapter. I would like to know more details about the experience on the boat. As well as the daily challenges they faced. I would like to know if how they felt going into the situation, like if they were nervous, and did they ever think to turn around, etc.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
When I read about Darwin and his Evolution of Emotional Expressions, I thought about another class that I’m in this semester. In Applied Psychology, we have been talking about forensic psychology and how facial expressions use to play a huge role back then. So I kind of linked the two together and realized how the use of facial expressions and facial features were not only used in forensics.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Evolution of Emotional Expressions, History, Inheritance of acquired characteristics

1a) What did you find interesting? Charles Darwin
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Charles Darwin created much controversy for his ideas and concepts of evolution. There were many functionalism protest, that protested structuralism because it was too limiting. Plato and Aristotle's ideas were similar to Darwin's though. Darwin was rich and spoiled as a child, but didn't do well in school. Charles had a five-year voyage aboard the Beagle as a zoologist, and this is where he came up with the evidence that lee to important contributions to both geology and zoology. Using the evidence that he found on his voyage, this was used to try and support his theory of evolution. He was influenced by the views of Thomas Malthus, who pointed out that because populations tend to grow faster than food supplies, a struggle for existence occurs among members of those populations. The essence of his theory was created in the late 1830s, but did not publish for 20 years. The theory proposes that individual members of every species vary from each other, that some variations are more favorable in the struggle for existence than others, enabling the organism to adapt to the environment. Or simply could be the survival of the fittest.

2a) What did you find interesting? Francis Galton
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Francis Galton was also interested in the development of humans and reasons why differ as individuals. Individual difference is a research tradition that includes the creation of techniques to measure those differences. He believed that personality was composed of nature and nurture, not either or. Galton was related to Darwin, so it is interesting to see that he was also interested in a similar topic. Nature is that which is inborn and inherited and nature sets the limits to how far we can develop our talents. Nurture is that which is experience from birth onward. We can improve our skills and abilities through training and learning. Nature and nurture both play a part, but nature is the determine factor. Galton found, as he predicted, more highly talented individuals in certain families than among the general population. Galton was the first to use the survey method in trying to validate his study. Without the studies and questionnaires brought to the world by Galton, there would be a big debate on nature vs nurture toward individuals.

3a) What did you find interesting? Comparative psychology
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
An implication of Darwin's theory was that there existed continuity among species. This led to the development of comparative psychology, the study of difference and similarities among species on various traits. Darwin, although had ideas of this type of psychology was not the founder of it. George Romanes is considered the founder of comparative psychology and he provided extensive descriptions of the behavior of many species. Serviceable associated habits were the most important principle of comparative psychology. Emotional characteristics would be passed down from generations.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? I thought most of the chapter was interesting. I have just gone over Darwinism before so seemed repetitive.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Galton, psychologists who I had not known before reading this chapter was the first psychologist to ever use the survey method. I think that was such a huge event that he created because now, surveys have major impact on research and they are used and pretty much every type of business there is; whether it’s an actual employee taking the survey or a customer. Every day people are top prosepcts for this during election times and politics

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I thought this chapter sort of strayed away from the other chapters because Darwin was not really a psychologist, but more of an anthropologist. I think this chapter will help me understand later chapters better.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Galtons nature vs nurture.
7b) Why?
When concepts are still being argued about for the past 100 years, I think the topic is one that I would like to learn about and why people are still making it relevant.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was wondering which is needed more; whether nature or nurture is needed the most to create a great overall specimen.

Terms:Darwin, Galton, comparative psychology, nature vs nurture, individual differences, survey method

1a) Darwin’s Theory
1b) Starting on a crew ship, called the Beagle, Darwin would travel one coastal region to another in order to observe the nature within the coasts and study the different ways the animals and other living things worked together. Though at the time he didn’t really know it, he was studying what we now know as evolution. Darwin was first interested in geology. Constantly, there were questions about what was changing nature. Catastrophism kept the Bible and God in mind when speaking about the quick and even abrupt changes that occurred in nature. However, uniformitarianism focused more on the laws of nature. Through his trips to South America’s coasts, specimens were collected by Darwin, which would later be put together to come up with a theory about evolution. These trips on the Beagle turned out to be necessary in order for Darwin to produce the work he did. A few specific points were noted when studying the information he collaborated from the coast. One, population growth seemed to always occur, no matter what. During these times, it is noted that only the best survived. We know this as survival of the fitess. Essentially, if the animals were most suitable for the conditions they survived, which then allowed them to reproduce and pass on these specific characteristics to their offspring allowing them to better be suited for the conditions and withstand more than their counterparts may be able to.

2a) Evolution of Emotional expressions
2b) Darwin studied emotional expression. Throughout his research he found it difficult to describe emotion. One reason is because emotions tend to be muted. He realized it took more creativity to express emotions. He studied adults and children to see how the emotions changed from one age group to another. How did children express anger, fear, or even happiness versus how adults did? Darwin used what is known as galvanization, which allowed him to find the specific muscle, which controlled the emotion being expressed. He established the principle of serviceable associated habits. In this he said that some of the initial emotions people express are useful, or serviceable.

3a) Francis Galton
3b) Francis Galton was a man of many different accomplishments, which ranged from field to field. He contributed to the psychology realm, but his focus was in medicine. Similar to Darwin, Galton was interested in exploring new worlds. One of his major areas of study was on how fingerprints decipher the differences each individual has from one another. It was because of this studying of fingerprints Galton was lead to psychology. Galton looked upon his own life and what Darwin was researching to come to some conclusions. Darwin related natural selection and evolution with animals, but when Galton thought about these topics he specifically thought of himself. He believed intelligence was a characteristic in which was part of natural selection and was a inherited trait.. He said intelligence was innate. Galton’s major work was known as Hereditary Genius. While Galton focused not solely, but mostly on the genetic factors, we know today that intelligence could be altered by environmental factors. But why is this important to the psychology realm? Well, Galton is the first to use what we know of today as the survey method. Having a questionnaire where people described their personalities and other important aspects, which could alter intelligence, was passed out to individuals to study the inheritance of specific traits. Even though this is an important method we use today, Galton also came up with twin studies. He then sent these same questionnaires to twins in order to discover if there was a true genetic inheritance for intelligence. Later, Galton found eugenics. This is based on the idea, which suggests individuals should take steps to strengthen their genetic material and then pass it down the line to their offspring, all being positive contributions to their genetic material.

4a) Anecdotal evidence
4b) Anecdotal evidence relates back to phrenology. Phrenology was exaggerated and later proven to be invalid. Anecdotal evidence bases its theories on exaggeration as well, but as it relates back to how animals act. Discovered by George Romanes, information from himself and Darwin was combined to come up with an end product called Animal Intelligence. Discredited by many, the Animal Intelligence focuses on animal behavior and how it can be related back to evolution and comparison psychology. The next principle was based on emotions are expressed by bodily reactions.

5) Darwin produced quite a bit of valid information throughout his time. The topic on evolution is still a major topic we talk about today. Whether or not God is a factor in it or if it is all based on science.

6) Charles Darwin has a renowned name within the psychology world. He is known as the most eminent individual in psychology. His views contributed to American’s and their ways of thinking. He focused on such a large topic of evolution.

7a) Francis Galton
7b) He contributed quite a bit to the psychology world. He was a man of different talents and I feel he contributed the most to the research we do today. With survey methods and twin studies we are able to further study the genetic factor within certain behaviors. In this, we are able to compare nature vs nurture in more thorough terms of deciphering which one may over power the other in certain situations.

8) Darwin’s research must have taken years and years of consistently keeping information and minor details in mind. Also, when I was growing up in school we constantly talked about Darwin and his theory on evolution. It always became a controversial topic, but when speaking of natural selection it seemed as if we always found a common ground.

Anecdotal evidence, Darwin, Galton, Beagle, evolution, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, survey method, twin studies, eugenics, comparison psychology, serviceable associated habits

1a) What did you find interesting?
The Species Problem

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
When first beginning this chapter a quote that stuck out to me was “…intellectuals became increasingly convinced that the scientific approach was the way to attain truth”. I think that this is also true today with science. I think that when we want something to be proven as true with go science to prove it or disprove it. This got me thinking of global warming and how both sides have used science to as you could say prove their stance. I think that we look to science a lot to help us find the answers to the questions we have. The question that came about during this time was the bibles version of life really true? These questions that were being asked about creation became known as the species problem. Also interesting to me is how all of this went against the church. When going through this chapter and previous chapters it seems that it is always hard for these psychologists and scientist to go away from the church. I think that it shows how times have changed and that we don’t have to worry so much about the churches influence as much anymore. In the 17th century the ones asking the species problem were leaders of the church in Great Britain. The argument from design came about. This is linked to Reverend Paley. He suggested that all of creation would have to have been planned, created, and overseen by a “supreme being”. This led others to take a scientific approach while still keeping a belief in a higher being. I find this interesting because I feel that this is a much different approach then many others take when looking at evolution.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Darwin on the evolution of emotional expressions
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this section to be interesting when it talked about how it is hard to emotions, and even ones emotions. Another statement that was made is how do you analyze terror. This got me thinking of how would you research and analyze emotions, and I just don’t know how you would. I think a lot of people don’t let their emotions show so it would be hard to study this. Darwin decided that it would be easiest to study emotions in children and also the insane thinking that their emotions would be easier to read. He came to the conclusion that they are not controlled by “adult inhibitions”. The one conclusion that Darwin came to was that if emotions were evolutionary then people all over the world would have the same/similar emotions. I think that today this would still be a cool study to conduct. I found this to be very interesting. I think that it would be fascinating to see how different people from around the world react and respond to certain events.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Survey Method
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The survey method was created by Francis Galton. When creating his stance on inheritance of talent he looked two different ways to study this and it was done through surveys and twin studies. What I found interesting is that this is still used today. One of the things that Galton focused on was writing the right questions. He found that it was difficult to write the questionnaires and that it was a process because people have misunderstandings. I think that his is true with a lot of surveys. They sometimes ask the question the wrong way and I think sometimes that can mess with the results of the survey and the right data might not be being collected. What I also found to be interesting was that through his twin studies he found much different similarities and even studying the same twins later he still found there to be similarities even when they had been living separately. I that is fascinating and the question I ask is: how is that possible and what makes them similar? Is because they were in the same womb together or are other sibling similar?

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Darwin’s Delay
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found this section to be boring because I think that it lacked compared to some of the other parts about Darwin. I found interesting his discoveries and theories he came up with and this section didn’t cover any of that. I found it to be drier material. I just didn’t find his struggles in certain years to be that interesting compared to his discoveries.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think a section that was very useful was on Francis Galton with survey methods and twin studies. I think because it is still used today and also I am curious on how they have been used throughout psychology. What types of studies have been done since that have involved twins?

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think that this chapter builds on Descartes. He also studied different emotions and feeling with in the body, and Darwin did a similar thing. Darwin looked at the evolution of emotion and I think that that builds on other topics of emotion found in previous chapters.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Twin studies
7b) Why?
I interested in finding out what types of psychological studies have been done on twins and also researching on what types of twin studies have maybe been done recently.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
When reading this chapter I thought a lot about the evolution of emotion. I think that it would be fascinating to study different emotions in different cultures and see how they react to different situations. Are other cultures very similar or maybe even very different?

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Species problem, argument from design, survey method, twin studies, Darwin, Galton

1a) & 1b)
I found it interesting how Darwin had a poor academic performance as he is known to be so intelligent and created important theories of today. I was shocked at his fathers opinion about him, thinking he had a lack of purpose and stating that, “you care for nothing but shooting, dogs, and rat catching and you will be a disgrace to yourself and all of your family.” It is kind of ironic as he turned out to be such a successful individual. I also found it ironic that his five year voyage where he had to endure terrible seasickness the whole time was the event which gave him the theory of evolution of species.

2a) & 2b)
I found Darwin’s theory that evolution by natural selection explained extinction interesting. He discussed how this is the reason today’s species resemble fossils of extinct species found in the same area. I’d never thought about this before. Its cool to think that what exists today is just a variation of the past. Darwin himself found fossilized bones of creatures which are like modern day llamas but were two to three times the size. The reason they became a smaller variation dealt with environmental events which reduced the food supply. Another thing I found interesting was how it took Darwin almost twenty years to publish his Origin of Species text with one of the reasons being his concern about the reaction from his peers, especially as he got an immense amount of great feedback and became a major influence.

3a) & 3b)
Another thing I found interesting was Galton and his idea of the nature of intelligence. I’ve always had an interest in the nature versus nurture debate. I couldn’t believe that he was able to survey 94 pairs of twins for the twin studies! I found the section on Romanes interesting as well, especially his arguments about different creatures. He stated that spiders have a fondness for music, birds show sympathy and scorpions feel despair and commit suicide when in intense heat. Some of his ideas were thought provoking while others were a little ridiculous!

4a) & 4b)
I found much of the chapter interesting as a lot of it focused on Darwin. The section on Conwy Lloyd Morgan however was probably the least interesting to me. He argued that, “in no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale. I just wasn’t very interested in the ideas he was proposing.

5)
This chapter a lot of useful information regarding understanding the history of psychology. It discussed things such as Darwinian thinking and how it resonated with the functionalist school of thought in American psychology. We always hear of Darwin and his theories but this chapter actually went into depth concerning his discoveries, theories and all he contributed to the field. He contributed directly to the history of developmental psychology by publishing, in the british journal Mind, an article called a biographical sketch of an infant. Darwin’s theory of evolution brought about a way of thinking among American psychology which is now known as functionalism. Two aspects of the theory led to interests in comparative psychology and the study of individual differences.

6)
This chapter mentioned how in chapter 3 we learned about the 18th and 19th centuries becoming known as the era of enlightenment where science was becoming religion and scientists were seen as heroes. It also brought up how in chapter 2’s “variation under nature”, Darwin noted the universality of individual differences within species that are found in nature and made connections to chapter 1 through pointing out that such differences “thus afford materials for natural selections to act on and accumulate, in the same manner as man accumulates individual differences in his domesticated products.” This chapter discussed as well how Darwin was denounced from pulpits throughout England after his ideas were threatening from the Church. We continue to see that by the church throughout these chapters when these individuals create such theories. It related back to chapter one and how the importance of Darwin's ideas eventually led some observers to begin using the phrase darwinian evolution, an example of what chapter one called an eponym. It mentioned anecdotal evidence which we saw in the discussion of phrenology in chapter 3. When talking about darwin and the study of individual differences it mentioned intelligence testing which we discussed a little bit in the previous chapter.

7a) & 7b)
I found Lamarck and the chain of being concept really interesting and would like learning more about it. It kind of relates back to Darwin’s extinction theory when discussing species constantly evolving into a species that is more complex. He also had the idea that an important mechanism of evolution was the idea of changes occurring during the lifetime of an organism which would be passed on to offspring and new abilities were inherited by the next generation. I was surprised that this idea was taken so seriously until being discarded after the 19th century.

8)
Each chapter when reading about these individuals who have contributed the field it seems as if each of their parents were very driven for their children to succeed, making them study several languages and attend prestigious schools. I was however surprised that Darwin had a poor academic performance. He, however, like many people we continue to read about, was very dedicated and passionate. They all devoted a lot of their time to their work. He went on a five year voyage even though he spent a majority of the time sick as well as did an intensive eight year study of the evolutionary history of barnacles. Another thought I had while reading was that I was shocked to see so many similarities between the lives of Darwin and Georges Romanes!

9)
Terminology: Chain of being, Inheritance of acquired characteristics, Natural Selection, Functionalism, Antithesis, Anecdotal Evidence, Twin studies, Instinct, Critical Period.

1a) What did you find interesting?
The first thing I found to be interesting was the species problem that was referenced to right in the beginning of chapter five.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This was interesting to me because I remember talking about a similar topic in my philosophy class and I could never figure out why people spent so much time trying to solve, rather than just believing that a greater power created everything around us. Reading over this section gave me a clear view of what the scholars at that time were thinking and why. I also thought it was very helpful that each theory was introduced and then would be later referred back to.

2a) What did you find interesting?
The second thing I found to be interesting were the ideas of catastrophism and uniformitarianism.

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was interesting because at first I was having real trouble getting through this section of the book, it seem very redundant. But towards the end of the section the author mentioned that these two terms would help Darwin to understand and make sense of his evolution theories, and in turn, they also helped me to understand why they were so important and focused on in this section.

3a) What did you find interesting?
The third thing I found interesting was the theory of natural selection.

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Although we have been exposed to this theory many times before I still find something each time, that I had not previously known. For instance, during this reading I found it very interesting that Darwin’s first ideas of selective breeding were because of the variations in pigeons. I thought it was interesting as well that Darwin would find that out over time the differences were adaptations to the animals habitats, much like the idea of uniformitarianism, but for animal species.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
One thing I found to be least interesting was the section on Francis Galton.

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This was least interesting to me, partially because the chapter was so long and I just wanted it to be over towards the end, other than that I found his studies to be less interesting than Darwin’s. I like to think in my own terms of how Darwin was coming up with his ideas and I could not do the same for Galton.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think understanding how Darwin lead to the idea of functionalism. This section explained how functionalism emerged from evolution theories and applied it to the study of how humans adapted to environments. I think Darwin’s explanations of comparative psychology and individual differences will also stand the test of time and influence the future of psychology still today. I also think that Darwin set the foundation for many studies of emotion and expression that psychologists are still studying and learning about today.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter built on others in terms of furthering ideas like intelligence testing, and much like Herman Ebbinghaus, who studied memory, Galton came up with his own word association test.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Darwin’s study of emotional expressions.

7b) Why?
I have always been intrigued by the study of expressions and I would like to know more about how they have either proven the test of time or differed from what Darwin first hypothesized.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought about what a big impact Darwin has had on psychology and still has on psychology today. I also wondered if he hadn’t come up with all of his theories, would one person have done the same as he, or would it have been many people disputing like we have today.

Terms: species problem, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, Darwin, natural selection, selective breeding, Francis Galton, functionalism, comparative psychology, individual differences, Herman Ebbinghaus, word association test,

1a) The Species Problem
1b) This is interesting to me because it is something that was beyond their time, the fact that they were beginning to question what was written in the bible and the fact that it is not always plausible in reality. The fact that Charles Darwin’s grandfather was the person who originally came up with the idea is even more interesting because he lived in more of the Victorian times where questioning the church was a bad idea, those who did were punished severely. The ideas brought about to support it though are even more interesting when it comes to how they explained their theory. Such as when they bring up the discussion of Noah’s Ark. How was it that Noah would’ve been able to fit all of these animals on to his boat especially with the size that dinosaurs were. So if he wasn’t able to fit the dinosaurs on a boat, when did Noah’s Ark occur? Had the dinosaurs already lived and died off. So this was not the only time that God killed off all of the living creatures of the Earth because at some point the dinosaurs were all killed. Thinking more in depth about the stories of evolution, as well as Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin’s ideas about why animals changed. As we know now, animals are able to adapt to their environment as it changes and over time the animal will begin to produce offspring that are able to withstand the changing environment. Erasmus was able to notice that things were different with animals and even though he was not exactly on about what was happening he began to provide an explanation for what was happening around us.
2a) Thomas Malthus
2b) I think that he was interesting because of his ideas on population and how today the growing population is a huge topic of discussion amount many different Earth scientists. The fact that Malthus was able to bring it to the attention of people at such an early time, explaining the there’s not an everlasting supply of food and water, that there will come a time when the amount of mouths to feed will be greater than the amount of food that is being produced. This helped to lead to the idea that only the strongest survive. Evolution comes into play a little bit, beings why Malthus’ ideas relate to Darwin’s but at the same time Evolution only takes you so far until it is basic survival skills that will come into play.
3a) Sexual Selection
3b) This was interesting because Darwin was bound not to relate anything to humans but in a way this theory can relate to humans too. The fact that when animals look for mates they don’t always look for the survival but by how big they are. It is not always size that determines if someone is a good mate, appearance isn’t always everything. That can be applied to humans now a days and that is most people go for appearance when it comes to being attracted to someone, but the person that looks the best is not always the best provider. The idea though that the better someone appears to be gives them dominance over the other same sex individuals because they are able to attract mates. This idea of appearance isn’t everything is so complex it and it relates to animals and humans alike it interesting to me.
4a) Natural Selection
4b) I understand why natural selection is important, I does help to decrease over population but at the same time it is a cruel way to look at things. The fact that it is basically just the killing off of one species in order for another one to survive is not something that is all the pleasant to think about and not all that interesting to me. I guess learning about the positive side to the cruel world is more interesting to me. How animals and humans grow and adapt instead of dying off.
5) I think the most useful thing in this chapter relating to psychology would be the ideas that Darwin created with how things change over time. Evolution is something that has been very influential on society and how people act and adapt. When things change people change, the mind being one of the biggest things to change people because that is what enables people and animals alike to think and adapt to their surroundings. In adapting evolution occurs and psychology derives in the fact of why did people start to act this way when this event occurred even though they could’ve done this.
6) This builds on the previous chapters because the previous chapters were about humans and how they changed in the different environments of history. This chapter though begins to explain why the animals have changed. Even though animals seem to provide a much longer history of evolution, such as the dinosaurs, humans still have experienced these changes. The Church still remains a constant fight against because they want people to believe what is being taught and not change in fear of losing control of the people. Darwin’s time though is the beginning of the downfall of people starting to think outside the box and believe in their own ideas.
7a) Catastrophism
7b) I think this would be interesting to learn more about because it was one of the few things that the church had left during the Evolutionary period that was back up their ideas. I would like to learn how well it actually worked and how they forced the ideas on everything. It is interesting to see how far the church would go to prove that everything is because of belief and religion and nothing is based off of science in order to keep people faithful to the Church. The thing that remains ignored is what will happen upon people finding science to explain things over just belief. Even though people were able to find evidence of something being more than just a something God did, didn’t meant that they wouldn’t believe but instead they believed with an understanding that God created everything for a reason.
8) While reading I just kept thinking about what was happening at this time and thinking about how everything was so diverse in the islands where Darwin went to. The ideas relating to the teachings of the bible remained a lot throughout the chapter just because of the initial discussion of Noah’s Ark, that is such an interesting question. When did everything from the Bible begin in means to when the dinosaurs were in existence? Just the different ideas of existence and evolution of everything around us kept me interested.
9) Species Problem, Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin, Catastrophism, Natural Selection, Sexual Selection and Evolution

1a&b)Darwin’s childhood. I found the section on Charles Darwin’s childhood interesting because it came as a big surprise to me that he was not a model student. For someone who made such a lasting impact on the scientific community I would have expected him to have been significantly advanced compared to his young contemporaries, instead Darwin was an average to lackluster student who didn’t become interested in science until he had failed in medical school. I was also surprised that he went to Cambridge to become a priest, and that his mentor was a Reverend. Darwin’s love of nature from a young age and aspirations to retire on a farm to study nature were also refreshing and helped me understand why he was so interested in biology.
2a&b)Functionalism. Seeing as this is a psychology class, I was interested to find what Darwin’s impact on the history of psychology was. The text first speaks about functionalism in that is was influenced by Darwin’s famous theory of evolution. The text states the main focus of functionalism was to study behaviors and different mental processes that could have helped humans to adapt to their environment. I thought this was interesting that the text specifically designates the school of thought as being among ‘American psychologists’ and how the text is changing to reflect more and more American contributions. I was hoping to see a little more about the topic but the text states that it will be covered in later chapters so I guess I’ll wait till then.
3a&b)Evolutionary Psychology. I had heard of evolutionary psychology in different classes I’ve taken but I was interested to see what this section would say since it focused first on Darwin, then on psychology. I was surprised that it was a rather small section at the very end of the chapter. The thing I was most curious about was how evolutionary psychology differs from similar schools of thought such as functionalism. I found that evolutionary psychology is a relatively new field and that it focuses on the premise that evolutionary influences have changed the way humans behave and think. It also looks at Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as the basis for male and female interaction as an evolutionary response.
4a&b)The Voyage of the Beagle. While the text does stress the importance of this voyage in affecting Darwin’s life, I found the section to be a bit trivial. Why did I need to know the length of the ship, or how many feet of space his cabin had? I would have liked this section to perhaps detail the course of the journey a little more, or talk about Darwin’s reactions to the different flora and fauna. I did find the mention of his reaction to slavery interesting in that he was able to draw the conclusion that slavery was not logical, as people of the time believed, because of Darwin’s theory of the common origin of man.
5) I would say that the section most important in understanding the history of psychology in relation to Darwin’s theories would be the sections in which the applications of the theories were presented. These would have been those that spoke about comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and functionalism. These are important because they illustrate how Darwin has impacted psychology and how his contributions have been put into practice in different ways.
6) This chapter built on previous chapters in that this chapter brings the readers a new perspective to consider while thinking about psychology. Now that the text has given us philosophical and historical background from the German and English it was only the next step to learn about one of the most influential figures in science. More broadly, this chapter shows how psychology is built upon by other sciences and how it is clear that the field will continue to grow and build as we continue to go through the text.
7a&b) As I mentioned above, I was a little disappointed that the section that spoke about functionalism didn’t really get very in-depth. Functionalism interests me because I believe in Darwin’s theory and the point that evolution affects many of our physical characteristics could implicate that it also had an impact on our mental and behavioral development was a fascinating possibility to me. I would like to learn more about the American Psychologists who developed the theory and how they went about testing their hypotheses.
8) Some things I thought about while reading this chapter were just how many things influence psychology that we probably aren’t aware of. Before reading this chapter I would have never drawn the connections between Darwin’s theories and psychology, and it makes me think about other scientists in disciplines I might not associate with psychology and how they could have made contributions to the field.
9) *terms*Charles Darwin, theory of evolution, Functionalism, evolutionary psychology, Darwin’s theory of sexual selection, comparative psychology

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

Eugenics: This topic was interesting to me because I wonder whether my mind views things in a more artistic fashion, rather a logical and scientific fashion because my parents dealt with more artistic jobs. After being in college for some years I feel like it is just part of the reason, and it just takes me more time in math than other people because the way my parents were able to help me through school. If I associated with more people that were better at math, I feel like math would become easier for me.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Anthropomorphism: I found this topic interesting because psychologist and psychiatrist still use this today. Some psychiatry experiments rely on studying with animals and seeing how they react and thinking of how a human would react with the same drug they are testing with. Most experiments use animals because of ethical conditions of the experiment.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Antithesis: This was one of Darwins principles for explaining emotional expression. It was the idea that emotions that are just opposite of each other are expressed in bodily reactions. I think with this principle it probably helped finding out the fight or flight or fuck system. Having sexual arousal is quite different than fighting or fleeing but norepinephrine stimulates this with the help of the Amygdala in the limbic system.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Natural Selection: I didn’t find natural selection as interesting mainly because I already knew about natural selection, that is one of the main reasons why Darwin is famous, because he was not the first to think of evolution, but one of the first to find some scientific proof.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think what will be most useful is that when Darwin found Natural selection, his cousin Frances Galton arrogantly environmental situations such as ones class wasn’t a significant amount of a factor than ones genetics of heredity. This was useful to understanding history of psychology because it seems like when one person finds a finding that is different than another persons research we usually try to prove the other wrong, rather than seeing how they both tie together.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
There has been some previous clash between religion and science and Darwin in this chapter had some difficulty just to publish his work because of religion and the belief that God literately created us as humans and how we are. A lot of the reason is because the people in the religious stance were egocentric of humans as a race and would take the interpretation of us coming from monkeys in the wrong way. In the evolutionary stance we all came from each other in one point of time.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
Evolutionary psychology: I would like to learn more about evolutionary psychology because scientist use to think that nature and nurture were separate from each other, but now they are starting to think that each go hand in hand. I would like to see which is more probable for certain situations heritability or a nurture factor from the environment. I have heard that environmental factors can change RNA sequencing making the proteins in the synapse work in different ways but it is still somewhat unclear on what kind of outputs that would arise in an individual.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I had some weird ideas when reading about eugenics and how Francis Galton was in a way arrogant in how the environment can make someone be more intelligent or vice versa. The weird ideas I was having was thinking about Hitler and the main reason he started a war for a master race was because his belief on genetics and making everyone the same race to make the world his own view of a utopia. It seemed like Galton also would day dream on the same means but you know not kill everyone.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Eugenics
Anthropomorphism
Natural Selection
Antithesis
Evolutionary Psychology

1a) Charles Darwin
1b) I found Charles Darwin interesting because he was always interested in nature and didn’t want to study what his father wanted him too. I find it fascinating that Darwin never became a minister and became a scientist. His trip to wales was cool to read about and how it helped him develop evolutionary theory.
2a) Functionalism
2b) Studying human behaviors and mental processes is something that has always caught my attention. Functionalism interests me because it shows how human behaviors and mental processes adapt in this environment that is always changing and solve a problem so quickly.
3a) The Nature of Intelligence
3b) The nature of intelligence was interesting to read because it talks about how Francis Galton examined his belief how intelligence was innate. Throughout his findings he failed to consider the environment which is something that I would’ve thought he wouldn’t miss. All and all he concluded that intelligence was part of human nature.
4a) natural selection
4b) I did not find this section interesting in this chapter because it was stuff that is covered a lot. It didn’t stand out to me and I am not fascinated with finches and the Galapagos Islands.
5) Charles Darwin is someone that came up a lot in this chapter and I find will be the most useful in learning about psychologies history. All of this theories and findings are incredible and have led to many other discoveries which is something that I always find fascinating.
6) This chapter referenced back to previous chapters as I read through. It really grows on the different findings of evolution of psychology. It shows how psychology has evolved over the years and is still evolving.
7a) Charles Darwin
7b) I would love to learn more about Charles Darwin because I found him the most interesting topic throughout this chapter. He was brought up often with all his discoveries. His theories on evolution would be something neat to look more into.
8) While reading about the Galapagos Islands, finches and Darwin I related back to freshman year in Biology I. My professor loved this topic and could raddle on and on about his love for finches.
9) Charles Darwin. Natural Selection, Functionalism, The Natural of Intelligence, Galapagos Islands, Francis Galton

1a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that the Argument from Design was interesting. Argument from design, now modernly referred to as intelligent design, is defined as the theory that nature is created by a superior being and that is why it is so complex. This theory is most commonly associated with Revered William Paley.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I’ve always been interested in religion, and how it has impacted us, both negatively and positively, throughout history and into modern times, so this was right up my alley. Because this theory was so heavily accepted, it was very hard for people to believe and agree with Darwin at first, and this kind of thinking did hinder scientists from learning more about the world for a long time. However, I can totally see why this would be a great answer and most logical for the given time, where we didn’t have the knowledge, skills, and toolset to tackle these big, mysterious questions that we have, and so it makes sense that we would explain it by divine entity.
2a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that sexual selection was interesting to learn more about. Sexual selection is defined as same-sex competition and female mate preference, or the idea that males compete for female attention in order to reproduce, and that any advantage will help them dominate the competition and win the affections of the females. Some of these may have no actual survival benefit, but are successful when competing for females.
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because I have always liked animals, and thought that it was unfair that male birds, for example, were predominantly prettier than their female counterparts for seemingly no reason. I knew that it was to attract a mate, and that it was beneficial for male cardinals to be prettier than their female counterparts for this aspect, but I still don’t know why the female birds aren’t pretty themselves. Is it because there is no survival benefit or because they don’t have to compete for male affection, so it’s not necessary? Or is it because they are more bland looking, they are less likely to be spotted by predators and therefore are better apt to care for the offspring since they will probably live longer? I have no idea, but it’s something that I’m interested in.

3a) What did you find interesting?
I thought anthropomorphism was really interesting. Anthropomorphism is attributing human faculties such as behaviors and emotions onto nonhuman things, such as animals.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was very interesting for a few reasons. First, when we have pets, we tend to attribute human emotions on to them, such as ‘my cat is grumpy today’ or ‘he’s happy to see me’ and we give them humanistic characteristics all the time based on their actions. I thought that it was interesting that Romanes’s animal fact book was what sort of ruined his career by tainting it, and that he himself thought that the book could be viewed as merely a collection of animal stories, yet he decided to publish it anyway. I also personally think that it does have some kind of place in science, although maybe not to the extent that Romanes hoped. For example, beavers do probably consider where they put their dams so they do not get easily washed away or so they aren’t intruding on another’s territory or near preditors, since that would be most biologically beneficial to them.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
I thought that Conwy Lloyd Morgan’s Canon was the least interesting. Morgan’s Canon describes how animal behavior shouldn’t be defined as any more complex in nature than what we can observe.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I thought this was not very interesting, because of the example with his dog, Tony, who learned to open a latch to escape the yard, and that because the dog used methods of trial and error instead of just ‘knowing’ how to do it made me mad. This section talked about how Romanes had stated that cats and dogs had to ability to plan and to understand simple mechanical principles. I guess my train of thinking is that as humans, we are not born with the ability to innately know how to do things, and that we must learn how to walk, and crawl and open doors, and these are done with very similar practices that Tony the dog exhibited; trial and error. Just like humans, once Tony figured out a method that succeeded in getting him what he wanted, he began to use exclusively that method. I just thought that this canon doesn’t give animals the credit they deserve.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that evolution and the study of animals will definitely be very useful in understand the history of psychology because these studies carved the path out for psychologists like Pavlov, Harlow and Skinner, who were able to study animals and learn about human behavior.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think this chapter definitely builds upon previous chapters, because it talks about behaviors in regards to animals, and why they act a certain way, and animal studies paved the way for what we know about a lot of human interactions and behaviors, since we are so closely related to animals, which was also talked about in this chapter. This builds upon the earlier studies with humans in Germany, because we can only do so much with humans before it becomes inhumane, and while there was a lot more freedom in this time period, there was still problems with having people agree to doing studies and (at least as far as I know) they still needed consent in order to perform some of the studies to answer questions that we were interested in. This chapter also showed the huge shift from thinking about things being created by a divine entity to the idea that things are created through natural selection.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I’d like to learn more about sexual selection.
7b) Why?
I have always found this fascinating, and didn’t have a proper term for it, and so now that I do, I can do more accurate research on the subject. I also really want to know why female birds are ugly compared to their prettier male counterparts. I think it’s really interesting how this works, and how it even works in humans, from things such as facial symmetry, hip to waist ratio, and pheromones. I have done some research on this previously, and has always been something that I’m very interested in, because I would like to do relationship and sex therapy, and so the research in this field is very intriguing to me. Plus, it’s always interesting to discover why someone or some animal choses the mate that they do.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was thinking a lot about animals, and the studies and observations that we have made over the years, and how I’m so glad that we now have laws in place to prevent animal cruelty, because I am sure that a lot of animals suffered immensely in the pursuit of knowledge, but at the same time, I’m pretty grateful that we were able to learn a lot from these animals, because without the animal studies we’ve done in the past, we may not know what we do now. I also thought about genetics a lot, and how much I miss learning about genetics, since I haven’t taken a science class in a few years, and things like Punnett squares were always interesting and fun to me, but I guess I’m kind of a nerd like that. But it is definitely interesting to see which traits are dominant, and how evolution is happening right before our very eyes. For example, blue eyed individuals are supposedly more sensitive to light than say, brown eyed individuals, because we lack the same amount of pigment than those with darker eyes. Blue eyes also happens to be a recessive gene, so eventually, there will be little to no blue eyes people in the world, and everyone will be less likely to squint on sunny days. It may just be a little thing, but it definitely does have some aspects of evolution to it.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Argument from Design, Reverend William Paley, Darwin, Sexual Selection, anthropomorphism, Romanes, Lloyd Morgan, Morgan’s Canon, evolution,

1a) What did you find interesting?
Thomas Aquinas

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
We were studying Thomas Aquinas and his Treatise in Law in my intro to philosophy class, and it was nice to see him mentioned in a different class. While psychology and philosophy are somewhat related, seeing terms and people that I am familiar with be overlapped into a different area of study is nice, as it helps me create associations and reinforce previously learned material and help create a foundation for newer material.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Anthropomorphism

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
It’s an interesting concept in the way that it attributes certain human characteristics to pretty much anything non-human, be it animals or even insects. I think it’s a good example of how we as humans have an innate desire to try to understand what goes on around us, and although sometimes we arrive at no answer, we’ve created a good question.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Darwin and his journey of publishing Origin of Species

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I think that if it weren’t for my AP Biology class where I had previously learned about Darwin and his contributions to natural selection and evolution, I probably would have not shown as much interest as I did while reading. Since AP Bio was my favorite class last year, re-learning about Darwin’s quest for knowledge gave me some weird type of amusement, partially because I already knew the ending, but also because I’ve always liked learning the gradual steps or history of topics that I am interested in.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Galton

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
It may have been reading fatigue, as I was getting pretty tired toward the end of the chapter, but I just wasn’t interested in him or any of his contributions. I can understand the importance of them, but there was nothing that had personally connected with me.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Understanding how Darwin’s work with natural selection and evolution gave rise in interest to comparative psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The previous chapter seemed to place emphasis on how psychology originated, whereas this chapter seems to place emphasis on Darwin, but also showing how psychology connects with science, reinforcing the bond between the two.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Anthropomorphism

7b) Why?
I think it would be a valuable amount of time spent in looking at how certain traits and characteristics are universal and stem from not only humans but to animals as well.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I came across some familiar terms and names while reading, so I had thought about the previous classes where I had heard them before, specifically my AP Biology class and my Intro to Philosophy class.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Anthropomorphism, Thomas Aquinas, Darwin, Natural Selection, Evolution, Galton, Comparative Psychology, Origin of Species

1) One thing that I found interesting while reading this chapter was the section about Darwin’s Delay. I was unaware that it took Darwin almost 20 years after publishing the brief outline of his theory to publish his “Origin of the Species.” One of the reasons that it took so long was because he did not have the best of heath. Another reason was because he was a big scaredy-cat and was afraid of what his peers would say. Another anonymous publication from the same time period was highly criticized, and Darwin believed that people would say the same about his work. He was also afraid that if he published too close the ridiculed anonymous publication that his ideas would be associated with it, and it could drag him down even more. The final reason that it took Darwin so long to publish was because he was very conservative in his scientific nature. He was not sure that he even had enough information to publish. The final straw that made him publish was receiving a letter from a friend which asked him to critique an idea the he wanted to publish. This man’s idea was incredibly close to Darwin’s and this spurred Darwin on to finally publishing his theory of evolution.
2) Another interesting topic covered in the chapter was Sexual Selection. Everyone knows the phrase “survival of the fittest,” but this is most often used in terms of toughness. This also holds true in terms of sexual selection. Typically males and females of various species want to mate with the opposite sex that has the most desirable traits because those will be passed along to their shared offspring. Say a type of bird lives in an area that is very windy. Over time, two types of birds are created through evolution; one with a longer wingspan and one with a shorter wingspan. If a female with a short wingspan wants her offspring to have a shorter wingspan, then she would most likely mate with a male that fits that description. This female bird has selected the male with her preferred traits using sexual selection.
3) The section over Francis Galton was also interesting. He helped to contribute to the understanding of individual difference by noticing fingerprints. In fact, he was the one who created our awareness of fingerprints in general. He also believed that intelligence was heritable, which we now know is only partially true. Galton was also one of the first scientists to use the survey method of acquiring information, the first to conduct twin studies, and the first to come up with the term correlation.
4) The concept from the chapter that I found least interesting was the section on Douglas Spalding. Although Spalding is known as the father of ethology, I was bored to death reading about him. Spalding studied instinct, imprinting and critical periods in animals.
5) In this chapter we learn that Francis Galton was the first to use twin studies. Twin studies are the basis of a lot of our understanding of the nature vs nurture debate. It is also through twin studies that we determine the predictive rates of mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia or dissociative identity disorder, and other individual factors such as alcoholism or likelihood of Alzheimer’s.
6) The previous chapter discusses how our behavior can be directed by things within us, specifically the brain. This chapter discussed how our behavior can be directed by the environment.
7) I would like to learn more about Alfred Wallace because his ideas were similar to those of Darwin but I had not previously heard of him. I imagine that this could be the case for several scientists, someone publishes not long before you do but they get all the credit for the idea and you continue to be unheard of.
8) While reading, I thought about how silly it was to have almost an entire chapter dedicated to Charles Darwin. Everyone and their mother had heard of him and knows that he is the ”founder” of the Evolutionary Theory. We also know that this theory of his developed from his years of research and his time at the Galapagos Islands. That is nothing new to us, so why did we have to go into such detail about things that we already knew about?
Terms: Darwin, “Origin of the Species”, sexual selection, Galton, twin studies, Spalding, ethology, Wallace

I found the Beagle Voyage to be pretty interesting from this chapter. I knew that Darwin had taken a trip to the Galapagos Islands, but that was usually the only thing any teacher seemed to talk about when it came to the Voyage of the Beagle. I was glad to get some more background information in what led up to the voyage and all the places Darwin visited during those five years. I had no idea that the boat wasn’t very large and that it held over 70 people, which had to be cramped. A large period of time was spent on and around the continent of South America. He spent months on the mainland and got a firsthand observations on the cruelty of slavery. Throughout the entire voyage he ended up collecting hundreds of specimens and wrote thousands of pages of notes. He would often have to ship creates back home throughout the voyage because he had collected so much.

Another interesting thing about Chapter 5 was the species debate that has been going on since the 17th century. Up until the end of the 17th century, the bible was taken literally until questions arose challenging creationism. There was so much diversity of species on the planet how did they come to be about and why are some species extinct while others flourish? It was often much more simple to believe God a supreme being created each species and had a plan so that each species had its purpose in the world. Many began to disagree with this belief and the theories of evolution came to question if God did create all. Two of the earliest evolutionary theorists were Erasmus Darwin and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck which paved the way for Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection.

The most interesting part about this chapter other than Darwin was Francis Galton. He was known as the Jack of all Sciences because of his numerous contributions to all aspects of the scientific community. He was a very accomplished explorer and published many travel guides and how to survive in the wilderness. He created the first weather maps along with the high and low pressure systems and how they influenced weather. Galton figured out that each person has a unique set of fingerprints by looking at the swirls on their fingertips, and so Scotland Yard was the first to begin fingerprinting for identification. His biggest work in the field of psychology was with the nature of intelligence and he believed that intelligence was innate. He thought intelligence was influenced mostly by evolution and natural selection and that those with more intelligence survive and pass on their intelligence to their offspring, thereby making each generation more and more intelligent. He was also a pioneer with being the first to use the survey and twin studies to test a theory.

The least interesting thing about this chapter was George Romanes because it followed directly after Darwin and his theories and findings. The material that followed Darwin was pretty dry and couldn’t grasp my attention because it was about anecdotal method which today is not taken seriously. One of the main issues I had with Romanes was the fact he used stories about animal behavior from others and compiled the data but never actually did observations on his own.

There were a few things in this chapter that would be very useful in understanding the history of psychology. First was Darwin’s work with the theory of evolution and natural selection. He created an entire new field in psychology, his work gave the most supporting evidence for the theory of evolution. His observations and his countless experiments over years and years created the Origin of Species a highly regarded scientific textbook which is still crucial to today’s understanding of evolution. Not only did Darwin make a huge impact to psychology but Francis Galton also made leaps and bounds in the field as well. He was the first to create surveys and twin studies which are common studies used today to test out different hypotheses and theories.

This chapter built upon the ideas of the brain and higher mental processes and experimental psychology which played a large role in this chapter because Galton worked on the inheritance of intelligence and new theories in psychology began using experimental designs to properly test their hypotheses.

I would like to learn a lot more about Francis Galton and his work with inherited intelligence because there is a strong argument for both sides that environment and genetics influence intelligence. I also want to see his studies with surveys and twin studies because he was the first to use these two methods.

While reading the section on Darwin I was so amazed by the fact that he was a rebellious youth, and didn’t do well in school. In fact it took him a long time to break out of those habits and truly find something he was interested in and discipline himself to focus on his interests. Also during the Beagle Voyage I was thinking about each time I had learned about Darwin from middle school and high school and always wondered why we never went into the trip other than just the part about the Galapagos Islands.

Terminology: Voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin, Francis Galton, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, Natural Selection, Evolutionary Psychology, Twin Studies, Survey, Inherited Intelligence, Species Debate, George Romanes, Erasmus Darwin, Origin of Species.

1) What did you find interesting? Why was it interesting to you?
Darwin studying species on the Galapagos Islands. I had heard of Darwin’s theories on evolution, but I had never learned how he came to formulate these theories. I had always imagined he just dug up bones and studied them in England. It’s also interesting that “the father of evolution” labeled birds wrong on this trip, but I guess he wasn’t quite the expert yet because this was pretty premature in his discoveries in evolution.
2) What did you find interesting? Why was it interesting to you?
Darwin once wanted to enter the clergy. This is absolutely shocking to me. I have heard a lot about creationism vs. evolution, and I’d always assumed Darwin was brought up in a non-religious family and was never interested in religion. But it seems as though fate could have been predicted when he was interested in pursuing natural science in his free time.
3) What did you find interesting? Why was it interesting to you?
Critical period. I have heard about this in biopsychology, but didn’t know the origin of this idea. Douglas Spalding came up with this idea after experimenting on baby chicks. He prevented them from hearing their mother for 8-10 days, and after studying them found that they wouldn’t be able to recognize their mother’s sound after this period of time. I wonder how this was eventually tested on humans.
4) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Although the stuff on Darwin was interesting, it became repetitive after awhile. Half the chapter was Darwin, but there were other things I wanted to learn about that didn’t have to do with Darwin.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I know that Darwin’s theory of evolution is supposed to help me understand the history of psychology more, but I am not seeing the relationship. His theories most likely influenced other psychologists though, so maybe understanding his theory of evolution will eventually help me understand where other psychologists are coming from with their ideas.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The theme of early scientific discoveries is very similar to the previous chapters. Instead of having predictions about how the mind may work, such as in chapter 2, the ideas are stemming from real scientific evidence. This is very similar to how science was approached in chapter 3 and chapter 4.
7) What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?
Antithesis. I had never thought of this before, but I can see where Darwin was coming from with this. However, I don’t fully understand the concept and would like to. I have already begun looking up other examples of this because it is so interesting to me. For instance, shoulder shrugging is another example of antithesis. Antithesis is also often used in literature.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I am having trouble finding how Darwin’s theories relate to psychology, and this is frustrating to me. I can see how his theories on emotion and expressions relate, but not much else. There is a huge emphasis on him in this chapter, and I’m having trouble understanding why.

Antithesis. Darwin. Critical period.

1a) one topic that I found intriguing right off the bat In this chapter is the species problem.
1b) I found this topic to be interesting because right off the bat this problem questions the beliefs of the christens of this time period and makes it seem as though the bible is wrong. it even brings up the question of how all of the species fit on to Noahs ark? it gets people to think about all of the things that we don't really know the answer to and just assume that the bible is right when in reality we don't know for sure how mankind started? makes me wonder how species such as man really did get their beginning on this planet.
2a)one person that I found interesting in this chapter was Charles Darwin.
2b) I find darwins overall story to be interesting. he started out at university of Edinburgh for medical school. he discovered that medicine would not do for him and moved on to Cambridge which back then was a university or institution rather under the control of the church. he quickly gained a mentor there by the name of Reverend John Henslow. Darwin then went on the voyage of beagle with Henslow this voyage lasted five years and over these years allowed Darwin to explore observe and collecting things from different areas. sarwon was also very interested in geology. at the time two ways to look at things in that sense were the views catastrophism which stated that said that god and the bible were right and god had a role in everything that happened as major events under the control of god. the other was uniformitarianism which states that changes occur more slowly and involved forces that were constantly at work. the second ideal is the ideal that closely fit darwins beliefs. due to all of the things such as specimines and species of animal recorded on this voyage it lead to darwins beliefs and eventually his theory of evolution. this theory stated that the strongest survive and that the weakest die off all in a process of natural selection. all of darwins thoughts and beliefs just shock me for a time that was so into the beliefs of the church.
3a)I personally feel like this chapter had a message that just one little break from the normal beliefs can change everything.
3b) this is interesting because I feel like just due to the fact that just because Darwin had the guts to stick his ideas out there about the theory of evolution it opened up a whole new world for people of his time to look at. after Darwin's theory comparative psychology began which compared species on different traits that they possessed. this also lead to the start of studying individual differences and the evolutionary theory of Francis Galton. makes me think that no matter how small or stupid an idea may seem it may lead to big discoveries or breakthrough into a new field of study never thought of before.
4)the thing that I read about in this chapter that I think will be most useful in me understanding psychology was reading about Darwin. I have heard about Darwin in many classes throughout school and never payed huge attention. I always heard about evolution and natural selection but I did not know that it lead to a whole new break through into a new field of study and got people thinking so much at that time. this helps me better to understand why darwins theory was such a big deal now that I have read a book with more details about a specific topic.
5) like I mentioned above this builds on all of he things that I have heard about Darwin and evolution in my other classes. I like that this book gave more detail on the topic rather than largely covering natural selection. it broke down why he was interested and to me seemed to help explain why he was interested in this topic and studied it.
6a)the topic of studying individual differences makes me think a lot about the nature vs nurture debate and makes me wonder a couple of things so I would like to know about that field of study.
6b) this filed of study makes me wonder things like why think that people develop how they do just based on genetic or the environment? I don't get why at the time they thought that it had to be one or the other. People such as Galton thought that it was one and the other had a very minimal or no role in how people develop. also why is everything about the most fit or best in these days. why was it thought that only the strongest could survive and only they should reproduce.
7)I was kind of surprised by this chapter. one ideal no matter how little it may have seemed at the time turned into such a big deal. it makes me wonder if ideas like this happen all the time and it is not fully embraced by the general public so it gets swept under the rug rather than emerging like darwins did? like do ideas that could change history and how we think or view something get hidden from us every day and restrict us from knowing things that we should know?
8)Species Problem
Charles Darwin
Francis Galton
studying individual differences
comparative psychology
theory of evolution
Natural selection
geology
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism

1a) I found the theory of evolution and natural selection interesting.
1b) I found it interesting because I liked learning about the way Darwin came up with his scientific ideas. I liked how it was against the views at the time and he chose to research and publish his findings anyways.

2a) I found Charles Darwin interesting.
2b) I thought Charles Darwin was interesting to learn about because I liked learning about Darwin’s life and his view of evolution. I liked learning about his life and the path he took to get his ideas.

3a) I think the overall message of the chapter was learning about the science aspect of psychology and their contributions to modern psychology and our ideas. I also think another main message of the chapter has to do with the origins of psychology and where each came from.
3b) This chapter was not really interesting to me. After reading about Darwin and his ideas my interest in the chapter really dropped. I thought there wasn’t a lot of interesting topics and had a lot of people to read about.

4) I think understanding the origins of psychology will be most useful with understanding the history because I can understand some of the different types of psychology and where they came from.

5) This chapter relates to what I have learned in other classes because it built off of my knowledge of the theory of evolution and natural selection. I haven’t really learned about the theory of evolution since high school years ago and I like how it has details how exactly Darwin came up with it and why.

6a) I’d like to learn more about Francis Galton and his contributions to psychology.
6b) I’d like to learn more about Francis Galton and his contributions because I have never heard his name before and I want to know more about the nature of intelligence and the anthropometric laboratory.

7) The question I had while reading this chapter was about the amount of people and ideas I’ve never heard about before. I was wondering why there were so many ideas and concepts talked about at the end of the chapter I’ve never heard of before in previous classes? If it is supposed to be a big part in psychology it confuses me why it’s never talked about.

8) Natural selection, Francis Galton, Charles Darwin, the theory of evolution

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the evolution of emotional expressions to be very intriguing

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this to be interesting because it was the first cross-cultural study of emotional expression. I found the three principles of his theory to be very interesting as well. These principles are as follows, serviceable associated habits, antithesis, and direct action of the nervous system. All of these principles kept me interested while reading the chapter. To me I think this is the most interesting because there are a variety of ways to understand human emotions and why and how they are expressed.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
Charles Darwin

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I find him to be so interesting because he made so many contributions to the field of psychology. He studies several different subjects within the field of psychology. He started with the Beagle’s Voyage. Towards the end of the voyage he became interested in geology. He identified with the theory of catastrophism. He was also a zoologist. He began studying in the galapagos islands. This was when he first started to gain clues on how evolution works. He made a big impact on the field of psychology, especially what we know about evolution. That is why he is so interesting to me.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the overall message of this chapter was to introduce us to the beginning of evolution and the impact that it had of the field of psychology.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This was fairly interesting to me. I have already learned quite a bit about Charles Darwin in my previous classes. I had a pretty good idea of what he accomplished in his lifetime.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The thing that will be most useful in understanding the history of psychology is the theory of evolution and how it lead to to a way of thinking that psychologists called functionalism.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter relates a lot to the Biopsychology class I took last semester, because we talked a lot about evolution. This chapter just goes way more in depth than what I have learned in the past.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about galvanization.

6b) Why?
I think this is an interesting concept about how the muscles play a role in how we express our emotions on a day to day basis.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter I kept asking myself what life would be like if Darwin had never studied evolution and discovered what he did. Would we be in the same were are now? Would someone else have studied it and had the same findings?

Terms: emotions, galvanization, evolution, functionalism, Charles Darwin, Beagle’s voyage, serviceable associated habits, antithesis, direct action of the nervous system, emotional expression, catastrophism

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
Eugenics
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This topic was interesting to me because it is a large issue in society today and contributed to other larger issues in society in history. This idea was one that derived from Galton's twin studies on intelligence and the passing on of intelligence based on genes. I am also a twin so I find learning about these studies very interesting. Eugenics was an issue Galton took very seriously and one that Galton wanted to grow in popularity wanting a society where selective genetic material choosing could become a reality.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Conwy Lloyd Morgan very interesting
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found him very interesting because he was a very curious man, some of his work was devoted to experimenting and observing the theories or claims that Romane's made in his life. For example the fact that he believed that scorpions when in an environment of smoke would kill them selves because they felt in "despair" (Goodwin) When in fact Morgan's research proved this to be a attempt to try and clean ones self and accidentally making a fatal jab to their bodies causing death. To me Morgan is interesting because he took the time to question what was accepted at the time. To me he was a free thinker and I admire people who are free thinkers.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I believe a central message of this chapter again was about the evolution of psychology, though this time it was centralized on key figures such as Charles Darwin and how he contributed to Functionalism and Comparative psychology.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This chapter was very interesting to me because of the irony of the subjects while Darwin was building the theory of evolution, he was fueling the evolution of psychology. Additionally it was very interesting to me that many of the prominent scientists of the time were constantly building and experimenting on each others works which enabled for more accurate research and more findings. Darwin is an example of this.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The most useful information I read was probably about Darwin's contributions to Psychology in the way that he thought. It is so interesting that many concepts in psychology came about simply because people thought in a way that others didn't before.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This built on what I knew about evolutionary theories such as the birds from the Galapagos islands I learned new information on the theories of how the beaks changed to adapt to the different food sources on the islands, and built on the fact that this subject was not new to me. I was also able to learn more about the Morgan's Cannon, which told us that we would repeat behaviors that provided the right outcome
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the word association test
6b) Why?
The word association test is something I haven't heard of before. Galton is also a new name in psychology for me so I would like to look into that. To me the theory sounds much like the serial learning of letters and numbers. For this reason I would like to learn more about it.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought it was interesting that the book went into so much detail of the lives of each person before connecting them to psychology. This idea was interesting to me because it showed the lives and works that accomplished and how that made the contributions to psychology possible. This book overall does that and this chapter allowed me to see that.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Comparative psychology, Functionalism, evolution, word association test, Eugenics

1a)
1b)
A lot of things From the chapter were pretty interesting. I was most interested with things I found out about evolution. I am really interested in Darwin's attempts at staying behind an argument of design throughout his evolutionary studies. I also found respect for him in his means of letting others debate his findings while he continued to do research, instead of being self-driven and caught over the pride of his findings and trying to beat it into the minds of the public.

2a)
2b)
Francis Galton seemed pretty interesting off the bat, with what seemed like a lot to offer, I expected a better personality than his cousin Darwin. Unfortunately that didn't seem to be the case as I continued to read, so I am still interested to see his views and how I can attribute them to his personality. However I am also interested in his forms of mathematical measurements as it appears his invention of the term correlation and his willingness to map that mathematically could have been the very beginning of Statistics as a mathematical science; though I have no idea how far the study of statistics dates back.

3a)
3b)
The message of this chapter derived from the relationship between theories of many people. The goal of this history book is to allow us to see the method in which history unfolded, similarly to the structure of a theory, but instead of projecting predictions from the future, it explains methods from the past. The chapter showed how the zeitgeist of the species problem lead to intelligent minds taking first steps to crack the issue observationally. What we learn is that Darwin was influenced by many people along his journey that all altered his way of thinking and added information to his preconscious. He developed a theory and used first-hand observations and experiments to support his ideas. After releasing his work, Darwin was influenced by others and others by him, which lead to a chain of thinking that would allow more to be uncovered and to further our intellectual processes as a whole.

4)
The way Darwin's theory of natural selection influenced Comparative and Evolutionary psychology and the study of individual differences, and the way his theory of sexual selection affected Sigmund Freud Directly, similar to the direct connection between serviceable associated habits and Ivan Pavlov and subsequently the way antithesis affected personality psychology is the most important way we can understand psychology's many branches and their means of formation. It was through the use of inferences that this book made these connections; however these connections aren't mere correlations, they provide insight into the actual environmental influences to those that furthered our understanding of psychology.

5)
The way the book went into describing Darwin was able to give me a more accurate representation of his mind and his work than had previously been accounted for through pictures painted by other books that simply talked about Darwin in a presentist view. And by that I mean I understand his motives and desires in his research and how it was shaped from his time instead of getting a cold hearted sadistic vibe from learning about him.

6a)
6b)
I would like to learn more about Ethology and how its studies relate to direct action of the nervous system and other questions about how animal expression relate to humans because I am curious about anthropomorphism on a psychological basis. A good example of that curiosity lies in imprinting and innate ideas and what the biological basis for it is.

7)
I am still curious if there is a point beyond attempting to provide evidence for evolution past anthropomorphism and what that would be.

8)
Zeitgeist, species problem, natural selection, Comparative psychology, Evolutionary psychology, individual differences, Theory of sexual selection, serviceable associated habits, antithesis, Ethology, Anthropomorphism, imprinting, innate ideas, correlation, argument of design

1a) I found Francis Galton’s Anthropometric Laboratory to be an interesting topic in this chapter.
1b) This was Galton’s attempt to selectively breed for intelligence in Great Britain. He tried to predict intelligence by collecting data that today, we know has no correlation to intelligence. However, this is significant for multiple reasons in the psychology field as well as the statistics field. This was the first serious attempt to measure individual differences in human ability, and it was the invention of the concept of correlation which led to the idea of correlation coefficient we use today.
2a) I found Francis Galton to be one of the most interesting people in this chapter.
2b) I found his work with eugenics and twin studies to be very interesting. The half-cousin of the famous Charles Darwin, he is personally responsible for initiating the study of individual differences, but he also had many other accomplishments outside the field of psychology. While people who focus on one topic in a specific field make great contributions to that field, I find it interesting that he could contribute to so many different areas.
3a) I think that the overall message of the chapter is Darwin’s studies and ideas ignited a trend in evolutionary thinking among many people and fields.
3b) I have always found the idea of evolution to be interesting so I did find this chapter to be very interesting and beneficial to my understanding of evolution. .
4) The thing I read in this chapter that will be most useful to my understanding of the history of psychology is who started the evolutionary thinking movement. Evolution is a major topic in our society today that is very controversial, so it is significant to know when and who started research on it.
5) The material discussed in this chapter builds upon what I have learned about evolution in other classes. As well as increasing my understanding of comparative psychology, intelligence, twin studies, eugenics, evolution and natural selection,
6a) I would like to learn more about the collective questions known as the species problem.
6b) I would like to learn more about this because the understanding of the bible’s origins of earth’s plants and species is always something that has been questioned. I know what some of these questions are but I would just like to know what some other religious theories to this origin are and how they answer some of these questions.
7) How did Darwin and the others mentioned in this chapter become interested in studying the idea of evolution and natural selection? Why was the Galapagos islands chosen for Darwin’s research? Why wasn't another island chosen?
8) Terminology: Francis Galton, Charles Darwin, Anthropometric Lab. eugenics, twin studies, natural selection, comparative psychology, intelligence, evolution, species problem, Galapagos Islands.

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I think that the Species problem is interesting
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I think that reading about this shows how Darwin came up with his theory, something I had never really taken into consideration until this assignment.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
Darwin
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found Darwin interesting because I have learned about him in many other classes. He changed the evolution of science and is still used in many text books in today’s world. I always find it interesting to look at how other people lived life and got to their accomplishments.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the point of this chapter was to Darwin as a whole and his theory of evolution.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I feel like it was interesting only a little bit. Darwin is brought up in a variety of classes and it is all for the same theory. I give him credit for his theory and think it is an important topic to learn about, but I think there is only so much that we can learn on it.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that learning about the details about Darwin’s theory will be helpful. It was a good refresher read and looked at this history of his theory rather than the science of it like many of my science classes have.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
Like I’ve stated, Darwin is a person that has been talked about in so many different classes of mine. Reading about him in this chapter was a good refresher although I feel like it is all information that I have read on before.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the species problem.
6b) Why?
I think that with learning more on it I would be able to see if other people took this issue into their hands and made attempts like Darwin did and see if they failed or if nobody tried at all.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Species Problem
• Darwin
• Theory of Evolution

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found Darwin's theories on the evolution of emotional expressions really interesting in this chapter.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I never knew specifics to Darwin's work besides his theory of evolution. So reading about his studies in emotional expression was very interesting to me. And his findings were also very interesting to me because of how simply they could be categorized.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Charles Darwin to be very interesting.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I have always heard the name but I have never really known what all of his work was. Learning about how his studies were contributions to early evolutionary psychology was very interesting to me. I feel that he was a very well-rounded man and had a knack to learn as much as he could.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the overall message of the chapter was to inform us about Darwin's theories, how they impacted early psychology, and how science is involved as a part of psychology.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I found it interesting because it explains how the psychology that we know today came to be. It is very interesting to learn about these founders of psychology because it really shows how courageous and outrageous they were at discovering new ideas and theories.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think being able to understand the origins of psychology will be the most useful when it comes to understanding both the past and present ideas of psychology. Being able to understand different types of psychology and their origins is very important.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
The material pertaining to evolution relates to what I have been taught and discussed in some of my previous biology classes. I did not know very much about the history, mostly just basic knowledge, so this chapter has really helped me to expand my understanding and knowledge about the history of psychology.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
I would like to learn more about George Romanes

6b) Why?
I found the little section on animal behavior very interesting and would like to know how it is studied and what some of the results are for different types of animal behavioral tests.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
The concepts mentioned at the end of the chapter were not familiar to me and I was wondering why they have never really been discussed much before in any of my classes.

8) evolution of emotional expressions, Charles Darwin, evolution, George Romanes, evolutionary psychology

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
One of the topics that I found most interesting was the research on emotional expressions.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought that Darwin’s contribution to comparative psychology through his research comparing the facial expressions of different populations was rather striking. I had heard of similar experiments before but never had I attributed them to Darwin, the face of evolution. Yet, I quickly saw why this information was presented in the chapter focusing on Darwin and evolution. I discovered the three theories Darwin considered important when studying the topic of emotions. I had never considered that facial expression were serviceable associated habits as Darwin termed them, that they could serve some adaptive function which would make one more likely to survive and that a habit such as raising the eyebrows in response to a surprise would then be a habit passed on to generations to come. I also had never considered that our emotional expressions come in opposites, that is, what Darwin called antithesis. But when I think further on the subject, I find many examples of this including maybe the most simple of opposites: a smile and a frown. Finally, I found it interesting that some emotions are not associated with a specific stimulus but instead occur whenever a strong emotion is felt. This corresponds to the natural physiological changes we experience in times of extreme emotion such as increased heart rate and heavier breathing as the direct action of the nervous system which also produces emotions. To me, the most fascinating part about these three theories is that they apply across time and location. Not only do we find that the smile indicates happiness or agreement in the United States; it carries a very similar meaning across the globe. This is so awesome to me as this means even when we cannot understand the language of another, we could still communicate through emotional expressions. The entire human race is therefore linked in a way which I find very amazing.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
The person that I found most interesting was Charles Darwin.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
Although I have heard the story of Charles Darwin many times, his journey through life never ceases to amaze me. It is very intriguing to me that Darwin explored so many fields including medicine and religion before finally settling, after many years, on science. I am also inspired by his work ethic. Despite being so sick on the Beagle voyage, Darwin continued to collect specimens and write pages upon pages about his observations which little did he know would come to be his solution to the species problem. His perseverance is again obvious in that he wrote many books and continued to research after his voyage even when at times he could be considered an invalid. Imagine any less of a man, would they have been able to make such critical contributions to the world while also battling many terrible circumstances? Finally, I enjoyed reading about how Darwin came to develop his theory of evolution which he would eventually articulate in the Origin of Species because the species problem was not an easy puzzle to solve. In fact, that is what is so interesting to me; Darwin took cues from many others in order to come to his final thoughts about the evolution of species. At times, Darwin himself did not know the magnitude of the data he had collected. But he paid attention to those around him and slowly put the pieces of the puzzle together. He drew from geologist Charles Lyell who began contesting catastrophism and thus led Darwin to consider also the idea of uniformitarianism as it applied not just to geology but also the species problem. Thomas Malthus’ idea of limited resources and thus limited population partly informed Darwin’s theory of natural selection. And it was Alfred Russell Wallace and his similar ideas, one might call this a multiple, that eventually pushed Darwin to go public with his theory. So, Darwin was a special guy. It was through his many efforts and hard work and his application of his contemporaries’ ideas that led him to be known as the “father of evolution” which to me was quite the accomplishment.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I really enjoyed the message of this chapter which I thought was intended to show the reader further the switch from a religious interpretation of human psychology to a more scientific and experimental one.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
As I said above, I really did enjoy this chapter even though I had heard some of the information before. I think it is interesting to see the change in thinking and to see why psychologists began to put such emphasis on comparative psychology, individual differences, and eventually evolutionary psychology. I could finally see how the development of the idea of evolution itself related to psychology. It gave psychologists the idea that different species were different from one another (comparative psychology), that individuals of the same species, even humans, were different from one another (individual differences), and to investigate how those differences have evolved through history (evolutionary psychology). So, overall, this chapter was extremely interesting and gave me a new perspective on psychology as it is today.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
As I said in the question above, I think that this chapter is crucial to understanding the rise of two very important braches of psychology: comparative and evolutionary. It also helps one understand how two fields such as biology and psychology complement each other in many areas despite having their differences. It has helped me understand where evolution fits into the broader field of psychology and I look forward to see how it continues to impact the field as we continue through the history of psychology.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
I had already learned quite a bit about Charles Darwin in previous classes but this chapter built on that knowledge by indicating how his discoveries contributed to the field of psychology. In some instances, however, this chapter covers new ground as comparative psychology is studied as are intellectual differences. To some degree these ideas have been considered in previous chapters as looking at the similarities and differences between animals and humans has been key as has for example the differences in human intelligence, but this chapter serves to elaborate on that subject.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Douglas Spaulding.

6b) Why?
Spaulding was only briefly mentioned in the Close-up in this chapter, however, I found his ideas to be quite unique and original. Because there is not much detail on his research, I would love to learn more about his experiments regarding instinct and also the act of imprinting. I think instinct can be a rather abstract idea, so I would be interested in learning more about what can be classified as an instinct and the prevalence of instincts in different species. I would also like to know how common imprinting is and again what species this act pertains to.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
My biggest question while reading this chapter was how has the rise of the theory of evolution impacted other areas of science or social science other than biology or psychology.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Charles Darwin, comparative psychology, serviceable associated habits, antithesis, direct action of the nervous system, Origin of Species, Charles Lyell, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, species problem, Thomas Malthus, natural selection, Alfred Russell Wallace, multiple, individual differences, evolutionary psychology, Douglas Spaulding, instinct, imprinting

1.) In this chapter I thought that Charles Darwin was very interesting. I liked how he was discussed in great detail on his work. I have always known about him and his theory of evolution from taking biology courses in the past, but I never knew about what else he has done for science. I enjoyed reading about all the different roles he played, like him as a geologist and him as a zoologist. It was also interesting to learn that he was hesitant on publishing his theory because of his health, and also that he was concerned about what his friends would think. What I didn’t particularly enjoy about this part of the chapter was how the author explained what the Beagle was like and the Darwin’s living arrangements on the boat. I agree that the trip was essential and important to his work, but I found the mentioning of this to be irrelevant and un- noteworthy for us to understand and read about.

Another part of the chapter that I found interesting was Darwin and his theory of evolution of emotional expressions. Darwin contributed tremendously to comparative psychology. I liked reading about his idea that expressions are the result of evolution. He had great arguments and thoughts about expressions. His goal was to associate which muscles corresponded to a particular emotional expression. It was also interesting to me to learn about his three principles of this theory. These are; serviceable associated habits, antithesis, and direct action of the nervous system. Each principle I thought to be understanding and relevant to the evolution of emotion. I didn’t find George Romanes and Conway Lloyd Morgan’s contributions to comparative psychology as interesting as Darwin’s theory of emotion because I thought Darwin had done much better work because he studied both humans and animals.

The last subject I enjoyed reading about in this chapter was Darwin’s cousin Francis Galton. He argued that evolution not only applies to animals, but to humans too. We hear the nature vs. nuture debate all the time and he was the one who came up with this idea which was fascinating to me. I also enjoyed his twin studies because I am a twin myself and I agree with him that nature plays a big role in our physical and psychological attributes.

2.)This entire chapter will be useful to me in understanding the history of psychology because all sciences play a role. It is important to understand the biology firstly in order to understand psychology.

3.)There has been an ongoing trend in the chapters in this textbook. What I am getting out of it so far is that all sciences are important in order to understand the history of psychology. The field would not be where it is today without all the scientists working and contributing their work.

4.)My favorite part of this chapter was learning about Francis Galton and what all he has done. As I mentioned before, I am a twin and would like to learn more about his twin studies and what all he found.

5.)I was amazed at just how much Charles Darwin did for science. He has done so much more than his theory of evolution. I also thought he was tough in coming out with his theory since this was a time where religion was very important and popular and his theory was basically telling the church that they are wrong in believing that God created the world.

6.)Charles Darwin, Comparative Psychology, Evolution, Serviceable Associated Habits, Antithesis, Direct Action of the Nervous System, George Romanes, Conway Lloyd Morgan, Francis Galton, Twin Studies

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I’ve always found Darwin’s theory of evolution interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
It is interesting to me because i believe in both evolution and creationism. Some people don’t understand how i can view both as true, but it makes sence to me. I learned allot more about Darwin in this text though. Like how he was actualy seasick for most of the journy. I don’t understand how he even thought that was a good idea for someone who gets seasick that easily to go on that long of a trip, he must have been miserable. and back then it was not even close to as easy as it is today.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
Francis Galton
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
Well this guy was pretty much all over. He was Darwin’s cousin and thought that Eugenics was the answer to the advancement of the human species. I personally have a problem with people who think they are better in anyway than others, therefore this guy is a real piece of art, not only by our standards but by those of his time too. Thinking he was superior by intelligence, race, sex, class, and country. His thinking that intelligence was part of human nature by evolutionary forces, i don’t know what to make of that. I see his point, but that gets into the whole nature nurture debate (which btw he was one of the few that sparked that). As if this guy wasn't bad enough encouraging people to mery based on Eugenics, he also created the theory of CORRELATION, i loth statistics and learning all this put this guy way up there on the list of evil people such as Hitler (which these two had some common beliefs when it comes to a master race) and the inventor of the unpoppable bubble wrap.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think overall this chapter had much new information on a topic that i thought i knew a lot about.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
yes it was with the aforementioned new informstion
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
how some psychologists fudge their work a bit in their best interest… and that eventualy comes out later in history
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
it talks about the some of the people in the previous chaptores and who influenced who
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Darwin or Eugenics today, not sure which yet
6b) Why?
i find them interesting topics for further research.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
How much did of Charl’s theory of evolution did he borrow from his grandfather?
Eugenics, Darwin, Evolution, Selective Breeding, Correlation.

1)What topic did you find interesting?
-I thought the topic of the species problem was the most interesting. I mainly think this due to that ever since I was little I wondered about the origin of the earth’s species. I liked it since it discusses the argument from design, and how the problem’s solution is based off of the supreme deity, which is God. I am a very strong Christian, and I don’t believe in pretty much any of Darwinism, so this was the only part of the chapter I really liked. This topic helps prove the existence of God, since it would have to take someone of supreme power not of this world, to create the earth and all of its inhabitants.

2) What person did you find interesting?
-I found Francis Galton the most interesting person of this chapter. I like his insatiable curiosity and brilliant intellect. I kind of like how bias he is to his own race and rank. It makes him stand out to me and I like his cockiness. He was a wealthy upper-class white male in the Victorian era in the most powerful country at the time. If I were him, then I would also agree that he and people like him were superior to those from other classes, countries, races, and females. He believed it was based on an inherited superiority. I found it interesting that he believed people of high intellect would be at the top of society, and the physically and mentally weak humans would be inferior and struggle to exist. I do believe intelligence is innate, but can also be due to nurture and one’s environment and upbringing.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
-I think that the overall message is that there was a dilemma of the species problem and the argument from design. It mainly is about the beginning of the belief of evolutionary change in different species, and how it has progressed and expanded by others besides Darwin.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
- Most of this chapter goes against my religious beliefs of evolution. I do find it somewhat interesting since I never was really allowed to study it, besides the reasons how to disprove these beliefs. I also found interesting was catastrophism, which later became known as uniformitarianism since it can help prove the Great Flood controlled by God. I also thought that natural selection was interesting since we experimented with it in one of my science classes.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
-I think that every aspect is useful since it all has shaped the history of psychology and the origins of comparative psychology. Without knowing who has come up with methods that we study today, it would be questioned a lot as to why we believe the things we do. This chapter also helps explains how evolution explains human behavior, which resulted in the study of evolutionary psychology.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
-I have studied Charles Darwin, the Voyage of the “Beagle”, the Galapagos Islands, natural selection, origins of species, sexual selection, Llyd Morgan’s canon, and Galton in my other psychology classes, and even some history and science classes. The text goes into more detail than my other classes though, which I liked.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
-I would like to learn more about the topic of the species problem.
6b) Why?
-I want to know more about this since it was not explained very much in the text, and it helps explain how there can be proof of God and his power, other than the belief of evolutionary change.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
-Why did Galton not really think that nurture played a large role in in intelligence? Why did so many people follow Darwin’s evolution beliefs, is it truly based off pure science? How can evolution explain every detail in how the earth, and the universe were created?

8) Species Problem, Argument from Design, Darwin, Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, Natural Selection, Comparative Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, the Voyage of the “Beagle”, the Galapagos Islands, , origins of species, sexual selection, and Llyd Morgan’s canon.

1a) What topic did you find interesting? pp. 123-124
I found the section on the evolution of emotional expressions interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found it interesting because Darwin participated in the first large-scale study of emotional expressions. I found it interesting that he began with the study of emotional expressions in humans and compared similarities in expressions to animals. I always thought researchers began with an animal model and then transferred the knowledge that they gained to a human model. The idea that Darwin did it the opposite way makes sense for him, though, because he was focused on the evolution of animals (particularly Galapagos finches among other birds) first and humans second (even though, according to the book, humans were not discussed at all; p. 131).

2a) What person did you find interesting? pp. 130-134
I found Francis Galton to be among the more interesting individuals in this chapter. Darwin was interesting but I have had multiple biology classes so am not as interested in the repetition of his accomplishments.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found Francis Galton the most interesting figure in this chapter because of the mechanisms he chose to observe. Studying how intelligence was inherited would be an interesting pursuit; I only wish he was not a product of his time (racist, classist, elitist, many more –ists). It was interesting how he tried to tease apart if there was a biological basis for why individuals pursued the careers they did. For example, in the textbook the example of a father being a lawyer and the son being a lawyer was used. Galton focused more on inherited characteristics, while he should have focused on biological implications AND social implications (nature AND nurture are equally important).

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the overall message was informative. The author focused this chapter on the beginnings of evolution, biology, and comparative psychology. The overall message was a historical link to the science of biology. It explained how biological findings and theory influenced psychological study.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I am interested in anything to do with biology so I found this chapter way more interesting than other chapters (especially Chapter 2, where philosophy and psychology were linked; that was extremely dry and tedious material). I took many biology courses in high school so I would much rather read a passage over this topic than chemistry or physics.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Understanding the historical link to other, more well-established sciences, supports the field of psychology as a legitimate, yet distinct science. This is like the question of how are family services, psychology, and social work related; the majors have overlapping characteristics but are distinct entities.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
I am going to return to my discussion of Francis Galton. He felt that there was an “upper limit” to intelligence that could not be breached—even by the most nurturing environment. In my Child and Adolescent Psychopathology course, my professor discussed on improved form of rating intelligence. She mentioned that IQ is about 50% genetic and 50% environmental. My professor explained that if the mother had an IQ of 107 and the father an IQ of 100, the child would have an IQ that ranged from 100-107. The determining factor on where the child’s intelligence would fall would be determined by the environment; good environmentIQ closer to 107, bad environmentIQ closer to 100. Essentially, genetics (nature) would provide the range of intelligence and the environment (nurture) would provide the IQ number in that range.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Douglas Spalding and his experimental study of instinct.
6b) Why?
I find imprinting fascinating and would like to find more connections between biology and mental processes. I would like to learn more about the distinction between practiced behaviors versus instinctive behaviors.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
I want to know if Darwin contributed more to psychological processes.

Terms: Evolution, Darwin, Emotional Expression, Galton, Inheritance, Biology versus Social Environment, Comparative Psychology, Evolution, IQ, Spalding

Chapter 5
1a) What topic did you find interesting? Natural selection
1b) Why was it interesting to you? Who doesn’t like a good death scene? Natural selection really makes you see the existence of a species isn’t just a solution, it’s a process. It’s a theory that seemingly is proven that can make one imagine our own existence. More than a death scene this brings about the opened doors of unimagined questions. Now we can have someone look into deeper philosophies.
2a) What person did you find interesting? Charles Darwin
2b) Why were they interesting to you? Here, we have a man who found himself so engulfed with passion about life and extinction that it led him to find discoveries of species and their existence and origin. Fossils and new discoveries pushed him to a tree of life theory. He examined over 2 decades of writing and examination of species to give his book an appraised title of one of the most influential pieces of the world. This idea of course like all others is speculative and perspective. I think any man who follows a passion earns my interest no matter what the topic is.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter? The overall message was with the introduction to the theory of evolution, psychology evolved with new open doors and advanced questions. We can begin to see a premonition of what the world was opened to through Darwin and his passionate authorship.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not? Yes, I think learning about how a man and his integrated ideas can make it into a chapter just about him for the purpose to teach and inform people is a huge accomplishment. I like Darwinism as well, so that’s a bonus.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? The real question is what didn’t I read in this chapter that was useful in understanding of Psychology. Darwin is a household name, he’s way up there on the list of most influential people. You hear about him and his ideas almost every day. The life of one man has a huge impact on theories and brings about questions, lots of questions. Whenever something or someone has an impact like that, you know it affects history and our way of thinking. However to answer the question, “Darwin and Psychology’s History” on p.122 shows us correlations and premonitions of what he did for our field of study.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes? We learn about how science is on a proven basis. Most of Darwin is a strongly supported theory because aspects of life are hard to prove. Darwin has his fit in science but it’s not just in science but psychology that he has a huge effect. Thinking and philosophical ideas were emerging after this. From my grade school perspective I just saw a man who said things evolved. But now I see the depth of what he did and how it projected other things in motion.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Imprinting
6b) Why? Is this behavior purely natural and instinctual, or is there a social component to it. Do you just do what everyone else does, like some of the studies and psychology experiments have found? I’m interested because I see myself emitting behaviors such as imprinting and I am curious to why.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter? How did this all start? What was the mechanism for Darwin searching for the things he found? And why was his passion so strong?
8) Darwin, Darwinism, Theory of Evolution, Natural Selection, Evolution, Origin, emit,

Chapter 5
1a) I found catastrophism interesting.
1b) I found this topic to be really interesting because it keeps God in the newly developing science. They were trying to keep God as the ascendency while trying to explain how it corresponded with everything during that time.
2a) I found Francis Galton to be really interesting.
2b) I found him to be interesting because I didn’t know very much about him but he made a really large contribution to psychology. (He was also related to Darwin.) He developed the questionnaire, word association test, his use of twin studies and he focused a lot on individual differences
3a) The overall message was good. It was really detailed and had a lot of information to offer. It went into great detail about Darwin and his work as well as Galton’s. 
3b) I really liked this chapter. I learned something that I never would have known had I not read it. I like reading about Darwin and his findings. He was such a topic in religious settings back when I was a child and first began hearing about him.
4) I think one of the most useful things about this chapter was the information about how Darwin came to the conclusions he did. He studied Lyell’s work and I think this had a significance on how Darwin developed his theories and beliefs. I also think that people like Sedgwick were also helpful. Without these two different views and teaching Darwin, he wouldn’t have come up with his theory of evolution. Another important aspect was those that followed Darwin and continued his research. Darwin’s research caused a lot of ruckus throughout the science and religious community. It inspired the minds of many. I think that it was an important step into the development of science that we know today. It began the formation of so many things and contributed to psychology. It pieced together why evolution, geology, biology, and natural science are important to psychology.
5) It really brings together how psychology came to be. It may have already been established but there was a long way to go and it still does. There was more than just physiology that helped psychology develop. There are so many different aspects that go into the development of psychology.
6a) I think I would like to learn more about catastrophism. 
6b) I always find religion and science to be interesting. To read how catastrophism believers explained their viewpoints would be really fun.
7) One question I thought about a lot was, if Darwin had kept his streak of aimlessness, would someone else have developed the same ideology? What if Darwin had actually kept his profession in medicine?
8) TERMS:
Darwin
Catastrophism
Physiology
Natural Science
Biology
Geology
Galton
Word Association Test
Twin Studies
Individual Differences

1a) A topic I found very interesting was anthropomorphism.
1b) Anthropomorphism is interesting to me because of the comparative research between animals and humans. This is something that is rarely done in my opinion because most people view themselves as the most superior being on the planet when comparing themselves to other animals. This is something I haven't necessarily always agreed with. The way I see it is similar to the way most psychologists look at nature vs. nurture. One isn't better or more prevalent than the other but both have their own perks and interesting viewpoints. For example dolphins and other ocean-dwelling creatures use sonar, an ability that could be considered superior to our cognitive abilities. Some species of jellyfish are known to live forever by being able to convert their bodies into an earlier stage in their life cycle. Humans may not be superior, just different.
2a) I found Francis Galton to be very interesting.
2b) The title of the section on him almost summarizes why I find him so interesting. “Francis Galton: Jack of all sciences.” This explains why he interests me so much because of his insatiable curiosity. He spent most of his life expanding his breadth of knowledge in many different fields. For example his discovery that every person has their own distinct fingerprints, bringing twin studies to be popular and coining the term eugenics.
3a) I think the overall message of this chapter is very enlightening. The title “evolutionary thinking,” has a dual meaning in my opinion. It gives a nod to Charles Darwin and his work towards the discovery of evolutionary thought and also explains how people are beginning to challenge conventional thought processes and are beginning to think for themselves.
3b) I find this chapter very interesting because of all of the new ways of thinking involved in it. I have always praised those who challenged conventional thinking. Nicolaus Copernicus is one of my heroes because he literally made the bold notion that the universe doesn't revolve around us. The Species Problem is an example of this by saying there is so much evidence saying what was believed at the time could not possibly be the answer.
4) I think challenging thought is one of the main takeaways from this chapter. This doesn't necessarily mean that if someone says left, you need to immediately think right. For example Conwy Lloyd Morgan was a big admirer of George Romanes and his Comparative Psychology between humans and animals. He agreed somewhat with Romanes but also had some ideas of his own. Romanes based most of his research off of anecdotes using the anecdotal method and Morgan did not necessarily agree with this. He thought this comparative research needed to be based more off of direct observation and less on cute animal stories. In this way, he took an established idea, challenged it, and made it his own.
5) This chapter talked a lot about Charles Darwin which has been taught to many of us in an array of classes for a long time. However, I have never heard about his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, another man who much like his grandson challenged conventional thought by rejecting the idea creation stated in the bible. I think this chapter is also related to the enlightenment by talking about new ways of thinking and not being such a sheep to the church.
6a) I would like to learn more about comparative animal research.
6b) Something I found very interesting was Romanes inference on dogs where he talks about the dog tracking it's owner who came to a place where the road split into three. The dog followed two of the trails and could not find the scent and then ran down the third trail without smelling, thus telling the dog if it's not path A or B, it must be path C. Morgan however said just because the dog chose the path quickly does not rule out the use of his scent and was more careful not to make inferences. I also agree with Morgan where he states that he “saw no problem with the basic logic of trying to understand animal cognition by looking for parallels in human cognition.” As I stated earlier, perhaps our thoughts are not necessarily superior, just different.
7) Since many of these comparative psychologists had to challenge conventional thinking, I'm curious as to how much criticism they received when communicating their ideas at the time. Whenever a new claim is made, there is always the feeble-minded person that refuses to look at the evidence and instead of worrying about what makes sense, they are too focused on being right. This has always been one of my pet peeves. Not to bleed into philosophy but I am a firm believer in Socratic Wisdom and the idea of subjectivity. Knowing (and being able to admit) what you don't know is just as important as knowing what you do know. This being a psychology course, we should also be aware that everybody processes information and the world differently because we all have different perceptions of the world. What's right for you may be left for someone else.
8) Anthropomorphism, comparative research, twin studies, eugenics, Charles Darwin, The Species Problem, Conwy Lloyd Morgan, George Romanes, comparative psychology, Erasmus Darwin, anecdotal method, Francis Galton.

1a) What topic did you find interesting? I found the Evolution of Emotional Expression interesting to me.
1b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought that the methods that Darwin used to study emotional expression like studying children and the insane because they wouldn’t try to restrict their emotion like adults would or the method of galvanization, Which aimed to establish what muscles were involved in each emotional expression was interesting. It was interesting to learn that the first cross cultural study that was ever done was by Darwin and was on emotional expression. The theory had three basic principles; serviceable associated habit which is the belief that emotional expression is the result of evolutionary forces, the principle of antithesis which are emotions that were the opposite of each other were reflected in expressions that were likewise opposed, and direct action of the nervous system being that some expression are the side effect of the physiological arousal accompanying strongly felt emotions.
2a) What person did you find interesting? Francis Galton
2b) Why were they interesting to you? He was Darwin’s half cousin and was responsible for initiating the study of individual differences. He believed and worked on collecting evidence that intelligence was innate. He didn’t think that the environment had nothing it do with intelligence je just didn’t think that it played that big of a role. He was the first to use the survey method of research and he also used the twin studies as way of collecting evidence for his theory. He was the inventor of the statistical concept of correlation arguing that the strength of association between any two measures could be stated mathematically.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter? I think the overall message of the chapter was about Darwin and how his theories made was for others to add on new concepts.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not? I found to be a bit interesting. I’ve always found the topic of nature versus nurture and survival of the fittest to be interesting concept and if feel that this chapter does a great job at showing how they came to be and how people just continue to add on from what the person(s) before did.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think that learning about the nature of intelligence and Darwin’s evolution of expression and just the men behind those theories are useful in understanding the history of psychology because their discoveries and why or how they discovered them helps us understand psych because it sort of shed light on how and why we are where we are today in this field.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes? The previous chapter talked about psychology becoming and researchable science and this chapter shows it actually being put into action. It shows people taking psychological concepts and experimenting with them.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Emotional Expressions
6b) Why? I don’t know a whole lot about them and it seems like a really interesting topic to me because it is one of the few things that if found to be the same cross culturally
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter? What is the importance of the theory of evolution to psychology?
8) Evolution of Emotional Expression, galvanization, serviceable associated habit, antithesis, direct action of the nervous system, Francis Galton, innate, twin studies, survey method, correlation, nature versus nurture, survival of the fittest