Reading Activity Week #15 (Due Monday)

Chapter 14

1) What did you find interesting? Why?
I really enjoyed reading about Floyd Allport and Kurt Lewin and their work in social psychology. I think that social psychology is really cool and I loved my social psychology class. I like knowing more about the pioneers who made the largest break through and set the course for social psychology as a study. I love how they talk about Leon Festinger and his impact on the study with his work on cognitive dissonance. I also enjoyed learning about Festingers experiments and how they were precise, elegance, and used a lot of deception.

2) What did you find interesting? Why?
I think that the works of Jean Piaget are outstanding. She was at the edge of women being more accepted into the world of psychology and she comes in and revolutionizes the field of developmental psychology. She looked at genetic epistemology and this is the interest in understanding the growth and development of knowledge within an individual. She also developed stage theory of cognitive development. Both became influential in the US when psychologist started to look and become more interested in cognitive processes over behavior.

3) What did you find interesting? Why?
I thought it was interesting how in American we were well behind the Europeans in studying cognitive processes, when the computer and technology started to take roots is when we started to look more at the cognitive side of the human over behaviors. I also found it interesting how the use of computer processing become a model of how the human mind works, even if in a lot of sense this is wrong today we can still associate it for people who may have less of an understanding around the human brain. I also like the connection to not only computer science or artificial intelligence, but also linguistics, epistemology, and anthropology (my other major).

4) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Why?
I found most the chapter interesting because I love reading about different aspects of research and seeing what was discovered by all the different people. I however did find that reading about the flip back to cognitive psychology to be drawn out to much. I understand that it was a major event and cognitive psychology is HUGE but I would personally rather read more about the different research areas and not the tie back to cognitive so much again.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that understanding in a fuller sense the areas of research will be help anyone understand that psychology is not just one discipline but it is many different disciplines that look at the human. I think to an outside observer they may relate psychology to just the human and looking at that person, but they don’t understand that people dedicate their lives to different aspects of the person (sensation/perception, behavior, cognitive, social) and within one branch let’s say cognitive people look at different aspects like memory or emotions.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think the chapter related by bringing back up concepts like the TOTE model in cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology has been an aspect looked at throughout the book and I think it was cool that there was a tie in back to the TOTE model and the reflex arc.

7) What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?
I would like to learn more about the tie in between cognitive psychology and the other field mentioned. More specifically I would like to learn more about the tie in between cognitive psychology and anthropology. I have some ideas of how the two majors I have picked up relate but I would like to see how they relate in this sense.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading the chapter I was thinking about how American psychology turned to behaviors over cognitive unlike the European psychologist. I think it is interesting and cool that the two major areas for psychology both took on different major topics and then ended up at working and looking mainly at one, cognitive. I also want to know why did so many American psychologist stop working with behaviors in favor of cognitive psychology, I don’t believe we have solved all the mystery’s behind behaviors but I do however see that our cognation can lead to different behaviors and I think this is maybe an answer for the switch.

9) Terminology: Floyd Allport, Kurt Lewin, social psychology, Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance, Jean Piaget, developmental psychology, genetic epistemology, stage theory, cognitive psychology, social psychology, TOTE model and reflex arc.

Please read from one of the remaining chapters. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?

I chose to do my blog over chapter 15 just because it dealt with the field of psychology and linking it with the past and the present. I thought by reading this chapter it would give me a better understanding of the history of psychology the most rather than chapter 14. This chapter also gave us a little bit more knowledge about the women and minority groups that were trying to introduce themselves in the field of psychology but got rejected by the men that were in the field.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the fact that we are trying to go towards the idea that there is more than one psychology and that there are many “psychologies.” This idea struck me as interesting just because it is true; we have a broad spectrum ranging from Experimental Psychology to Psychology of Religion as it states in our book. This makes a lot of sense for us to move towards the idea that there are many psychologies rather than just one concept. With all of these different interest groups and areas of psychology we can learn better due to the fact that we are focusing on one particular area rather than psychology as a whole and trying to learn all of these ideas rather than focusing on one.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

I also found the idea that minorities in the world of psychology did not get accepted into the program until post World War II and after the Plessy v. Ferguson case. They were just like the women in the field of psychology; they were the lower class of the field and no man wanted to deal with this so they simply said no minorities or females in the field. This idea struck me as interesting just because why wouldn’t someone want a man of a different race or even a female in their group studying a subject in psychology? They have a different way of seeing things and could easily contribute great ideas to the project and could possibly help in the research department.

4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?

Like the minorities females also could not be accepted into the field of psychology, well they could but like Titchener did he would let them graduate but would not let them be a part of his “experimentalist club;” which again these females could easily contribute great information to the group and possibly do great things, but no man wants to tak that chance.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

In this chapter I could not find anything that was boring or the least interesting to me simply because the chapter was too short and all of it pertained to understanding the history of psychology. A lot of great things were said in this chapter and a lot of great ideas were brought forth even though it was only 10.5 pages long, which is about 15 pages shorter than the rest of the chapters. I did enjoy, however, the fact this chapter kind of compares and contrasts the past to the present.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I believe that the entire chapter will help me understand the history of psychology just because it links the past and the present together and it gives me an understanding about how much of an impact that not letting minority groups or females into the field of psychology made on them. It just sums up the entire book and it gave me some great pointers. I can see that the field of psychology is largely growing as a whole and we are on our way to new and better things.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds on the entire book simply because it relates kind of what we have been talking about for the entire semester and sums it up into one chapter. It brings back up the sketchy topic about females in the world of psychology and how much they have offered the field and what they have done with their time in it as well.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?

I would like to learn more about the minorities in the field of psychology just because I feel as if the book did not cover as much as I would have liked it to. Only giving us the little blurb about two important African Americans that put in impact on the field of psychology does not do it for me. I would have liked to read a little bit more about other people who have done the same thing that they have, made an impact.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

I did not have any questions or ideas pop into my mind while reading this chapter. Only the slight thought of why not let females continue to teach while men did the exact same thing? They gave up females teaching positions to males just because the men wanted to keep the prestige. That to me is selfish and females could have done the exact same thing a male did back then.

10) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Experimentalist Club, Multiple Psychologies, Experimental Psychology, Psychology of Religion, Titchener, Plessy v. Ferguson

1a) What chapter did you choose?
I chose to write about chapter 14.

1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose this particular chapter for a few of reasons. The first reason was because I was interested in reading about the roots of modern cognitive psychology. The second reason was because I was interested in reading about the other provided research areas. The other research areas were known as psychology of perception, social psychology, personality psychology, and developmental psychology. I think it is important to have a broad understanding of each of these research areas. In one of my other classes we have been discussing Jean Piaget in developmental psychology for a few weeks. I was interested to see what exactly the textbook would discuss. Lastly, while glancing over the chapter before reading it, I noticed individuals’ names that I could recognize. I was interested in reading their section and remembering who they were.

2a) What did you find interesting?
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found it interesting to read about the conflict between the thought of cognitive psychology and behaviorism. During the early 1900s the majority of psychologist focused their articles on research dealing with cognitive psychology. These articles could have been focused on memory, language, attention, perception, and etc. However in the mid-1930s behaviorism made became the image for American Psychology. Watson tried significantly to get his opinion cross about cognitive psychology. Watson believed “the study of mental life was unscientific and that everyone should be a behaviorist”. However this did not settle well with the non-American psychologists. I also found it interesting that cognitive psychology became the “dominant” conceptual framework during the latter half of the 20th century. Lastly, I found it interesting that this section discussed the “Stroop Effect”. This immediately reminded me of research methods because we had to write one of our research papers on the Stroop Effect.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Personality Psychology

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found it interesting to read about the two different types of elements that personality psychology includes. These two elements are known as nomthetic and idiographic. These two elements were introduced during the time psychologist were trying to understand the general principles about cognitive processes and behavior. Nomthetic is defined as “research strategy that focuses on discovering general apply to a calibrated degree to all individuals”. An example the textbook provided was when Miller declared a limit to the capacity of short-term memory. However idiographic is defined as “research tradition emphasizing an in-depth analysis of individual cases; also examines differences from one individual to another”. I also found it interesting that personality researchers are able to do both elements. They can look for general principles, but then also examine an individual more carefully to see the differences. Lastly, I found it interesting that Gordon Allport was the inventor to the concept of “personality” in the 20th century (This was one of the particular names I could not remember learning about)

4a) What did you find interesting?
Developmental Psychology: Jean Piaget

4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this section interesting because it discusses Jean Piaget’s background and his findings for developmental psychology. I also found this section interesting because it focuses on children. Piaget was known for “creating simple demonstrations of complex cognitive phenomena”. An example from the book discussed whether or not a child can realize two cups have the same amount of liquid even though one glass may be taller or wider. This is known as conservation, which I remembered from my previous classes. Piaget was able to conclude that children’s cognitive differs from adults. I think it is interesting that Piaget began his studies through his three children. During that time he was able to define object permanence and was able to determine his approach as a genetic epistemology. This was the first time I have been introduced to the concept of genetic epistemology. Genetic epistemology studied the manner in the knowledge that developed within a certain individual. Even though I have constantly learned about Piaget, I still find it interesting to learn more about him and his work

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology/ Psychology of Perception

5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found these two sections to be the least interesting. I wasn’t interested in the evaluation because it just listed a few criticisms to cognitive psychology. I did not find it exciting and thought the majority of it was dull. This is something I would have been fine with not reading. Also I didn’t find psychology of perception that interesting. I think I was more focused on reading about the other research areas in psychology instead? I thought personality and developmental psychology sounded more interesting to read about, therefore I read this section rather fast.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
This chapter really allows you to focus on all the different types of research areas in psychology. I think it is important for people to have a broad understanding of each research area. Also it is important to know what kind of struggles or benefits were involved during these times. It helps you have a better understanding of how we think and processes things now. Also I think it is important to know what individual’s made a big impact in each research area. It allows you to have a better understanding of each research area. Also it allows you to think about what the individual may have known then versus what we know now.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
In the previous chapter it introduced clinical psychology. It discussed different type of therapies that were introduced and how others reacted. Some people agreed with the thought of these therapies, and others did not. This chapter builds on to the previous chapter because it expands more in different types of research areas. It allows those to have a better understanding and develop better work ethics or therapies. You want to look at it as a growing process. Each small step is just as important as the next huge step.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Personality and Developmental Psychology
8b) Why?

I found the section of personality psychology to be very interesting. However I thought the size of the section was rather short. I am interested in learning more and expanding from what they have introduced. I would also like to read more examples about the two elements. Also I am always interested in learning more about developmental psychology. I think this is because I am interested in learning about children and working with them one day. I think there is a lot of information for this particular area, which allows you to always learn something new.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter there were a couple of ideas or questions that came to mind. The first thing I questioned was why the Europeans were so against behaviorism? I don’t understand why a lot of people were so against of accepting this concept. I also questioned what Piaget thought about studying his own children? Lastly, I wondered why I have never heard of genetic epistemology.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Cognitive psychology, John Watson, Jean Piaget, developmental psychology, behaviorism, Stroop Effect, nomthetic, idiographic, Gordon Allport, personality psychology, genetic epistemology and object permanence

1a) What chapter did you choose?

Chapter 15
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I skimmed through the table of contents and chapter 15 caught my eye because it talked about women and minorities in the history of psychology.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Eleanor Gibson

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
In the beginning of the section about Gibson I really enjoyed reading about her because of the excitement she had for learning and her field of choice. But as I read on I became more interested in the struggles that she encountered for being a woman in psychology.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Jewish Discrimination

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
When I was reading about ways that individuals of the Jewish faith were discriminated against in psychology’s history I was a little surprised. I guess when I think about discrimination I do not often remember that there was a time in which Jewish people were discriminated against.
4a) What did you find interesting?
Kenneth B and Mamie Phipps

4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought that their study with black and white children was really interesting. Their results showed that black children liked to pretend to be white which shows the underlying issue of minority discrimination. It is also incredibly interesting to think that children are aware of their race and that they will be treated differently because of it.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Nothing

5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This chapter was incredibly short and I found all of the topics to be interesting.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I thought that it was useful that they acknowledged that minority groups and women were not treated fairly in psychology’s past.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
There were previous chapters that mentioned these ideas and it all just ties together because it mentions the issue of discrimination in the 20th century.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Kenneth B. and Mamie Phipps

8b) Why?
I’d like to look further into their experiment because I thought the findings were interesting yet sad at the same time. Plus I had never heard of this before so I think that it would be interesting to look into.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I ended up thinking a lot about my prior knowledge of minority groups and applying it to the realm of psychology.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Eleanor Gibson, Kenneth B., Mamie Phipps

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
Chapter 15. I choose to read this chapter because it was about connecting the past to the present with the history of psychology whereas chapter 14 seemed like it was just adding more information on cognitive psychology.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
One thing that I found interesting was the section on Eleanor Gibson. As a woman, I have great respect for her perseverance to continue her work even after she had been rejected for being a woman. I also enjoyed reading the paragraph about how she was like in a classroom and that she was a special mentor for her students. It makes me wish I could have seen what she was like as a teacher.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Another thing that I found interesting was the section n minorities in psychology’s history. Again, without these brave people that fought the barriers, psychology never would have grown as much as it has today. Especially during the difficult time of WW2, the European Jewish psychologists such as Wertheimer and Lewin it is amazing how they still became major figures in America.
4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
A third thing that I found interesting was that the author included his idea of the trends in contemporary psychology. I thought this was interesting as it took is from the beginning of the book to where psychology is now. I personally would not have thought to group those trends in that way but I definitely see a new perspective from how he laid everything out.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
It was hard to find something that wasn’t interesting to me from this chapter because it was short and covered less topics than the other chapters. I enjoyed reading all of chapter 15 as it explained things in detail well and helped me gain a better understanding of what was going on and why certain minority groups were affected.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think reading about the struggles that minorities went through will be most useful in understanding the history of psychology. It is important as it links the past and explained how people were able to overcome all of the odds against them while still managing to pave their own paths in psychology.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds off of previous chapters that included bits of how women and minorities were treated and their contributions to psychology. It helps explain in even more detail how they were able to break through the barriers and the new laws that finally formed which aided in giving women and minorities fair treatment.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
8b) Why?
I would like to learn more about Francis Sumner, he was mentioned only slightly in this chapter and in more detail in chapter 6, however I have forgotten exactly what he did so I would be interested in learning more about his contributions and how they affected other African American psychologists.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Since most of this chapter went over the struggle that minorities and women went through, it made me wonder how different things would have been if all or just one of these people never stood up and made a difference? It also got me to think of how grateful I am that these people did for I would not have all of these amazing opportunities I have been granted because of these extraordinary people.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Eleanor Gibson, Lewin, Wertheimer, trends in contemporary psychology, and Francis Sumner.

Please read from one of the remaining chapters. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
The first thing that I found to be interesting is the section on Fredrick C. Bartlett and his view on memory. A thing that stuck out to me was the topic of schemata and how one perceives a certain situation based off of previous experiences. The example that the book had was when one experiences death or perceives it, they approach death differently than others that do not have any experience with death. I thought that this was interesting due to an incident that I was recently part of. I was in a crash when a lady behind me had failed see that I was stopped at a red light and she hit my car without even easing on the breaks. Before the incident I trusted the cars behind me to stop in designated areas with red lights and not to hit my car. Now I am super cautious at every red light and feel all tingly in hope that the person behind me is going to stop and not continue and hit me. Thus, the car crash created a schemata in my psychological approach to when I am stopped at red lights.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Another thing that I found to be interesting is the section on influences within psychology. The thing that I found to be interesting is about Karl Lashley and serial order problem. The idea behind this topic is that complicated events are broken down into “chained” events, or different things that your brain must overcome to come to an end product. I found this to be interesting because it is true and I do something like this when I am doing a complicated task. Instead of looking at the task like the end result, I break it up into steps and just focus on steps instead of the total task. This would be what your brain would do when you are doing a complicated task like forming two sentences together, instead of looking at both of the sentences it would focus on one then form or “chain” the two together.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The last thing that I found to be interesting is the section on George A. Miller. I was first brought of interest of this section because it was talking about speech perception and why it is difficult to hear someone when up in the air on an airplane. Then the section got into chunk and recoding, which would be how much can be held into to your immediate and this is due to how the person’s ability to take in information is and that will create the amount they are able to squeeze in per chunk. This would relate to the situation that Miller brought up at the beginning of the section also because your mind is only able to intake so much information until it cannot take in anymore. So, with the raising of elevation, ears popping and other factors that may change the thinking process while on the plan, it is harder to concentrate on speech thus resulting in a different speech perception.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The part that I found to be least interesting was the part on computer metaphor, information theory and the bit. I found these to be the least interesting because I became confused while reading this section multiple times and I was not understand what the use of the information was. I know that this was taking the information used for psychology and tying it to work done on computers, but the additional information about information theory and the bit is what began to confuse me and even after rereading the section I was still confused on it. I feel that if I knew why this information was important and what use it was more, the less confusing and more interested I would have been while reading this.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that the most useful thing that I learned in this section that will better understand the history of psychology, along with helping me with my own life, is that everything builds off of previous topics. Now we are reading about things that were either built off of previous theories or disproving previous theories, but it is showing that to get your beliefs out there you do not need to make up a brand new theory on your own. Along with if a certain topic has not spread the way it should throughout a certain area, rephrase the theory so it becomes of an interest to others.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters
This built off of previous information of cognitive psychology, but this chapter is aimed toward the psychology in the post war era. There is new approaches to retrieving information, it does not necessarily have to come from experiments and lab work but there are also new theories that are added to studying this field, an example being that something complicated can be understood by breaking it down to different smaller fields instead of the overall complication.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to know more about the schemata and what it can build off into in a thought process. This is because it is a new thought in my head for every time I have to stop my car and rely on others to stop, so how would some psychologically overcome the event and can it be broken down into other parts?
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
An idea that I had is does America always have to seem so stubborn when in taking new information or fields of study? It seems that certain fields spread rapidly in Europe, but when it comes to America the spread slows down and is actually challenged until it relates to something that would interest the people to want to even call it an individual field of study.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Fredrick C. Bartlett, schemata, Karl Lashley, serial order problem, George A. Miller, chunk, recoding, information theory, bit, Clause Shannon and Warren Weaver

B.H. Ch14
1a) b) I picked chapter 14 because it had more information compared to chapter 15. Chapter 14 explained how cognitive psychology arrived again. It interested me with the studies of Bartlett on memory construction. I was also interested on how there are internal and external influences on psychology. The topics in this chapter were just more informational compared to chapter 15 which is linking psychology’s past and present. Relating to chapter 15 though I was actually interested in the examination of women in psychology’s history.

2a) b) Frederick Bartletts work on memory interested me because he argued that research on memory should focus more on the attributes of the memorizer and less on the nature of the stimulus materials. The memorizer actively organizes the material into meaningful wholes that he referred to as schemata. Defined as active organizations of past reactions (past experiences). He relates schemata to death, this schema will in turn influence our current and future perceptions of death and dying and it will affect our memory of these experiences. Different experiences and different cultures will develop an array of schemata ideas on death.

3a) b) The cognitive movement interested me also. It interested me because at the Hixon Symposium, Lashley showed that associationist principles could not explain the problem of serial order, and behaviorism seemed incapable of explaining language behavior, which seemed to be more species specific than the outcome of conditioning.

4a) b) James Gibson promoting his ecological ciew of perception interested me because it argued that the important factors affecting human perception lie in the arms of the environment, not the person. Showing that the attributes of the perceiver are important but not as important as the surroundings of the environment.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? I didn’t find cognitive dissonance interesting because I have been educated on this topic so much in other topics. People I know are motivated by their thoughts and feelings. And if you have two or more thoughts that are inconsistent, a state of emotional and cognitive discomfort occurs. If cognitive dissonance occurs people are motivated to try and balance it out to bring them back to their prior state. For example from a business standpoint, when you buy something that you were unsure about and you feel stupid and guilty for buying after which is called a post purchase cognitive dissonance.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? Cognitive psychology, social psychology, and other psychologys will always come and go in interest. Just like when psychologists gave a functional twist to the topics in cognitive psychology. I think other psychologies will “come again” when investigated vigourously by psychologists and philosophies.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? Certain mental phenomenons like memory, attention, perception, and thinking have been studied and examined throughout the book. After WWII psychologists became increasingly involved in studying mental processes. This came to be known as the cognitive psychology movement.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
8b) Why? I would like to know more ideas that relate to schemata. It interests me because I know different cultures and experiences relate. So I would like to know what other ideas are being used and geared towards schemata like the example given in the book on death.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? I was thinking about the new jeans I just bought because I experienced cognitive dissonance after I purchased them.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Cognitive psychology, Fredrick Bartlett, schemata, Influences external to psychology, the psychology of perception, ecological perception, cognitive dissonance,

Please read from one of the remaining chapters. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What chapter did you choose? Chapter 14
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others? Between chapter 14 and chapter 15, learning about psychology in the post war years compared to linking the past to the present. Also, I didn’t really want to jump and just skip a chapter in the text.
2a) What did you find interesting? Frederick C. Bartlett
2b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought he was interesting because he worked with memory, and used the research of Ebbinghaus with nonsense syllables, which was in previous chapters. However, Bartlett and Ebbinghaus were different in the way they went about their experiments. Bartlett was not as meticulous as Ebbinghaus, and the way he described his experiments were more narrative in style compared to Ebbinghaus who made summary statistics. I also liked his idea of schemata, as another psychologist, Piaget, would use schemas in how children learned. I liked the story that he told participants, and how different people remembered different amounts and different parts of the story. I also thought it was interesting how some changed parts of the story, so it would make sense.
3a) What did you find interesting? Psychology and technology
3b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought it was interesting that psychology was a field that was always using the latest in technology, as that was something I did not know. I thought it was neat that even back with Descarte, the newest ideas and technology was used in psychology. Psychologist also used new technology to compare to psychology, and they used the computer to compare it to the brain. It is said that the computer takes in information from the environment or externally and processes it internally, and then it produces some type of output. It is easy to say the brain does the same thing. Psychologist would put this theory in textbooks, and it was a model by Atkinson and Shiffrin. These theories would evolve and Shannon and Weaver would introduce the information theory and the concept of the bit.
4a) What did you find interesting? Chomsky and grammar
4b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought Chomsky and his idea about language was very interesting, because I agree with him that language is a very complicated thing, and that it would have to be explained beyond simple behaviorism. We, as humans, could not possible learn through observation all the possible words and combinations that we are capable of producing. Through rules, known as grammar, we can generate an astronomical amount of sentences and phrases that make sense and are grammatically correct.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Serial order problem
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? I thought this part was confusing, and it just didn’t make complete sense to me, which is why I didn’t find it very interesting. I understand that the problem had to do with associationism’s principles, especially in regards to hand movements and finger movements.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? The idea of schemas, considering I have heard about them in other classes. This will be important to know, because some believe schemas are how humans process information.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? Bartlett builds of Ebbinghaus’ research on memory from a previous chapter.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Eleanor Jack Gibson
8b) Why? She was just mentioned briefly, as she married James Gibson, and was a woman psychologist. I think it would be interesting to learn more about a woman psychologist.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? I thought about what I have learned about Jean Piaget and his ideas on schemas and how that related to the text.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Frederick C. Bartlett
Ebbinghaus
nonsense syllables,
schemata
information theory
bit
Chomsky
grammar
behaviorism
Serial order problem
James Gibson

1a) What chapter did you choose?
Chapter 15
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose it because I thought I would be most interested in the information in it. It talked about the minorities and women and psychology which I find very interested and I felt like this chapter could keep me entertained without being bored.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Doll Studies
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Well I just more so found it interesting that I had never learned about it before, and really that made me think maybe even certain teachers or textbook authors discriminate racially as well when picking out studies and topics to discuss. I think it’s really interesting that these studies ended up being a part of the Brown vs. Board of Education case, and with them being so public I guess I would have thought I’m heard about them more. It just reminded me that we always learn about Jane Elliot and experiment she did with her classroom the blue-eyed vs. brown-eyed children. It’s not exactly the same idea, but in a way I do think it’s similar and why couldn’t her study be replaced with the doll studies. I also just thought it was sad that these children had such low self-esteem that they would even pick the “white doll” when asked to pick the doll that looed the most like them.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Eleanor Gibson
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Well to start out her segment you notice that she received the National Medal of Science which I feel is a pretty big deal, so you know she is an important person and had important ideas that made a difference in the field of science. I found it interesting that she had studied with the students of many other famous psychologists and that probably made her an even better student. She also was elected to the fairly elite group SEP. She was a very strong women and stuck up or herself. Yerkes denied her in his lab because she was a girl however Clark Hull accepted her. He did get married to James Gibson a fellow psychologist, so he taught at schools and she was a research assistant and earned money by getting grants. She stood out in the field and fought through so many barriers to make it.
4a) What did you find interesting?
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
Well I liked learning about their story. Mamie did not originally go to school for psychology, but then she meet Kenneth and he seemed to convince her that it would be a good field for her to get into. They were both known for the doll studies which they conducted together and Kenneth ended up testifying with that at some of the Brown vs. Board of Education court cases. I also liked learning more about Mamie. She opened up the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem. They have a variety of services available to their clients and it sounded like a facility that could be very useful. Kenneth became the first and so far only African American President of APA in 1971. I just think they both really did achieve a lot and that’s pretty obvious.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
nothing
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This chapter was very short, so it was really easy to keep up the interest in the topic, so there really wasn’t anything I wasn’t interested in. Everything was short, sweet, and to the point.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Well this chapter really helps tie some things together. It ties in the other famous girl psychologists such as Mary Calkins, Margret Washburn, and Christine Ladd-Franklin. It also touches on other famous psychologists who taught and influences generations of future psychologists such as Harry Carr and E.G. Boring. Both of those psychologists influenced Eleanor Gibson who learned more about psychology from their student’s. So it’s really a cycle and now you see how you learn about the studies and views of each or the generations before you.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Doll Studies
8b) Why?
They were just so interesting and the fact that I had never heard about them had a huge impact on that. I really just want to learn about how much influence they had on the court case itself and also the specifics of the case and how it was conducted.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Were the doll studies important to the brown vs. board of education? Why hadn’t I heard about the doll studies before? What made the Clarks decided to conduct a study like this?
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Kenneth Clark, Mamie Phipps Clark, Harry Carr, E.G. Boring, Eleanor Gibson, Mary Calkins, Margret Washburn, Christine Ladd-Franklin, Doll Studies, Robert Yerkes, Clark, Hull

1a) What chapter did you choose?
I chose Chapter 15

1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose this chapter because it looked like it really connected what we have been learning in the course about the history of psychology with how it has influenced contemporary practices.

2a) What did you find interesting? Why?
I liked the section about Eleanor Gibson. It was inspiring to read about how she faced so much adversity in her career, simply because she was a woman. I liked reading about how she was able to succeed as a female scientist and, later in her life, be rewarded for her achievements.

3a) What did you find interesting? Why?
I also liked the section about Mamie and Kenneth Clark. I feel like, even though the author of the text tried to talk about women and minority groups, the majority of the text was still about white, male psychologists. So when a section about minority groups, which are few and far between, comes up, I am intrigued. I was interested in how the two were able to overcome adversity together. Especially Mamie, since she was an African American woman, so she had two things going “against” her.

4a) What did you find interesting? Why?
I thought it was interesting that the author talked about how psychology is not a unified field, and how there are many different subcategories in psychology that do not really work together. They have completely different schools of thought and have next to nothing in common. There are 56 divisions of the APA, so you can see that there are a lot of different disciplines, all within the realm of psychology.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Why?
There wasn’t really anything I found boring about this chapter. It was pretty short, and I feel that it was packed full of information. I prefer dense reading to really long reading that has information that is drawn out. The section that was the least interesting was probably the section about trends in contemporary psychology. These seemed to kind of be based on what we have learned about in this course about how psychology has developed.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think relating current trends in psychology to what we have learned through the semester was really helpful in seeing how linked history and current findings really are. It definitely formed another link to what we have learned and how we can apply it to our learning.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter is a great summary of the entire textbook. It really focused on relating all of the history stuff to what is going on in the world of psychology today.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?
I think I would like to learn more about Trauma Psychology. It wasn’t really talked about in detail in the chapter (or at all in the book), but it was mentioned as a field of psychology and I think it sounds interesting.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
When reading about women and minority groups, it reminded me about what I read about a month ago when I was doing topical blogs on women and minority groups.

10) Eleanor Gibson, Mamie & Kenneth Clark, current trends in psychology, trauma psychology

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose chapter 15 because I saw that it would discuss minorities and women. I saw that it would discuss the doll studies, which I learned about in social psychology but found interesting and wanted to learn more about.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I was interested in Mamie and Kenneth Clark, who conducted doll studies with children. These studies were to find out the issues with segregation in schools. Children were presented with two identical dolls, one who had dark hair and skin and one with blonde hair and light skin. Children repeatedly chose the white doll as “better” “nicer” etc. Dr. Clark actually testified in Brown vs. Board of Education about this study. Another interesting fact—Mamie and Kennith were African-American, which was a large step in acceptance in the 1940's (when the study was conducted).
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The future of psychology section was interesting to me. This was a section that is not based in fact—these are theories on where psychology may go in the future. It talks about how there are divides currently in the field and how the author believes that psychology should dissolve as a single unit and instead divide into specific areas. I am interested to see where psychology will go in my lifetime.
4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found the whole chapter interesting! It was rather short and I enjoyed learning about minorities and women in the field as well as where psychology was headed, according to the author.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think learning about how minorities and women influenced psychology helps us understand how we got to where we are today.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter continues to talk about women in the field of psychology. It also discusses where psychology is headed in the future, which is solely based on the history of psychology, which is what all the other chapters have been discussed.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
8b) Why?
I enjoy learning about how psychology impacts education—for instance, because of the Clark's studies, Brown v. Board of Education was possible, which changed education in the United States forever.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I am wondering where the field of psychology will go in my lifetime. Will it split into fields that are more specific or remain unified under “psychology”? Will students major in psychology in the future?
10) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Kenneth Clark, Mamie Clark, Doll studies.

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose to write my chapter blog post on chapter 14. This is because I feel like this chapter had a lot more interesting information in it than the other chapters. I enjoyed a lot of the information in this chapter because it touched upon a lot of different fields in psychology and really opened my eyes to the different possibilities that have come from this science. I learned a lot from this chapter and enjoyed much of the information I read about.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The first topic I found interesting in chapter 14 was about Frederick C. Bartlett and his work with memory. There was a lot of information on this man and the work that he did with constructing memory. Bartlett was from England and after writing his book, he was not perceived very well in America. It took him a couple years to receive the fame he deserved, when his book reached the importance level of Ebbinghaus’. As stated, Bartlett did a lot of work with memory. Bartlett came up with the idea for a schema, which is basically the way an individual organizes accumulated material into meaningful wholes. I thought that this topic was interesting and it made sense. He did a lot of research and the research he did with the story that people had to recall days, months, or years later was interesting, as well as the results.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The second topic I found interesting in chapter 14 was Leon Festinger. I found Festinger to be interesting as well as the work that he did within social psychology. Festinger was a student of Kurt Lewin, who is found in previous chapters in this book. Leon Festinger was born and raised in New York, where he attended college and moved to Iowa to follow Lewin. During his time working, Festinger came up with the theory of cognitive dissonance. This is people are thought to be motivated to be consistent in their thoughts, feelings, and actions, when people have incongruent thoughts, they feel emotionally and cognitively discomforted, and finally that when this disruption occurs, people are motivated to return themselves to a state of internal consistency. I found this idea, and many others of Festinger, very interesting and ahead of their time.

4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
The final topic of chapter 14 that I found interesting was all about Jean Piaget. I have learned about Piaget in the past, but always find him just as interesting to continue to learn about, as with this case in history and systems. Through this chapter, I also learned more about this psychologist that I have not learned before and found it very interesting. Jean Piaget is highly associated with developmental psychology because of his stage theory of cognitive development. I did not know that Piaget referred to his work as genetic epistemology because he was interested in how knowledge was developed in an individual. I thought that his was interesting and new information about Jean Piaget, someone I had previously heard so much about.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The topic I found least interesting throughout chapter 14 was about research. To me, research is one of the least interesting aspects of psychology and so when the chapter was talking about different research areas in psychology, I did not find it interesting to read about. I know that research is important to psychology and definitely makes the field advance, but it is not really the area of psychology that is most interesting to me.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The section that I read about in chapter 14 that I feel will be most useful to understanding the history of psychology was all about the influences within psychology and the influences external to psychology that helped the science grow and develop. I think it is important to look at the factors that influenced psychology, whether they were a part of the science at the time or not. By looking at these influences, we can further understand exactly what it is that makes psychology so great.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter relates to previous chapters in many different ways. The first is that it builds on a lot of the ideas that were set by people we learned about in previous chapters. There are many familiar names brought up throughout the book but especially in this chapter because it brings a lot of the information together. One of the main ideas that is touched upon that also appeared in previous chapters in the brain, cognitive thinking, and all the functioning and people involved with that area of psychology.
Second, this chapter doesn’t only bring together a lot of the people we have previously talked about but also the ideas. It started with the brain but further spread into social, developmental and cognitive psychology.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?
The topic that I would like to learn more about from this chapter is James J. Gibson. Gibson did a lot of work with the psychology of perception and that area of psychology is new and interesting to me. There was some information about Gibson in the chapter but I feel like there is definitely a lot more interesting information out there about what he did and what he brought to psychology that I would be very interested in learning about.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Some of the topics that made me think about different things while reading this chapter were artificial intelligence, Gordon Allport, and all the different areas of psychology. Artificial intelligence was brought up in this chapter and I found it interesting and it made me really question how much psychology influenced this area of science. We use technology a lot today and it was interesting to think and learn about the different ways we use psychology within that technology.
Gordon Allport was a big name in personality psychology, which I find interesting. I took the psychology of personality class here at UNI and do not remember learning much about him so I wondered a lot why that was, while reading this section of the book. He did a lot for personality psychology so I tried to figure out what I have learned about him previously and why I remembered certain things more than others.
The final thing I thought about was all the different areas in psychology that were talked about in this book and how at UNI we have classes that are all under these areas. I started thinking about what classes I would really be interested in taking and which ones I could forgo because they didn’t seem too interesting to me at the time.

Terms: psychology, Frederick C. Bartlett, memory, Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance, social psychology, Jean Piaget, stage theory, genetic epistemology, brain, James J. Gibson, perception, artificial intelligence, Gordon Allport

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose to read chapter fifteen because it had topics that sparked my interest. I liked how it is bringing all of the chapters together to somewhat summarize what the “history” of psychology is. Chapter fifteen is meshing past and present views of psychology together, which I find to be interesting and useful in understanding the history of psychology.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the beginning section about the growth and diversity of psychology to be interesting because over the years America and many other parts of the world, have grown and became more diverse. I think it is important to understand how this has impacted psychology because we use psychology for a number of things, such as helping people cope with psychological disorders, for teaching and much more. We can use what we know about past diversity, and grow with it to apply it to our research in psychology today. When we come in contact with someone from a different cultural background, we can now apply what we have been taught to better understand their needs and we can continue to teach others and continue to grow.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the section about women in psychology to be interesting because it relates to previous chapters when we talked about important women in psychology. This section is also important in understanding diversity in psychology because it wasn’t long ago that it was “weird” or “unheard of” for a woman to have a career in a field that was prominently men. They were limited to the things they could do for a while even though they are equally capable as a man. Eleanor Gibson was a very intelligent woman who had to overcome this adversity because despite being a talented scientist, she was a woman and was looked down on because of this. Once the women’s movement took place, there began to be light at the end of the tunnel. Women have not only came a long way in psychology, but they have grown over the years in many other fields such as business, medical and more.
4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
The last section is this chapter discussed the future of “psychology or psychologies?” I thought this was interesting because who knows where psychology will be in two, five or even 10 years from now. We are continually evolving and researching new ideas to better the lives of others. It is only a matter of time before we come up with ways to better the field of psychology. Psychologists are very fascinating to me because they each have their own approach to a problem and their own way of fixing things. Psychology at this moment, is not a unified discipline because of the recurring debates about the fundamental issues.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I did not find the topic of tends in contemporary psychology to be interesting because I was more focused in understanding the growth and diversity of psychology. For me, the trends of psychology somewhat fit with this chapter, but I was looking more for how diversity plays a role in psychology.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think being able to understand how different diverse backgrounds have been able to overcome adversity in this field is very useful. It make you look at things from a different point of view and it also shows how hard some of those people worked to get where they wanted to be.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
In previous chapters, women were talked about. I think there was a chapter that discussed other diverse topics as well. This chapter built on those because it went into more detail and talked about the outcome of those issues.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?
I would like to learn more about the growth of psychology. I feel that this chapter gave a good start to understanding how different diverse groups have grown in the field, but as a whole, I would like to learn more. I think it is important to understand how it is evolving over the years because it would help keep psychologists up to date and informed about changes in the economy.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought about the different fields of psychology and how they applied to this chapter. I also thought about how I see a diverse group of people in other fields as well such as medical fields, business fields and more.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Women, diversity, growth, future, trends, Eleanor Gibson,

J.P.

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I choose to read and blog on chapter 15 because the topics discussed in this chapter seemed to be interesting to me. I also picked this chapter because it focused on women and minorities in general which I find to be very interesting because of how far our world has overcome and being a women I like reading about their struggles and accomplishments.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Eleanor Gibson was an extremely strong women who fought for what she wanted in life and that’s so amazing to me. She had the courage to become what she wanted to be even after being shut down by other psychologists just because she was a female. I feel like she is a huge part of psychology because she should other women that it was possible to be in that field of study even if they weren’t accepted right away. She was a fighter! I also found it really interesting that she won the National Medal of Science as a female, which just shows how much impact she directly had on the history of psychology.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The topic about doll studies really intrigued me because I have never heard about them until now and to think that they are directly correlated to teaching shocks me that I haven’t heard about them before. The results of these studies was quite interesting as well. Just knowing that most people would choose the white doll even if they didn’t look like that doll. It just goes to show how messed up our world was and how people made other people feel terrible enough to choose a different racial doll just because they were ashamed per say.
4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I really enjoyed reading about Mamie because of how she had an impact and struggles in the field of psychology. She not only was a women, but she was a women of color; two things that were not as accepted as they are today. She had to fight for what she wanted and believed in and she had to be strong. It was also very interesting about the study they performed to figure out school segregation.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found everything in this chapter to be interesting. It wasn’t that long of a chapter but all the topics covered really intrigued me. Another thing that I found with this chapter is that I didn’t know a lot about all the things that were discussed which made it even more interesting to me!
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I found that understanding how women and minorities struggled in this field in the beginning is the most useful in understanding the history of psychology. It just goes to show the perseverance people had in obtaining their goals and dreams no matter what. The fact that women were accepted into this field is a huge thing because of frowned upon it used to be. The women psychologists who fought to be in this field changed the history of psychology forever and in a good way!
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter connects to the other chapters in the book because it connects how the past and present of how the history of psychology has evolved to where we are at today. It did a pretty great job of tying up all the chapters and giving a brief summary of the textbook in a way.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?
I personally would like to know more about the doll studies since I am still shocked that I have never heard about them before, especially being an education major. I want to find out more details about these studies and how they played out per say. I feel like even though as a society we have moved past of a lot of race and gender issues, they still exist. I’m curious to see what the results of that study would be over the years until current day. I feel like it would be better, but only in certain areas of the country it really would depend. Mamie and Kenneth Clark were two very interesting people who I’d like to know about.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I related to the doll studies in learning what it actually was and have a direct correlation to becoming a teacher some day and having to accept and come across diversity barriers within my classroom. It is important to accept all and to decrease segregation in schools that sometimes still takes place. The doll studies would be a study that is important in my field of study because it really opened people’s eyes to school segregation and how to change this terrible idea in schools.
10) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Doll Studies, Eleanor Gibson, National Medal of Science, Mamie and Kenneth Clark, Minorities, Women, History of Psychology.

A.S

1a) What chapter did you choose?
I chose to read and do this assignment on Chapter 15.
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose to do chapter 15 because it discussed the growth of psychology and the section that wanted me to read this entire chapter was the women in psychology’s history part because I wanted to see where women first came in the picture and how they developed in psychology. There was also a section on minorities in psychology’s history and that was interesting to read as well. This chapter was kind of short but probably the most interesting of the two chapters.
2a) What did you find interesting?
The section on women in psychology’s history.
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this section interesting because it briefly touched on how women were first brought into psychology. The women in psychology experienced a lot of exclusion and they weren’t really given a chance to prove that they could make an impact in psychology. Women in psychology were often excluded from important informal communication networks of the scientific psychologists. However, Titchener would allow women into his graduate program but not in his experimental club. So, they weren’t really able to have a solid scientific career because they were excluded from a lot of the necessary things to allow them to be successful.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Eleanor Gibson was interesting.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I have never heard of Eleanor Gibson until reading this chapter. She received the National medal of science from George H. W. Bush and this is the highest award/honor that can go to a scientist. She contributed to research on the development of depth perception and the basic processes used for reading. She had quite the experience with Yerkes. She told him that she wanted to work with him and he went to the door and held it open for her to leave and said that no women work in his laboratory which was probably a disturbing experience for her. The situation for her was difficult and she had to go through a few barriers just like other women that wanted a place in psychology. The amount of women in psychology are continuing to grow which is a lot of improvement from where it use to be.
4a) What did you find interesting?
There was a section on Kenneth B. and Mamie Clark.
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I haven’t heard this person be mentioned in any of my psychology courses that I remember so it was interesting to learn about someone new. There was something called the brown decision that was important in psychology’s history. It was in reference to research down by psychologists that demonstrated affects of segregation on African American children. Kenneth did research on the self-esteem of black children and that was important in the history of psychology as well. Her and her husband did research together and their research is known as racial indentification and preference in negro children. This is also known as the “doll studies” because they showed dolls that were white and black with light or dark skin. The black children colored their dolls lighter than what they actually were.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Nothing was the least interesting.
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This chapter was short and I think I talked about everything mentioned in this chapter.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that each section in this chapter are of equal importance because both the minorities in psychology’s history as well as the section on women in psychology’s history.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Chapter six and this chapter relate to one another because chapter six discussed some women of psychology which were Calkins, Washburn, and Ladd-Franklin. They relate to one another because both chapters discussed the women of psychology’s history.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark and their research.
8b) Why?
They got married and did their research together and their research was interesting because it was looking at African American’s and you don’t hear about that topic very much in psychology.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter I was thinking about how I haven’t learned about either one of the individuals mentioned in this chapter in other courses.
9) Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark, Clakins, Washburn, Ladd-Franklin, the brown decision, Eleanor Gibson.

1a) & 1b)
This week I chose to do my reading activity on chapter 15. There were only two chapters left. Chapter 14 dealt with psychological science in the postwar era while chapter 15 discussed the link between psychology’s past and present. Not only was chapter 15 not as lengthly, I thought it would be more interesting to kind of see connections regarding how the field has evolved.

2a) & 2b)

I found it interesting how the American Psychological Association has grown and become one of the fields largest professional organizations. It has expanded so much since just starting out with 31 members! After WWII it had grown to 5,000 members but reached 70,000 in 1990! Today it had surpassed 100,000 and will only keep on getting bigger. I was also surprised to read that psychology is among the most popular majors on campus today. Its cool to see how big the field has become and the great interest people take in it. Its cool as well to see how diverse it has become. The field has branched out into so many different directions and I never really thought about it until reading this chapter and taking a step back. Its not just psychology anymore. Theres developmental psychologists, social psychologists, industrial psychologists and endless others! These areas as well as so broad themselves and within them contains so much more. Reading this chapter made me realize the massive area psychology truly covers.

3a) & 3b)

It was interesting to read how diverse the people have become within the field as well. We have read about women and minorities overcoming barriers and entering the field. It was cool to hear that after the 1980’s psychologists were more likely than ever to be female and non white, especially after reading about the struggles they faced when trying to get into the profession. I find their whole battle very interesting. In the 1920’s colleges began replacing women with males to enhance their prestige and they were kept out of organizations like Titchener’s club. Washburn and others however were able to advance. She was even able to host a Society of Experimental Psychology meeting at Vassar. Despite the odds women such as Eleanor Gibson was able o become of of developmental psychology’s most celebrate scientist. It’s awesome that she was awarded the national medal of science, one of only nine to earn this award at the time.

4a) & 4b)

Another thing I found interesting was that at the meeting between Gibson and Yerkes, he stood up, walked to the door, held it open and said “I have no women in my laboratory.” It goes to show the real discrimination that women did face. I thought it was awesome though that she kept persevering and got into Hulls lab and then after being denied employment at Cornell, she was on as a research associate, earning several prestigious research grants. Eleanor’s love story with James Gibson was interesting as well. After entering his lab course she not only fell in love with the class but her professor as well. She finally married her favorite teacher in 1932 and they started their academic life together at Smith. I was surprised to see how long minorities struggled within the field as they didn’t get the gains after WWII like women did. Even in just 1991, which doesn’t seem like that long ago really only 14 percent of bachelors and 11 percent of masters degrees were awarded to minorities. It is good to see that progress is being made though with 28 percent of graduate students today being of a minority population.

5a) & 5b)

This chapter was one of the most interesting to me. I like seeing how history impacts psychology which we got to see in this chapter as well as how psychology in turn has influenced history. I also enjoy seeing how women within the field overcame obstacles and made contributions of their own so I really didn’t find a whole lot within this chapter not interesting. If I had to chose the trends in psychology section would have been my least favorite only because I enjoyed learning about the links and evolvement of the field more.

6)
I think it was useful learning about how the Clark’s study influenced and impacted the Brown v. Board of Education decision, showing the effects of segregation on black children. During his APA presidency the APA followed up on the CEOP by creating the board of Social and Ethnical Responsibility for psychology which also spawned todays board of Ethnic Minority Affairs. I think it was also useful learning about how history affected psychology. The chapter discussed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which influenced the formation of the Association for Women in Psychology and creation of a division for the Psychology of Women. This division even launched the Psychology of Women Quarterly. I think its very useful to read about and learn how things such as this began. Getting some background on its history helps you understand why it is what it is today. To truly understand psychology today it is important go gain knowledge of its history and how it evolved as a field.

7)
As this chapter discussed how psychology has evolved and shaped over time it mentioned several individuals and terms we have read about throughout the text. It mentioned Stanley Hall who we have seen a couple times throughout the book, Clark Hull who we saw in chapter eleven, and Francis Summer from chapter six. It also mentioned Wertheimer and Lewin and discussed gestalt and social psychology which was seen in chapter fourteen. This chapter focused heavily on the problems women and minorities have faced which we’ve read about throughout a few chapters in the text. It discussed people we saw in chapter six such as Mary Calking, Margaret Washburn and Christine Ladd-Franklin and how they were limited in their teaching. This chapter also mentioned Harvey Carr who we saw in chapter six and E.G. Boring from chapter one. It discussed Gibson taking a course from Kurt Koffka who we read about in chapter nine and James Gibson who we saw in chapter 13 from last week. As well it mentioned brain localization as well as histories of philosophy and physiology which we saw in both chapter two and three, along with the nature vs. nurture issue seen in chapter five along with Darwin and his theories.

8a) & 8b)

I think it would be interesting to learn more about Eleanor Gibson. Before this chapter I had not even heard of her. She seemed like such an incredible women, overcoming barriers and having so much success within the field during such a hard time. Learning more about her life and how she became so determined might be very interesting.

9)
It seems like several times throughout the chapter we have seen students and professors meeting and marrying such as with Eleanor and James in this chapter. Also many individuals meet through their work at conferences or universities and end up marrying and starting families as well. Another example from this chapter would be the Clarks who both met at Howard University. I really enjoyed this chapter as it talked a lot about women advancing in the field. I think its cool that today women undergraduate majors in psychology outnumber men 2 to 1 and have higher ratios in graduate school as well. Women have come such a long way since first trying to dive into the field. I was surprised when reading a lot of the chapter that dealt with minorities. I was surprised to see that Jews had such a difficult time. When I think back on minorities and their difficulties I automatically go straight to the white vs. african american segregation issues. I was also shocked to hear that Kenneth Clark is still the only African American to hold the office of the APA organization.

10) This chapter did not have any vocabulary terms displayed.

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?

I chose chapter 14: Psychological Science in the Postwar Era. I chose this this chapter because it covered more information than chapter 15. I also wanted to find out when and how cognitive psychology became popular. I was also wondering when cognitive neuroscience and computational psychology aka AI became famous and taken into research.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

Ecological Perception: I found this topic interesting because it deals with how the environment can influence one to perceive it. Psychologist before hand was trying to study perception of the individual. Ecological perception shows that our overall perception can change within different situations and environments. Neisser also believed that there were certain invariance’s that remained constant in the environment to provide information directly to the perceiver. One component was called texture gradients, when still you can see detailed texture gradients, but in motion the detail decreases as the speed of your head and body movies.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

Genetic epistemology: I thought this topic was interesting because you would think that it had to do with heredity but instead of heredity, it dealt with the developmental processes of cognition and knowledge. This topic was one of Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development. He believed that children had different thinking processes. It was obvious that children’s cognition was different from adults from quantitative, but Piaget believed it was different also with qualitative.

4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?

Schemata: I thought Schemata was interesting because it is one of the main reasons that we are different as humans. Through our memory of past experiences can change how our cognition focuses on our perception in the environment. The book talked about death and dying as a cultural difference on how one has a schemata about death. One example is that culturally Americans grieve about death at funerals. Compared to South Americans where they have fiestas and not so much grieving but more celebrating for them to go to the afterlife. That is the usual custom anyway, I am pretty sure if their son or daughter was murdered they would still grieve, I think it is more of a old age death where they celebrate.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

Cognitive Dissonance: I didn’t find cognitive dissonance very interesting because I had already learned it from my social psychology class. Cognitive dissonance is where someone has two or more thoughts that are inconsistent with each other. People are generally motivated to reduce the inconsistency and return to the internal consistency or balance. An example is where a person is a smoker and they know the bad side of smoking were it can cause lung cancer and a shorter life span. If they like smoking enough they can tune out to such information and reassure themselves by thinking that everyone dies anyways, and this is helping me lose weight or look at other so called pros to smoking.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

The differences the cognitive and behavioralist psychologist tried to make. Behaviorism psychologist would not believe or try to understand cognitive psychology in order to keep their influence going on in psychology. It reminded me of the nature and nurture debate in psychology that went on for years because no one would try to find how they both can work together to shape a person. Reading about Piaget and his distinguishment between adult cognition and child cognition helped showed that cognitive and developmental psychology can is some ways influence each other, which in turn influence overall a person’s behavior.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

When studying the ecology of perception, it related to chapter 3 when psychologist were question and trying to understand ones perception and find ways that perception fails. Some contributing factors can be the environment to influence us to perceive in a certain way. When I was reading about Donald Hebb and his cell assembly theory, it reminded me of chapter 3 when psychologist were studying the nervous system and seeing how reflexes and reactions are influenced by neurons.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?

Artificial Intelligence: This is a concept and possibly a potential process, where technological systems can act with intelligence. Some researchers tried to study human intelligence and write computer [programs that simulate human cognitive processes. They mainly looked into human problem solving. Although it seemed like a good idea there seems to be a flaw if you were trying to create an AI like a robot. The difference between a robot and human as of now in modern day, robots are unable to perform on their own “free will” they are programmed from a human. The second thing even if they would be able to would they even have the capacity to feel motivation and emotions? When I think of AI, I usually think of video games. When you play a fighting game against a computer you can only find some differences when fighting a real person that is controlling the character on the video game.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

I had some pretty crazy ideas looking into cognitive psychology and neurology and artificial intelligence. When I think of artificial intelligence I think of crazy science fiction movies like the matrix and blade runner and iRobot. It might seem crazy to think robots are or would have the capability to do such things but I don’t think it is too far off as to think a government of people that is completely omnipotent in the means of our complete cognitive psychology and neurological functions would attempt to deceive people working under them. If you look at history in the means of forming the government the people that work for the government such as tyrants, kings and queens, different political organizations or groups all seem to have one weakness. That weakness is the drive for power. If an organization gained all the information of how our cognitive capabilities are completely influenced by a mathematical set of neurons firing in particular ways, would you trust that organization? In a sense I find it dehumanizing but it only seems rational that our mere existence is only in a materialist way. With our capabilities to adapt to the environment may be the only way that keeps us from being viewed completely materialistic.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Cognitive Dissonance
Artificial Intelligence
Hebb synapse
Genetic epistemology
Ecological perception

1a) What chapter did you choose?
Chapter 15
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose this chapter because I wanted to see how everything has come together and is connected from past to present.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Eleanor Gibson
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found her to be interesting because she received the National Medal of Science. This award has gone to only nine psychologists had earned this award at this time. Also I Find Gibson to be interesting because she had to face many struggles because she was a woman. This situation was somewhat improved in the 1960’s and 1970’s, when women’s movement started to take off. Also the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination against women. Also another fact that I found interesting is that today women outnumber men in undergraduate psychology majors. I think this shows how women are starting to have a strong presence in the psychology field.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Jewish psychologist
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this to be interesting because this subject touched on Jewish psychologist’s Jewish psychologist faced a lot of barriers also when trying to make it in the field. I found this section to be interesting because I never thought about the Jewish population struggling to get noticed. But during the 1930’s this was a real struggle for Jews.
4a) What did you find interesting?
Trends in contemporary psychology
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
This section talked about the the five major trends in modern psychology. I think this section was interesting because it talked about how psychology is changing and expanding. It also links a lot of the previous chapters and showed the connection between them. Technology has played a huge role in the evolution of psychology, and has helped its growth.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Psychology or psychologies
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This section talked about is it possible to unify psychology or is there multiple psychologies. I found this information to be boring, and more of a technical section. I’m more interested in the work being done in psychology instead of how psychology should be labeled.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Trends in psychology. I think this section was the most useful because it pulled all kinds of different parts/chapters together to give a bigger understanding. It linked the different chapters together, and showed how they connected as a whole.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think this chapter took what we have learned in previous chapters and linked them together. It showed how psychology has changed, and what psychology look like now.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Minorities in psychology
8b) Why?
I would like to find out more about their struggles in finding their place in psychology, and when things started to change. When did it become easier for minorities to be recognized in psychology?
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
When reading this chapter and the Jewish psycho9logisty were mentioned my first thought was how it was during the holocaust era for them. I never thought before reading this chapter about the struggles the Jewish population might have faced.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Eleanor Gibson, contemporary psychology. There weren’t really any terms specific to this chapter.

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?

I chose chapter 15 to read because it had more topics I am interested in. Chapter 15 talked about linking psychology’s past and present. It also talked about women in psychology, and I enjoy reading about how women overcame gender inequalities. It was also a good chapter to end on. It wrapped up everything that we learned this semester, and brought the text full circle.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought the section regarding women in psychology’s history was interesting because it talked about important pioneering women that secured a place in psychology’s history. It also talked about E. B. Titchener, and how it was known that he allowed women into his graduate program at Cornell; this was because it was a requirement at his school. Although women were allowed in the graduate program, they were excluded from Titchener’s Experimentalist club. After Titchener’s death, the club was reorganized, and it was voted on that women were allowed in the club.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The next thing I found interesting was the section regarding Eleanor Gibson. In 1992, George Bush awarded Gibson with the highest award a president can give to a scientist; it was the Nation Medal of Science. She was awarded this medal for her lifetime of research. Only nine other psychologist have earned this honor up to that time. It is interesting that a woman can overcome gender stereotypes and can earn such an award.

4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?

The third thing I found interesting was Kenneth B and Mamie Phipps Clark. Kenneth and Mamie were African Americans that found each other at Howard University where they both attained their bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Mamie went to college originally to study math, but was influence by her future husband and they both got degrees in psychology. They most famous research performed by the two was in Mamie’s master thesis. This research was eventually known as the doll studies. The two tested young children to see if they had a preference of a white doll or black doll. They found that black children had a preference for the white dolls. Kenneth Clark testified in three of the four court cases leading up to the Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

This chapter was very condensed and it was hard to find something that was not interesting. I prefer chapters like this. It was packed full of information, but If I had to pick something it would be the section on trends in contemporary psychology. The section just did not fit into the chapter in my opinion, and it was not very interesting.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I believe the most useful piece of information in understanding the history of psychology is how minorities have affected psychology. Women and ethnic minorities have come a long way since the beginning of this book. In the first few chapters, I do not recall any women being mentioned; in the last chapter, Eleanor Gibson was presented with the highest honor a scientist can be given by the president. It is quite an accomplishment, and it is important to know how women affected psychology along the way.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

This chapter summarizes the textbook. It also talked about how minorities have came along way and influenced psychology. It also talks about the future of psychology and helps people understand where psychology is going in the future.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
8b) Why?

I would like to learn more about other research that Kenneth and Mamie Clark did in psychology. Their doll studies, and research regarding if children had a preference for the skin tone of dolls was really interesting to me, and I would love to learn about other research that the two performed.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

While I was reading this chapter I was wondering what psychology would be like without the contributions of the different minorities. I believe psychology would not be the same without women. Although the number of leading women in psychology is fewer than the number of men, it would be interesting to see the differences between the two. It would also be interesting to live in the time period where women were looked down upon, and discriminated.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Eleanor Gibson, Brown vs Board of Education, Kenneth Clark, Mamie Phipps Clark, Titchener, experimentalist club,

1a) What chapter did you choose?
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose chapter 14 because I read over the preview of the chapter and I liked this chapter is about the change in interest in cognitive psychology. I am in cognitive psychology right now also so I thought it would be cool to refresh my memory a little.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I liked reading about perception because there has been a lot of different ideas about how to study perception. I liked the concept of ecological perception, basically saying that the environment around the object can influence your perception on that object. Perception seems to be a tricky thing so I have always been open to reading about different ways to know where it comes from.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I liked learning that thre influence on the shift for psychology was the 500$ million going into universities for research in psychology. This was a fact I didn’t know about before and I like learning little facts like this. I think it is weird that psychology hasn’t been popular for that long of a time yet to me it’s all I have studied in college.
4a) What did you find interesting?
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the study of artificial intelligence to be very interesting because we are creating things to work like our brains and just thinking about it blows my mind. Personally I don’t think we could ever get a computer to work like our brain because I think our brain is too complex to know exactly how every little part works. It is an interesting concept though and it will be cool to see how far they do come with technology.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Reading about personality psychology I thought it would be about personalities butt then I realized it was just about traits and it didn’t seem to interest me as much for some reason. It is still somewhat interesting, but I feel like I have learned about this stuff in high school so I didn’t need all the review over cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.
6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Reading about the different influences on psychology and why we have a lot of the research we have will help me understand psychology because then I get an idea of where it is coming from and I can see how certain things in my life may influence me to come up with my own theory for something someday.
7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter is a little different that other chapters because it is starting to steer psychology in a different direction. It relates because it is still about cognitive psychology, but just research in new areas such as memory and attention.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
8b) Why?
I would like to learn more about developmental psychology. I say this because I have taken this class and I really enjoyed it so it would be cool to learn more about it in other areas.
9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading about artificial intelligence I started to think about our brain and how complex it and how I think it is almost annoying that people think they can recreate our brain into a computer system. I get studying the brain can be super helpful in learning about why we do what we do and we can use it to help people, but sometimes you just have to realize that there will be things in this world that we will never fully understand.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Perception, artificial intelligence, cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits

1a) What chapter did you choose? Chapter 14
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others? I felt it would be easier to complete the assignment with more than 10 pages. It also seemed to offer a lot of information that is still useful to know.

2a) What did you find interesting? Memory is constructive
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Within psychology and philosophy there are many thoughts, questions, experiments, and ideas about memory. I have never been interested in studying memory, but it interests me that memory is constructive in nature and it fills the blanks for us. This shows that what we think we know is usually nowhere near the actual case and this makes sense as to why people in court situations often have inadmissible testimonies as memories are very easy to fixate and change.

3a) What did you find interesting? Magical Numbers
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I remember learning about the 7 +- 2 theory in my intro to psych class in high school. We spent a week or two on it, doing in class mini experiments with this in an attempt to prove a simple idea to a group of high Schoolers. Much like memory, it shows that we are limited in immediate recall, and long term recall is much more likely to be false in our reconstruction of it.

4a) What did you find interesting? Festinger and Carlsmith experiment
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
I also remember learning about this study, but I didn’t remember any details from previous classes. I found it interesting how people would change their own mindset for a small amount of money even if there was internal strife, yet a larger sum of money led to them justifying a lie. Human nature is an interesting thing, and this study shows that it doesn’t take much for someone to flip. This study also has a lot of deception and would probably be hard to repeat in today’s day in age because of the ethical issues within that.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Brain + behavior
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I have never been fascinated with the brain and stimulus and response type psychology. Behavior, although key, as is every field of psychology in the grand scheme of things, is one thing that is not on the peak of my interests. I will not dismiss the importance of any behavior research though, as every field works on findings in others as this field is highly cooperative.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The inclusion of multiple fields of psychology will be most useful in understanding psych. Instead of focusing on one aspect and pinpointing a certain thing, this chapter highlights a lot of areas that are all highly important.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter attempts to bring the most modern aspects of psychology that are listed in the text by hitting into the 1960’s. It gives very modern approaches and experiments of psych that are more known and assessable to current generations.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Gibson and Perception
8b) Why?
Perception has always been interesting, and instead of focusing on such a broad topic, Gibson would be a better base to start working on within the field of perception. We perceive sensory information incorrectly all the time, and what I perceive is different from you, so it can become very philosophical in nature.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I had a lot of flashbacks to high school psych with the more modern experiments that were done, but beyond that, it was pretty much what was on the paper and nothing else.

10) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Magical Numbers, Festinger and Carlsmith, Gibson, Perception

(Chapter 14. I chose chapter 14 because while reading through it I was interested in the research areas towards the end of the chapter. I also thought it would be able to tie it in to the others chapters better than the others left in the text book.)
1a&b)Bartlett’s work on memory. I found Bartlett’s contributions in the field of memory to be interesting because they were generally regarded as unimportant at the time but became very significant in the field as time went on. I also found the fact that his most famous book on memory was told in narrative form instead of just hard statistics and summaries of the data in his findings unique and a contrast of what was being done at the time and previously in the discipline. When coming to the story in this section, The War on Ghosts, I immediately recognized it from my Applied Psychology class where we read it at the beginning of the year. This story is not only intriguing but also illustrates that memory isn’t just recollecting an event that happened, but an ongoing replication of the memory that Bartlett called construction.
2a&b) Personality psychology. Personality psychology was one of the first psychology classes that I took at UNI because I have always found personality quizzes interesting and wanted to learn more about the psychology behind them. This section of the chapter states that personality was mostly a product of the 20th century and psychologist Gordon Allport. Allport made many significant contributions to the psychology of personality, such as creating the classification of personality ‘traits’ and legitimatizing the study of personality within the academic community.
3a&b) Jean Piaget and developmental psychology. I was drawn to the developmental psychology section of the chapter because I regarded this as a chance to learn about something that I may not get the opportunity to study in-depth in a different class. Jean Piaget is the name of the man who came to be internationally known for his work in bringing developmental psychology into its own. Instead of administering academic tests to determine a child’s thought capacity, Piaget wanted to know how knowledge was categorized within the child’s mind. He called these categorizations ‘schemata’ found that children were not simply adopting the schemata of adults around them, but actively creating and adding their own.
4a&b) Magic numbers, chunks, etc. I’ve never had an affinity for numbers of any kind so maybe I was a little biased when reading this section but I just didn’t find it interesting at all. Except for the fact that George Miller inventing the work ‘chunk’ this section was pretty dry for me just because I would rather study aspects of psychology that are intimately linked with human behavior, but that’s just my preference.
5) Being the most recent chapter in psychology’s history to date this chapter built on previous by giving us an extended understanding to cognitive psychology, and branched out from previous near the end of the chapter by mentioning different research areas which were being created or becoming popularized at the time. The formation and evolution of psychology in this way further illustrates how the discipline is anything but static and how the changes of the past further facilitate possible changes in the future.
6)The most important take-away for understanding the history of psychology from this chapter would probably be the importance of the cognitive psychology and its place in post-war society. In the time of prosperity that followed WWII the country was at leisure to put more effort into pursuing academic ventures that weren’t focused on defense or attack, and I feel that the re-emergence of cognitive psychology is a good example of this.
7a&b)Learn more and why? Something I found myself wanting to learn more about was the artificial intelligence and how psychology plays a part in that. The section on AI in the book did cover a variety of topics but I just found it fascinating because I had never connected psychology and artificial intelligence before. I would be curious how far the technology has advanced now in both fields and the challenges and benefits this has resulted in.
8)Thoughts. The thoughts that I had surrounding this chapter while reading were mainly inspired by the end of the chapter and its focus on the emerging areas of research at the time. I had heard of many of them but others, such as psychology’s involvement in AI, were new to me. I found this inspiring in that I will always be able find new things and research in psychology that motivates me to continue my own research.
9) *terms* Frederick Bartlett, construction, personality psychology, Gordon Allport, personality traits, Jean Piaget, schemata

1a) What chapter did you choose?
I chose to do chapter 14: Psychological science in the postwar era.
1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
I chose it because I thought it would be interesting. It also had more content, so I figured I’d find more things interesting. I also thought that it covered topics that were a bit more interesting to me than the other chapter. I also was excited to read about personality psychology, because I really enjoy that aspect of psychology, and feel that most people like to learn about themselves, and personality psychology makes that possible.
2a) What did you find interesting?
I found the section on Artificial Intelligence or AI to be interesting. AI is the field of science that tries to find ways that nonhuman technological systems can work with intelligence. There are considered to be two types of broad categories that people researching AI fall into: those who are interested in developing programs that solve problems like humans, and those who are interested in programs that will solve problems in the most efficient way possible, regardless of what a human might do. Two major names in AI are Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, who built the Logic Theorist (LT) and the General Problem Solver (GPS). These two computer simulations use algorithms and heuristics to solve problems. An algorithm is a set of rules that guarantee a solution by working through all possible steps. A heuristic is a more creative strategy that doesn’t always guarantee an answer, but is more efficient than an algorithm. Both the LT and the GPS are in the branch of human-like AI. Another important name in AI, but on the side of most efficient thinking, is Alan Turing, who developed the Turing test, which is a game of intimation that is used to determine whether or not a machine or a computer is said to be able to think. In the Turing test, a person in a separate room asks a computer and a human questions, and if the evaluator cannot distinguish the human from the computer, the computer is able to think like a human.
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was really interesting because you always see movies where they talk about AI, and it goes crazy and tries to kill everyone, or you hear about some new AI that has been developed, but I never really actually knew what AI meant. Although this text kind of only covers the basics, I am a lot more informed than I was before I read it, and I like to learn new things. I don’t completely see how it is related to psychology necessarily, because this is talking strictly about artificial intelligence, where psychology is the study of humans, but I do see that it can be applicable. Obviously, the more we know about how humans think, the better we can program a machine into being more and more human like in its thoughts and viewpoints. I think it’s kind of cool that they brought something that isn’t directly related into the text, as something else that we can explore.
3a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that the section on personality psychology was interesting. This section starts out talking about how there are two general approaches that have been used, and that there is a distinction between the two, that is usually accredited to Gordon Allport. Nomothetic is the idea that principles of psychology generally affect humans, and idiographic is the idea that humans differ from one another. Allport published a book in 1937 about personality, which took the field by storm. Allport said that the basis of personality are known as traits, or a particular pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving that distinguishes an individual from others. From there, Allport identified three varieties of traits, cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are dominant in an individual and that would identify that person from others. Central traits are dozens of attributes that provide a reasonable summary of the person, and secondary traits are lesser characteristics that may not be obvious to people. Within personality psychology, Allport advocated for the case study, or the in-depth analysis of a single individual.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I’ve always loved taking personality quizzes online, even though I know that they are not scientifically accurate, and so this is something that I’ve always been interested in. I have also learned about the Meyers-Briggs test, among others, that I have been interested in. I find it fascinating to learn about oneself, and I feel that I’m probably not alone in this. My friends and I have all taken a Meyers-Briggs test online and have had a lot of fun identifying ourselves from within the reports. I also think that personality has a huge impact on how a person relates to the world, and that everyone is unique in different ways. Although there are some major truths to things like the Meyers-Briggs, there were still some things in the profiles that my friends and I didn’t believe to be totally accurate of ourselves, and personality psychology explores that more in-depth.
4a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that the section about Jean Piaget was interesting. Piaget was a native of Switzerland, and developed an interest in biology as a young boy and spent most of his childhood identifying and classifying mollusks, and completed his college degree at the age of 18. He received a PhD in biology, while reading about philosophy and psychology. During an intelligence-testing project with Binet, Piaget discovered he was less interesting in if the school children got the questions right than how they arrived at the answers they did. He interviewed the children and discovered that they had a different thought process than that of adults. He developed a lot of famous demonstrations about children’s cognition, and called his own theory of cognitive development called genetic epistemology, which looks and how knowledge is developed within the individual.
4b) Why was it interesting to you?
Piaget is a name that I’ve heard throughout my classes, and was one of the first psychologists I paid special attention to, as one of my first classes was developmental psychology. I just thought it was cool to learn more about his background. I think it’s really interesting how a lot of famous psychologists that we study today started out doing completely different things. Piaget is a great example of this, as he went from studying biology with an expertise in mollusks to be considered one of the most influential developmental psychologists ever.
5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
I thought that the section on Leon Festinger and cognitive dissonance was least interesting. Cognitive Dissonance encompasses some major points, such as how we are motivated as people to be constant in our thoughts, actions, and feelings. When we aren’t constant, we don’t feel comfortable, and this is called dissonance. When we are experiencing dissonance, we try to reduce it and return to the constant state where we match our feelings. Festinger often used the idea of the intelligent person who smokes as an example of cognitive dissonance. Festinger in school worked very closely with Lewin, and was known by his students as being a hard taskmaster and as someone who wasn’t tolerant of imprecise thinking. Festinger, with the help of Carlsmith, conducted a pretty famous study about lying as well, and theorized that people who do not have a reason to lie but still do tend to shift their viewpoints on something as the lie isn’t worth the reward. They conducted other tests like this and came up with experimental reality, which is where the participants are completely taken in by the study situation and act as if they were really involved within the situations that were created.
5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Mostly, it was least interesting because it is something that I already know a lot about. I thought that the added part about some of the studies that Festinger and Carlsmith did together was interesting, however. I especially thought it was interesting to learn a bit about experimental reality, which was a term I’d never heard of. I do conduct phone interviews for research for the IDPH, so research is something that interests me a lot, and I know that some people get really invested in the interviews, and go into great detail (which isn’t needed for a survey, but it is interesting to think about the relationship between strangers on the telephone). Cognitive dissonance is something, that for me, I feel like I already know so much about, and the book didn’t really give me any new information on the topic.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that the section on cognitive psychology is probably the most useful in understanding the history of psychology, because it goes into the factors that influenced how cognitive psychology came to be important once more, after WWII, as psychologists became really interested in studying mental processes of people, and how the European psychologists were really important in this aspect, because they were still focusing on this during the 30s and 40s, while American psychologists were focused more on behavioral aspects of psychology.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter talks more about memory, which was discussed previously, as well as how behavioral psychology lost momentum, and cognitive psychology became revisited, and because of this revival, it is what it is today. This chapter also referred to psychologists we had learned about previously, like Lewin and Binet. This chapter also talks about perception some more, which is something that was covered in previous chapters. In the Piaget section, it talks about how at first Piaget was largely disregarded by Americans, but now he is considered very influential as a developmental psychologist, and that’s because as we look back on things, we realize that there were some important things that happened during that time period that the people of that era might not have seen as that important.
8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I’d like to learn more about personality psychology.
8b) Why?
Like I said previously, I’m really fascinated with the psychology of personality. And I guess by extension, myself (haha). I think that it is really cool that we have developed a lot of different tests and things that we can use to identify people in numerous ways. I would like to learn some more about the tests that we have out there, as I don’t actually know a lot about it right now (I haven’t been able to take psychology of personality, as it has never fit into my schedule). I have always found it interesting that they use questions that you fill out on online dating sites to match you with your most compatible people, and although I’ve never used a dating site, I wonder how that exactly works, and I feel like personality psychology is probably as closely related to that as I’m going to get.

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was thinking a lot about how scary artificial intelligence is, since there is all of the sci-fi movies out there about how computers become smarter than humans and take over the world. I wonder how accurate that really is, and if that if actually something that will happen. I was also thinking about how personality affects us as people, and if there are any biases that are created when a person knows someone’s personality, such as a job interview where the interviewer knows ahead of time what the person they are interviewing’s big 16 personality is, or if that would have an effect on them at all. I don’t know if there has been a study done on personality biases, but it would definitely be interesting. I’m not sure how you would do it, because the interviewer would have knowledge of the person’s personality, but I am not sure in the interviewee would be in on the study or if it was a double-blind kind of thing, like the interviewee knew the interviewers personality as well. Obviously, you would have to have participants who were familiar with the various personality groups as well, or the study wouldn’t really mean too much.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Artificial Intelligence, Heuristic, Turing Test, Algorithm, means-end analysis, Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance, experimental reality, Carlsmith, nomothetic, idiographic, Gordon Allport, central traits, traits, cardinal traits, secondary traits, Jean Piaget, genetic epistemology

1a) What chapter did you choose?
I chose chapter 15.

1b) Why did you choose that chapter over the others?
Based off the chapter title, I was more interested in learning about the connection between the "historical" portion of psychology and the current psychology that I am more familiar with now.

2a) What did you find interesting?
The existence of sexism within Psychology.

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I had a hard time wrapping my head around how people were still sexist, but I suppose it's not so much different then than it is now. Hearing about the difficulties such as being replaced by male professors due to them being more prestigious, or being excluded from an important informational communication network based off gender, that female psychologists such as Mary Calkins and Eleanor Gibson had to go through is inspiring. I know that if something as petty as gender had costed me a job I don't know how I would react nor whether or not I'd even want to set foot anywhere near that area of work.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Minorities in Psychology's History

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I am always going to be a fan of the underdog, which in this context is the women and minority. Since 1991 is only five years before my birthdate, I had expected that college still be somewhat equal in terms of minorities holding degrees, but to read that they were under 20% was a little sad.

4a) What did you find interesting?
One of the trends in contemporary psychology, neuroscience.

4b) Why was it interesting to you?
Neuroscience was the area of psychology that I was originally interested in when I had signed up as a psychology major, and was a little disappointed after seeing there is a lack of related classes and especially after taking the Biopsychology class, which I felt had been a much easier AP Biology class for me. I had known that it was on the rise, and I hope it continues to rise even more so that I can ride the wave.

5a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Nothing.

5b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The chapter was short, therefore I didn't experience any amount of readers' fatigue and while not everything was necessarily interesting to me, I did not mind it.

6) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The ending section of the chapter and book discusses whether or not psychology exists as a singular science or a multitude of practices. An analogy was made in that psychology is like a tree, and with age, it will grow more branches. I had originally started a psychology major thinking that I had little room for diversity, but it seems that I am able to venture in whatever path I choose to make as a career.

7) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The chapter concludes the book, explaining the APA's progression as an organization that helped psychology flourish, touches base on still prevalent problems such as sexism and racism, and the ever-evolving number of types of psychology. I think it makes point that psychology is still a relatively new science, and that with the advent of the five trends, there is a lot more to come.

8a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Eleanor Gibson

8b) Why?
I have yet to done any extended learning over a female psychologist yet this semester, so I figured the last week would suffice!

9) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Still a lot of what about what career path do I want to choose in the category of psychology. Unfortunately, I'm still not entirely sure or even remotely dead set on a profession in psychology and still have my doubts, but I have enjoyed learning about the history of a possible career choice in this class.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

American Psychology Association, Mary Calkins, Eleanor Gibson, Neuroscience

I read chapter 14

The first thing I found of interest in this chapter was Frederick Bartlett on memory. He took a different course than that of Ebbinghaus by focusing more on the memorizer and their attributes rather than the stimulus being memorized. He believed memory worked by actively organizing material into meaningful wholes know as schemata instead of just purely through repetition and practice. He conducted a study with 20 people who were to read a Native American Folktale twice over and to recall the story the best they could. This story would not make sense to anyone who wasn’t a part of that culture and this drastically shaped the responses in different ways. The longer the interval was for recalling the story the less the participant was able to recall but even more interesting to Bartlett was how the participants would change certain parts of the story to fit their cultural knowledge and understanding. He then concluded that memory is not just recalling intact traces of a memory but instead an ongoing and active process of construction and adaptation. I found this fascinating because we do tend to change aspects of things we remember that don’t make sense to us into something that we understand from previous experiences or from our cultural knowledge and we do this often.

The second thing I found interesting in this chapter was George Miller because he has been previously talked about in my psychology courses mainly about cognitive processes and memory. He is most notable for 7 ± 2 theory for processing information. He explained that people could only process between 5 to 9 items at a time depending on what information was being processed whether it be words, symbols, or numbers. Miller created different terms to relate to different aspects of memory and memory processes like the chuck which is the portion of information that is contained in immediate memory. So when it came to his processing theory essentially one could process 5 to 9 chunks of information. Miller then deemed the term recoding which was our ability to reorganize data by putting more information per chunk. In order to increase the number of things we can remember in the immediate memory with only a set number of chunks available we can throw more bits of information into each chunk. This is important to know when it comes to remembering important bits of information or when it comes to studying for tests.

The third topic that I think was interesting to read about was Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance. This was known for being the most important theory in social psychology up to that point in time. Cognitive dissonance is described as people are motivated to be consistent in their thoughts, feelings, and actions, and whenever they hold two or more thoughts that are inconsistent with each other it causes a state of emotional and cognitive discomfort and so whenever someone feels this dissonance they are motivated to reduce it and return to an internal consistency. A good example would be someone who tends to eat extremely unhealthy and large portions of food but knowing that this can lead to diabetes or death. This person is not trying to kill themselves or get diabetes so they can choose to eliminate this cognitive dissonance by eating healthy and less food, question the evidence saying its dangerous, or continue to eat fully understanding that people will all die but it helps with depression.

This least interesting topic in this chapter was on the psychology of perception. I have always found the topic of perception and the countless theories and experiments done on perception incredibly boring because I have no interest in the topic, it is just too dry for me so I tend to read it but not retain much of the information that I read because I find it the least interesting topic in the field of psychology along with sensation they just don’t interest me.

I think that the most useful part of this chapter to understand the history of psychology would be the explosion of cognitive psychology after the postwar era because it was such a booming industry after the world wars due in part because of the large amount of money the government and the military were funding universities across the nation for studying cognition. It created some of the more common and useful approaches to understanding how we organize information and store it short term as well as how change certain memories to adapt to our own experiences and knowledge within our own society and culture.

This chapter builds upon the previous chapters especially when it came to the section on the brain and behavior which flashed back to the information that was discussed in chapter 3 as well as the previous attempts at understanding memory and how it transformed into more of a cognitive approach rather than by conditioning or behaviorism.

The topic that interested me the most was probably Miller’s theories and approaches about memory. I would like to know if there are exceptions to his rule of 7 ± 2 and if not is there a limit to the amount of information that can be shoved into each chunk. I think this would really be helpful when it came to studying for tests or to simply just remember certain things throughout the day without having to write it down.

While I was reading this chapter a few things came across my mind especially on the Miller section because his theories were frequently talked about in psychology courses whenever we talked about memory and it’s a fun topic to think about. While reading Bartlett’s experiment about those 20 people and their memory recall I was thinking to myself how often I hear a story and when I recall the information how much actually changes to adapt to my schemata, previous experiences, and cultural background without me consciously aware of it.

Key Terms: Frederick Bartlett, Ebbinghaus, Schemata, George Miller, 7 ± 2 Processing Theory of Information, Chunk, Recoding, Leon Festinger, Cognitive Dissonance, Psychology of Perception, Cognitive Psychology, Memory, Recall.

1a) Chapter 15

1b) I chose this chapter because I found the tying of the history of psychology with present day very interesting.

2a) Eleanor Gibson’s History

2b) Gibson attended Smith College, a liberal arts school for women, and earned her bachelors and masters. She then went to Yale to earn her PhD, but they were not as kind as Smith had been. She was outright rejected for the simple fact of being a woman by Yerkes, and was finally accepted by Dr. Clark Hull. After her time at Yale, she followed her husband around the world during the war until they ended up in Ithaca, New York where her husband got a job at Cornell University. Because of the university’s anti-nepotism rules, she was not allowed to work there until they were lifted in 1966. During that time, she worked as an unpaid “research assistant” earning money by winning several prestigious and competitive research grants. She continued to work in the field earning several prestigious titles and was even given National Medal of Science by George H. W. Bush in 1992 (Goodwin 2012). This information on Eleanor Gibson was fascinating to me. As an active feminist, it is always amazing to see a woman that was determined to do what she wanted to do no matter who told her she that she could not. I also thought that the fact that her and her husband could not work at Cornell together because they were married was really foreign to me. I know that this was something that was common in that day, but it is so common to meet married professors that it just seems like a foreign concept to me.

3a) Maime and Kenneth Clark and the Doll Studies

3b) This study came out of Maime’s thesis for her master’s degree. The point to the research was to show racial identification and preference. The study tested school-aged black and white children from both the North and South. They were shown a male and a female doll with dark skin and a male and a female doll with light-colored skin. They asked several questions including, “Show me the doll you would like to play with,” “Show me the doll that looks bad,” and “Show me the doll that looks like you.” They found that the black children tended to do three things. They preferred the light-colored dolls, they considered the dark skinned dolls as “bad,” and, in some instances, even considered themselves closer in resemblance to the light-colored dolls than the dark skinned dolls. The Clarks, therefore, concluded that because of the segregation laws in the United States, the self-esteem of black children was suffering (Goodwin 2012). I found this study interesting because it is one that shows how impressionable children really are. We know that we are not born with certain ideas in our heads, and the main fight with that in this day and age in the gender role stereotypes. Children learn from what is around them, and it is a shame that these children, just because of the color of their skin, considered themselves better or worse than another child with a different colored skin.

4a) Fragmentation of Psychology

4b) The author went into great depth with this topic, but I thought the first section of it was really interesting because it discussed a possible misconception that I had never really thought about before. Today, we see that there are many branches of psychology, and it is almost to the point that it appears that there is little to no unity in the field. To think this way, we have to assume that psychology was once a unified discipline. Over the years, many have fought about the very definition of psychology as well as how it is to be used, viewed, and practiced. Previously in this chapter, the author talked about how there is a tension between the academic researchers and those who practice psychology professionally, and it has been this way for years. The author concluded at the end of first paragraph of this section that psychology was never a unified doctrine. It has always been a field that is filled with arguments and differing opinions (Goodwin 2012). I agree with the author. I look back at some of the biggest findings in psychology’s history and I see philosophers and physiologists as well as those who set out to study psychology alone. I find it interesting that this field has been one to have an immense amount of impact on the way that we live our lives and yet at its very core there are disputes. It’s fascinating.

5a) Current trends

5b) This chapter is fairly short. It was difficult to find something that was not interesting to me at all, so I chose the part that was least interesting to me out of all of the reading. The author had a section about current trends as I stated before. The first two trends were “the accelerated study of the relationship between the brain and behavior” and “the vigorous return of evolutionary thinking.” I found these sections to be interesting in that I can see how the field of psychology has come back to evolutionary thinking as well as an increased interest in the brain and behavior. These two topics are simply not something that I find all that intriguing. I lean more towards the applied side of psychology rather than the understanding of how everything works.

6) I think the most helpful part of this chapter was the understanding of the fragmentation of psychology. I think that psychology as a single unit is still relevant, but it is safe to say that it definitely has split off into many different disciplines.

7) This chapter, as the last chapter should, brings everything to a close. It takes from every chapter that we have read and summarizes as an application for modern psychology. The discussion of Eleanor Gibson, specifically, relates to chapter six which talked in the beginning about women gaining some sort of relevance in the education system.

8a) Eleanor Gibson

8b) I want to learn more about Gibson because the author doesn’t go into much detail about her research. I enjoyed reading about her life, and now I want to know more about her scientific accomplishments.

9) When reading about Eleanor Gibson and her struggles with working at the same college as her husband, I thought about the couples that I knew of at UNI, as well as my place of work. It seems so common that couples would work together now. For professors, I think it is even more obvious that you would work with your spouse because you probably went to school with them as well.

10) Eleanor Gibson, Yerkes, Clark Hull, Maime Clark, Kenneth Clark, Doll Studies, Fragmentation of Psychology, Brian, Behavior, Evolutionary Thinking

Chapter 2

I chose this chapter because it focuses heavily on the concept of philosophy intertwining with psychology. There aren’t any, if at all, any other chapters within the book that do this. Because I am a religions/philosophy major, this was one of the more interesting chapters to read.

What did you find interesting?

Descartes’ diagram for the human nervous system (or rather simply reflex action), one that is, while very inaccurate, is relatively close to how our nervous system works. That being how a signal goes from the interaction point, to the brain, and back to the point. It is interesting how he distinguished humans and animals from one another, being that he said that animals are like ‘pure machines’ and humans, while also machines, have a rational mind/soul to help them with their actions. It’s an interesting find because it’s cool to see that Descartes had an idea of the nervous system, before it was actually called the nervous system, and applied not just only a spiritual explanation, but combined a scientific—being that the ‘animal spirits’ were alluding to some sort of chemical reaction in the brain and between the reaction point.

What did you find interesting?

How John Locke’s beliefs of the brain’s workings would lead him to a parenting style based on praising a child, while young, and having an active role in their education rather than utilizing punishment as a circumstance. I find this interesting because this seems to be a pre-operant behavior training due to Locke’s proposal of reinforcing good behavior so as to continue the good behavior.

What did you find interesting?

The idea that philosophy and psychology is very closely linked. It’s interesting because everyone seems to have a different philosophy to live by, and when introduced to a new one, people may interpret it differently—thus different behavior patterns. The question is why they would act differently from one person to another, or more specifically, how one interpretation could heavily affect one’s moral system as opposed to another’s. An example of this would be how Religion can have a multitude of different responses, from radicalistic ideas to more peaceful and encompassing.

What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?

Honestly this was my favorite chapter to read from, from the entire book. The only least interesting thing about this chapter, or rather in general, is how there is little to no talk about philosophy of psychology in any chapter beyond this one.

What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I do feel as though learning of the important figures within psychology’s history is very useful, which is probably why so much of it was included in this chapter and every chapter to come next. This will help us understand the history because it gives us a timeline to understand where we’ve come from and how we’ve grown and improved from it.

How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

Our previous chapter introduced us into the importance of why learning the history of Psychology is important, which bridges us into some of our true founding fathers, or at least some significant ideas that have stayed with us so as to reflect back on. We can now appreciate their work given that we now we know of the importance to do so.
What topic would you like to learn more about?
Descartes. His philosophies and proposals on how the body/mind works were interesting. Or rather, Greek philosophy on the topic of psychology in general. It’s interesting, and while it is not a concrete science, it is still something that can be applied to psychology and should be acknowledged.

What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

I remember learning something in a previous class about Descartes, more specifically how he would operate on animals and have ‘less empathy’ for their feelings because he imagined them as fake, or rather that they were ‘mechanically’ programed to display emotions. A human however could show genuine emotions due to him/her having a soul.

Vocabulary words of interest:
Descartes, nervous system, John Locke, operant conditioning/behavior training, reinforcement, philosophy

1a) I decided to read chapter 14 for the last assignment and one topic that I found interesting was artificial intelligence.
1b) The reason I found this topic interesting was because while we have always talked about how human are the only ones with the brain capacity and intelligence when compared to other animals, this talked about looking at technology and how it relates to and compares to human intelligence. While technology can be seen as “smart,” it’s interesting to see how they compare to the human brain.

2a) One person that I found interesting in this chapter was Gordon Allport.
2b) The reason I found him interesting was because of his work with personality psychology was really interesting. He worked with understanding people’s personalities by their traits. He said central traits are attributes that provide an accurate summary of an individual and cardinal traits aren’t possessed by everyone, but instead are attributes that dominantly describe one individual. He also invented the case study, to be able to study and thoroughly analyze one person in-depth.

3a) The overall message of the chapter was about how the field of psychology changed and began focusing on studying the mental process after World War II ended. It started focusing on cognitive psychology again , and also started looking at personalities as well with the trait approach.
3b) I found this chapter to be a little lengthy for me, but there were some interesting parts of it. I liked learning about the personalities, and I liked the study of the mind before when we read about it, so this was just adding onto and expanding what they had already studied before.

4) I think this chapter’s discussion on how psychology was different and influenced by the end of World War II was pretty cool. It not only helps us understand the history of psychology, but how easily it can be impacted by the environment and by what’s going on in the world around it as well.

5) This chapter added onto a previous section we read with when the study of cognitive psychology was prominent before. This just builds onto what they already learned, and took it a step further like with serial order, cognitive processes, and expanding into computer science as well.

6a) I wouldn’t mind learning more about the topic of cybernetics.
6b) While they mentioned cybernetics in the chapter, I wouldn’t mind learning more about how they study the principles involved in controlling any living or nonliving system, and more about what exactly they define as principles, or feedback.

7) One question I have about this chapter, is why cognitive psychology came back into play again. I don’t know what made them curious about it and made them want to study it once more.

8) Terms: artificial intelligence, Gordon Allport, personality psychology, central traits, cardinal traits, case study, cognitive psychology, trait approach, serial order, cybernetics

I Choose to do chapter 14.
1a) What topic did you find interesting?
The topic that I found interesting was linguistic universals, that languages share common principles and because of that these structured can be easily remembered. That the brain is meant to be able to understand these principles vary fast. That yes there is a peak time language should be taught but doesn’t mean that it cant be learned later down the road either.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Its interesting in the fact, people are starting to combine genres in psychology. They are looking at behavior and how the body functions related to the mind and brain. How the brain could recode something.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
The person I found most interesting was Frederick Bartlett. He is not as well known as some of the other people we have learned. I find it interesting that his ideas on memory were not very popular at first in the United States, but in todays world his ideas that memory constructive, that there could be false memory. That this notion is very much discussed in cognitive psychology today.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
He was interesting because at first his ideas were not really accepted. Yet later down the road, the are used greatly.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
The overall message of this chapter is about how a concept can keep popping up through time. That cognitive psychology was established and then forgotten about and now its being reestablished by looking at all the new developments from various people. It talks about the Influences from other genres of psychology, from what we learned about the body anatomy and how the brain works and how behaviors can be predicted.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
It was interesting in the sense of seeing how it all came together, as a genre. How at one point it was barley a concept and now because of all these internal and external influences it is what it is today.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I would say the whole chapter is useful for understanding history, it talks about how skinner helped and Watson and how the field evolved.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
It really build off of everything in the book, it ties in Watson and skinner and how behaviorism has helped how Iq testing and other advanced along the way in other genres of the field help contribute to cognitive psychology.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I think I would like to know more about neurology, I feel that there could be some overlap between the two, but I would like to know the main differences.
6b) Why?
I know quite a bit now about cognitive psychology and the history and the therapy setting, but what about the other side of it? For example serial order problem, how to explain what are finger know how to do, or how we memorize lists or key terms. That overtime people started to try and figure it out and came up with the information theory or the idea of bit.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
What are the latest findings in the field? How has neurological advanced helped out?
8) Terminology: cognitive psychology, Bartlett, iq testing, information theory, bit, linguistic universals, behavior, Skinner , recoding, watson

1) I found the “method of repeated reproduction to be interesting.” Bartlett’s study with this method was very interesting to me because it never occurred to me how this happens. It makes complete sense, but it’s something painfully obvious. It explains individual differences, why people act and perceive things the way they do, and it explains the crazy stories people come up with. When trying to explain what people just read they are trying to make up for their loss of remembering. They know they remember reading something, but do not remember the exact content or context it was read in. In order to make up for this, their memory does its best to formulate a story from the memories stored. To the person reciting, it makes complete sense, but to the person listening, it may not. It’s just interesting to think that our memory has a mind of its own and it makes our mind have its own individual personality. It shows just how influential our culture and beliefs are.
2) I found Jean Piaget to be interesting because like him I find kids to be very interesting. The way their little minds think is amazing to me. I think kids are brilliant, though sometimes they do not make sense. To themselves, they know exactly what they’re talking about and they’re experts in their own little world. For example, I love hearing babies babble. You have no idea what they are saying, but they know exactly what they’re saying! They are confident in what they’re speaking, and I have no doubt that it’s meaningful to them. What is most interesting to me about Jean Piaget, though is his studies with his children. He used them as little experiments, which I am not sure if I am okay with that, but from these studies he produced many important discoveries. From the studies done with his children, Piaget created his genetic epistemology and the idea of schema.
3) I think the overall message of this chapter was to show the development of cognitive psychology. Many other subtypes of psychology had solidified itself. It was now cognitive psychology’s turn. In this chapter, we see cognitive psychology solidify. What I know to be psychology and what I think about when I think about psychological studies is discussed in this chapter: attention, memory, cognition, etc. This chapter was probably the least interesting to me because it was not new or exciting information. This is stuff I already knew because it’s closer to where we are today. I find things that I do not have knowledge about to be interesting.
4) I think the most useful information to take away from this chapter was show the diversity within psychology. This chapter showed how many subtypes of psychology had gotten to the point when they are now their own disciplines and how they all work together to be the large study of psychology that I know it as today.
5) This chapter does not build on what I know that much. If anything, it reiterates what I already knew about the discipline of psychology. Many of the people discussed in this chapter are people I have learned well about and their ideas are popular today and current.
6) I would like to learn more about Jean Piaget’s genetic epistemology and his work with his children. I am curious if his studies on his children affected their relationship and how exactly he studied his children. I am highly interested in children, so I would like to learn more about his work.
7) I did not have any questions this time because I felt as though this stuff was so current that I was aware of most of the information presented. I didn’t question or wonder, but was able to connect better.
8) “method of repeated reproduction to be interesting,” Bartlett, Jean Piaget, genetic epistemology, schema, cognitive psychology, attention, memory, cognition

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
What I found most interesting was the trend in modern psychology

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This what interesting to me, because it didn’t occur to me that what were are using to study behavior today is actually just a trend and in twenty years it will be completely different.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
Sigmund Koch

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found him to be interesting mainly because I agree with standpoint that psychology should be a plural term rather than singular. I think it is interesting that he took the time to realize that there are many subdisciplines within the field of psychology.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the overall message of this chapter was to inform the reader about how psychology has become modernized throughout the years. It also informed the reader of the important advances women and minorities made within the field of psychology.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
Yes, this was interesting to me because I have always wondered what steps were taken to get to where me are now in the psychological field.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the most important thing in this chapter that will be useful is learning about why psychology should be a plural term. I think this is the most useful thing because it shows that psychology does not just address one thing, but actual covers a variety of material within the psychological field.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This builds on the topics I have learned about in my introduction to psychology class. This chapter went into more depth about how how the science of psychology transformed over the years.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Sigmund Koch

6b) Why?
I like the idea he has about psychology and would like to learn about any other contributions he has made to the field.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Why was there so much discrimination in the field of psychology?

Terms: psychology, sigmund koch, subdisciplines

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the topic of psychology being plural and being considered psychologies interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I had always wondered why psychology was considered one discipline when there are many different types. I don’t know of any other science that goes by one name and has many different subgroups. I think that we may move away from psychology and we might start calling it psychologies. For example experimental psychology is something very different than sports psychology. That is like comparing a brain surgeon to a x-ray technician and putting them under the same category.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Mary Calkins to be interesting.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
She is interesting because she was a woman psychologist when women were looked down on as inferior. She stuck with her goals of becoming a psychologist and was able to pioneer a way for women. It should be noted that she wasn’t the only woman fighting for the right for women to be psychologists.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I thought the overall message of the chapter was informative.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I did think that it was interesting. I thought it was interesting to learn how all the other things I learned in the book applied to psychology now. He also did a good job of making references to past chapters and how they specifically fit into modern parts of psychology. He also did a good job of stating why he thought it is important to study the history of psychology.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think learning how to apply all the history that I learned in the book to modern day psychology will help me to understand the history of psychology. I think now that I know how to apply it I can appreciate what I learned from the text.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter adds to the other chapters by applying previous information to modern psychology. It also talks more about why there are other organizations that the APA. Specifically it talked about the APS and AAAP.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I think I would like to learn more about the modern women and minorities in psychology.
6b) Why?
The book talks about how numbers have been rising over the past few years and I would like to have a more recent number of minorities and women in psychology. I think it is interesting to learn all the hardships that they had to endure and they still persevered and are now a part of modern psychology.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
The only question I had was what is the percentage of women and minorities in psychology today?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Psychologies, Mary Calkins, women, minorities, modern psychology, AAAP, APA, APS,

1a) The topic in chapter 15 that I found interesting was The growth and diversity of Psychology.

1b) This was interesting to me because it was cool to see how our culture has changed over the years with accepting more diversity in the field of psychology. Minority groups such as Jews and African Americans had hard times practicing psychology without being discriminated against. A lot of people in the earlier 20th century still felt like white males were still the dominant race, and that anybody else besides them didn't have competence in the field. This part of the chapter showed that our culture was becoming more accepting of these other races, and began seeing that they are competent in this area and can provide just as much help as anybody else.

2a) The person that was mentioned in chapter 15 that I found interesting was Sigmund Koch.

2b) Koch was interesting to me because of one of the quotes they had from him at the end of the chapter. The quote was , "there is a sense in which we are nothing if not our history. Our history is a binding force." Koch made a really good point here. If we didn't have a history we wouldn't be where we are today with our modern psychology. I thought it was an interesting point, and a good way to close this textbook.

3a) I think the overall message of chapter 15 is that the history of psychology is what got us to where we are at with psychology right now in the 21st century.

3b) Yes, this message was interesting to me. I am a psychology major, and the psychology classes I am taking are the ones that I find the most interesting. This whole textbook basically gives brief descriptions in every chapter telling how we got to where we are today with psychology. If it weren't for the content that was described in this textbook, I would've never been introduced to the major that I enjoy.

4) I have already kind of said this a couple times, but the thing that I read in this chapter that will best help me understand the history of psychology is that without the history of psychology, or rather without all the people, events, research, experiments, and findings, that have been mentioned in this text book, we potentially wouldn't be where we are today in the field.

5) Chapter 15 kind of just wraps up the text book. The duration of the textbook so far has gone in chronological 0rder of how psychology came to be an accepted field of science. This chapter talks about where we are at with psychology today, and again tries to drive the point across that we are where we are because of the events and people that have made huge gains for the field in the past.

6a) The topic that I would like to learn more about is trends in modern psychology.

6b) This section of chapter 15 talks about the 5 major trends that are evident in modern psychology. I would like to learn more about these trends to kind of see if the things researchers are looking at now can make history and be written in a history textbook in the future.

7) One question that I have from chapter 15 is why did it take so long for other races, other than whites to be accepted as being equally competent?

8) Terms: Modern psychology, Diversity, Sigmund Koch, competent, minorities

Please read from one of the remaining chapters. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Chapter 14
(Note: to help with organization points please keep the numbering)
1a) What topic did you find interesting?
Constructing Memory
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Memory has always been an issue that interests me. My family has a history with Alzheimer’s and I watched both my grandma and grandpa suffer through the disease. It amazed me how drastically their memories could change so quickly. So learning about memory has always been something of interest to me.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
James Gibson
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I remember reading about him in previous chapters. He did a lot of research during the war and how it related to psychology. I thought it was interesting because it made such an impact on psych as a whole.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
This was to teach of different sorts of researchers and how they had made an impact in the world.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I thought it was interesting because we got to learn about people for a whole chapter for a change allowing a new perspective while still learning different theories.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that most of it was rather important. Now when I hear a person’s name in upcoming classes, I can have an idea and be able to connect theories and concepts to an actual person.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
It directly connects to Gibson for one example. We had talked about him in a previous chapter and it goes to show that we can learn more when looking more into a person’s life or different area of interest.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the memory concept. I think that it is so applicable to today and an idea that is constantly changing.
6b) Why?
I think that with learning more about it, then we will someday be able to comprehend it fully. But it will take years and years of studying as well as many different samples before that is something we as human beings can accomplish.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
While looking at this chapter, I wondered how these people linked together? Between a few people I could see a clear link, but some I felt like were thrown into the chapter for the sole purpose of squeezing them into the book. What was the reasoning?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Constructing memory
• James Gibson
• Theories and concepts

1) One topic that I found interesting in the chapter was the concept of artificial intelligence (AI). This topic is interesting to me because it has always been a theory and issue that has captivated people. The idea of AI as created amazing feats of engineering and creativity as well as sparked inspiration for cinema such as the Matrix. This chapter however dives into the use of AI to see if scientists can better understand human cognitive function. Herbert Simon and Alan Newman created two systems that tried to accomplish this task. The first system was the Logic Expert (LE) and this was designed to solve problems presented to it logically. The second system, General Problem Solver (GPS), was created to solve a broader range of problems. Using both of these systems allowed Simon and Newman to point out a large distinction in computer science, algorithms and heuristics. An algorithm is a set of rules that guarantees a solution by working through all of the possible steps of the problem. A heuristic is a more general way of solving problems. It uses more of a rule of thumb approach which may not guarantee a solution, is much more efficient that using an algorithm. A heuristic shows more of how a person thinks through a problem. The example they used was using the letters LTEAGST and had the systems figure out what word it can spell. The algorithm will rearrange all the letters in every possible order looking for words that it creates which is much more computer oriented. The heuristic approach however will just eliminate options that will not make sense right away. Just like a person, the heuristic approach would automatically eliminate options that start with GT because those to letters would not be at the beginning of any words. To try and better understand human cognitive process, Simon and Newell used a heuristic called a means-end analysis. This worked by having people extrovertly solve algebra problems so they could understand how people thought about solving a problem. They would then use that information and try and program those actions into a computer to replicate human cognitive function. The purpose of this was they believed that if they were able to replicate cognitive function in computers they would be better able to understand the human cognitive function.
2) One person that I found interesting was Frederick Bartlett. I found Bartlett interesting because of his work with memory. I am particularly interested with his idea of schema. This is when you perceive certain stimuli in your life based off of your own personal experiences. The result is that you may perceive something completely different that someone else being exposed to the exact same thing. The example the Bartlett uses is how people perceive death. He produced an experiment where he made subjects read a short story about death. The point was to have them read something about death from a completely different perspective that what they were used to, i.e. something that did not identify with their culture. Bartlett then visited the subjects during certain points in time after they read the story to see how the recollected the story. The obvious result was that as more time passed between when they read the story and when they were asked to recollect it, they were not able to recollects as much. The interesting result was how the individuals recalled the story. Bartlett found that they manipulated certain parts of the story to fit their culture. To me this is very interesting because it applies so well to the criminal justice system and witness memory. This study helped show that the longer the authorities take to get to the witness the less the witness is going to accurately remember. Witness’s schema might also skew how they remember the event. Given their past experience they may recollect and perceive events in ways they did not actually happen. This study was one of the first to show how fragile memory can be.
3) I think that the overall message of the chapter was to describe how cognitive psychology evolved after Work War II. The chapter hits on how cognitive psychology grew with studies done on memory, artificial intelligence, and perception. I did find this chapter interesting because of how they kept elaborating on cognitive psychology. I could have done without the emphasis on all the names but I did enjoy reading about different concepts that were created after the war.
4) I think the most useful topic or section in this chapter was reading about the evolution of cognitive psychology. I think that this is the most useful because it shows how cognitive psychology has gotten to this point in time. It describes the major ideas and concepts that happened after WWII which I think is the most useful because it allows us to look at the important points in the field. By understanding these points we can better understand how we got to where we are today and why.
5) This chapter built upon my knowledge of memory and perception. It did this by explain one of the first studies to show how memory can deteriorate and how perception can influence how we recall events. This is something that I have gone over in previous psychology classes and ties into projects that I have done.
6) One topic that I would like to learn more about is developmental psychology. I would like to learn more about how cognitive processes develop at certain ages and how experiences mold cognitive processes. A large reason why I would like to learn more about his is because of a question that I was asked this week, when do people develop a sense of morality? My immediate thought was that it is a continuous process but I was not completely sure. I feel as if this would fall under developmental psychology and thus would like to learn more about it.
7) One question that I had for this chapter was, can cell assembly change over time? What I mean by this is after a group of cells has become associated can they disassociate and re-associate with different cells as a person develops?
8) Terms: cell assembly, developmental psychology, cognitive process, memory, perception, artificial intelligence, Logic Expert, General Problem Solver, algorithms, heuristic, means-end analysis, Frederick Bartlett, schema, stimuli

1a) In chapter 15, I found the topic of women in psychology interesting.
1b) I thought that women in psychology was interesting because it talked about how women overcame their obstacles and still continued to work in the field of psychology. It stood out to me that in the 1920s, the problems for women in psychology actually got worse. This stood out to me because we usually think of the 1920s as a time when women finally got the right to vote and they were finally getting more rights, however in the field of psychology, women were regressing and losing rights. Many small colleges, which were the majority of the colleges women were allowed to teach at, began to replace their female teachers with males to “enhance” their programs. Others were having trouble finding work while they were married.
2a) I thought that Gordon Bower was interesting.
2b) Chapter 15 didn’t have many people that the introduced and talked about. However, in its conclusion, the chapter mentioned two new people, Sigmund Koch and Gordon Bower. Both of these men were in the book talking about the how psychology has grown and split into many different specializations. I chose Gordon Bower as interesting because he had a quote that I enjoyed. He compared an individual psychologist to a bug who is eating a small leaf on a small branch of a larger tree. He mentions that the bug is talking to other bugs on the same leaf. I thought that this was an interesting way to think of psychology, with the broad discipline as the trunk and the 54 divisions as different branches.
3a) I think the overall message of this chapter was to inform the readers of the women and minorities history and growth in psychology.
3b) I thought that it was interesting. I had wondered why there had not been as many mentions of either women or minorities throughout the book, however it made sense to save much of their progress until the last chapter. Women and minorities hadn’t had much progress in psychology until recently, minorities even more recent than women. I thought it was important that these topics were talked about, even if it is difficult to talk about them.
4) I think the most important thing in this chapter that helps us learn the history of psychology is understanding how psychology grew in its diversity. Historians could go back and include women and minorities in the history of psychology, but it’s important to know that women and minorities weren’t always allowed in different organizations and that their contributions were often critiqued harshly.
5) This chapter relates to previous chapters when they talked about how women and minorities weren’t allowed in different organizations. It also relates to previous history classes when talking about women’s rights movements and minorities rights. These movements seem to parallel to psychology’s growth for the most part.
6a) I would like to know more about women’s movements in psychology and women who have studied throughout history.
6b) I would like to know these things because I think that they are interesting and they are important to know how we got to this point. At this time in history, women undergraduates outnumber men by almost two to one. I would like to know the steps it took women to get to this point.
7) Why did it take women and minorities so long to be included in psychology’s organizations? Why did it take minorities so much longer than women?
8) Women in psychology, Gordon Bower, Sigmund Koch, minorities in psychology.

For this assignment, I chose to read Chapter 14: Psychology’s Researchers
1a) I found the topic of Chomsky’s grammar and linguistic intervals to be interesting in this chapter.
1b) While these developments did not come directly from the field of psychology, it definitely had an impact on the popularization of cognitive psychology. I found this topic interesting because before we knew what it was called, language was viewed as a outcome of conditioning and associative learning. Which we now know is incorrect because Chomsky proposed that it was a result of a hierarchical set of rules known as grammar. With these set of rules, we can recognize grammatical sentences that make sense, and non grammatical sentences that do not make sense.
2a) I found Fredrick Bartlett to be an interesting psychologist in this chapter.
2b) Bartlett did a lot of research with memory and that’s what I found most interesting about him. He performed research in many other topics as well, but his memory research is what he is best known for. For example, I found his research with the native american folktale to be very interesting. He read a native american folktale to 20 participants and 15 minutes after reading the story, asked them to recall as much as they could. He also asked them to recall at different time intervals ranging from weeks to months. What he found was that total recall declined over time, and time also shaped what the person made up about the story to put in place of what they forgot. In order to form a coherent sentence, the participants would insert their sentences or phrases so that the story made sense.
3a) I thought that the overall message of this chapter was how cognitive psychology developed, over time to become a major influence in the field of psychology. I also think that one message from this chapter was that there were many other outside influences and influencers that had an impact on how the field of cognitive psychology developed.
3b) I don’t know if the overall chapter was that interesting to me, but I did find certain topics and people to be very interesting. I’ve never really been that interested in the field of cognitive psychology, but there have been topics of research within the field that I find fascinating and want to know more about.
4) I think the entire chapter will help me to understand the history of psychology better because it talked about one of the biggest and most diverse areas of psychology. This chapter talked about the biggest topics within this field and how they became popular to researchers.
5) I’ve learned the basic psychological principles of memory and language in other psychology classes, but this chapter was able to build upon that. This chapter talked about the people that had the biggest influence on memory and language and how they contributed to what was already known.
6a) I would like to learn more about the research technique dichotic listening.
6b) There was only a brief amount of information on this topic, and I found it interesting how they could use this technique to observe the limited capacity to receive multiple messages at the same time, as well as selective attention.
7) If the psychologists that were talked about in this chapter would not have been around to popularize cognitive psychology, would it still be around today? Or would it have died out and not been used as widely?
8) Terminology: Chomsky, grammar, linguistic intervals, Bartlett, selective attention, memory, language, dichotic listening.

Chapter 15

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I thought the trends in modern psychology were interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This topic was interesting to me because these trends showed a majority of the main themes of modern psych and also gave us reasoning for why it is important to study the past to understand the present. The book says that E.G. Boring was one of the first to argue this.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
This chapter didn't discuss anyone new specifically but it did talk about women in psychology, so I think the most interesting people of this chapter were the women.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found it interesting because it reviewed the struggles the pioneer women faced like Mary Calkins and Christine Ladd-Franklin and the barriers they overcame.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
The overall message of this chapter was discussing the major growth that we saw in psychology throughout this book and also why what we read about is important to understanding modern psychology.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
It was interesting to me because it was a good wrap up of the book and highlighted a lot of important topics.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The section about the trends in modern psychology.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter wraps up the book and talks about the APA and why that was an important thing for psychologists to be able to be apart of. It gave them a place to share there findings. The APA was talked about many times throughout the book but its importance was never really discussed.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Minorities in psychology
6b) Why?
because I would like to learn more about their contributions.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought this chapter would help me write our final paper with the things it discussed

Terms: Themes in Modern Psych, E.G. Boring, Mary Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, APA, minorities in psychology

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought the question of psychology vs psychologies in chapter 15 was interesting. Psychology is hard to define because it is so intrinsically connected to physiology and philosophy. There are many different fields within psychology, each with their own specializations, there is still psychology as a whole to discuss. We have a broad spectrum ranging from Experimental Psychology to Psychology of Religion as stated in our book. With all of these different interest groups and areas of psychology we are able to learn more by focusing on one particular area. Psychology is not a unified field, there are many different subcategories in psychology that don’t always work together. They have completely different schools of thought and have very little commonalities. The APA has 56 divisions which goes to show that there are a lot of different disciplines, all within the realm of psychology.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I thought that Mamie and Kenneth Clark, who conducted doll studies with children were interesting. The doll study was a study where children were presented with two identical dolls except that one was dark with dark hair and one light with blond hair. The study found that children repeatedly chose the white doll as “better” “nicer” and “prettier” etc. They also said that the black dolls were the ‘bad kids,’ and that some of the African American children said that they looked like the white dolls. Dr. Clark played a role in Brown vs. Board of Education about this study. In the 1940's was a large step in acceptance because Mamie and Kenneth were African-American. They worked on the advancement in self-esteem for African American Children. Kenneth became the first African American APA President.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
The overall message of this chapter in my opinion was to show the development of cognitive psychology. In this chapter, we see cognitive psychology solidify. What I know to be psychology and what I think about when I think about psychological studies is discussed in this chapter: attention, memory, cognition, etc. It was somewhat interesting. This was more of a summary of the previous chapters. It did interest me in how it reflects on the past and stresses its importance for the present.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The chapter is useful in understanding the history of psychology because it gives and over view of the history and emphasizes the effects that is present.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter relates to the previous chapters because it is pretty much a summary of the pervious chapters. It builds on because it emphasized on the effects that are present now.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
6b) Why?
I would like to learn more about the women and minorities that contributed to the field of psychology and other unsung Heroes.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Has the doll study been redone recently? If so what were the results?
8) Terms: doll study, minorities, APA, psychology vs psychologies, Experimental Psychology, Psychology of Religion, Mamie and Kenneth Clark, African American, Brown vs Board of Education, self-esteem

1) A: I found genetic epistemology to be very interesting.
B: I think learning about how genetics affect the developmental process in a way that is not using heredity. Genes have a lot to do with many mental disorders and the way our bodies develop. Learning about the schemata that are apart of the brain.
2) A: I found Jean Piaget to be interesting.
B: Because of the work that he did with genetic epistemology, genetics are very interesting to me when it come to psychology. The work that Jean did with the center of Genetic epistemology was very interesting to read about and I enjoyed reading about it.
3) A: I thought the overall message of this chapter was good.
B: I found that the content was easy to read and understand. There was a lot of good information present in the chapter. I think the information was presented in a good way and the information was organized well.
4) I think learning about memory and Millers work with chunks and recoding will be the most useful to understanding the history of psychology because memory is a key part of the brain and learning. Learning is an important part of mental disorders. I think there is learning involved in every aspect of psychology and that’s why it was important to learn about.
5) This chapter builds on what I have learned in many ways from this class and other classes. I have learned about genetics somewhat in other classes but in this chapter I have learned more about the people that did research on it and other aspects of genetics. I have also learned about chunking and recoding in other courses along with memory. But I learned more about this topic after reading about it in this chapter.
6) A: I would like to learn more about personality psychology.
B: This topic is something I didn’t know much about before I read this chapter and I wanted to know more about this topic because its not something that is that popular and I haven’t learned much about it in this class or any of my other psychology classes.
7) I didn’t really have any questions or ideas related to this chapter but I think it would be interesting to learn more about a lot of the topics that caught my interest in this chapter.
8) Genetic Epistemology, Jean Piaget, genes, developmental process, personality psychology, miller, memory, chuck, recoding.

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the sheer number of divisions within psychology astounding.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
because there are 56 divisions of psychology recognised by the APA. Some of them are not closely related at all. Like the book mentioned though, psychologists now of days often belong to more than one division. It is extraordinary to think about how far psychology had come, trying to break away from physiology and philosophy, and now it is breaking away from itself… it is not fracturing though, but like a healthy and thriving tree it is creating itself some new branches.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
Probably Koch, for no real reason...
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
i mainly picked him because of his quote on history that “there is a sense that we are nothing if not our history. Our history is our binding force.” which i plan to work into our final somehow.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
i liked this a lot as our closing/ final chapter, it was somewhat hopeful in its view of psychology's future.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
It was of interest to me, because it looked into the future of psychology and gets you to thinking “what’s next”, where will these divisions and subdivisions take us.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
That thought we are all branching out now, we can trace our roots back to the same psychological history.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
As the final chapter, it was a short and sweet umbrella review of the entire book, that started with E.G. Boring, and now has us pondering the future.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Probably the divisions in psychology, and what those 56 are.
6b) Why?
i never realised how many pathways there were in psychology, and how many paths yet to be forged.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Mainly what are the 56 divisions, and how do i find this list?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
psychology, APA, physiology, philosophy, Koch, E.G. Boring

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the topics of obedience, authority, and conformity interesting in this chapter.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found it fascinating that individuals could feel compelled to obey a verbal command from an “authority figure” in a lab coat. I also found it interesting how great of a role the environment also played in conformity. The environment in which the study took place could be enough to sway perceptions. It was found that individuals will obey if they view a person as a legitimate authority. If the authority figure is at a Yale laboratory rather than a storefront the environment might seem to be legitimate; there is only one Yale and there are many many more storefronts.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Eleanor Gibson interesting.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I find the concept of perception interesting in general, but Eleanor Gibson’s work with rats, other animals, and finally infants was especially intriguing. I thought her experiments with the visual cliff and depth perception were a unique take on perception. I am always curious how everyone else views the world and if it is similar to my own perceptions. In her experiments with infants I cannot believe that the babies, when encouraged by their mothers on the side with the ‘cliff’, were able to guess that a particular route was dangerous. I had not realized this developed that early in the human lifespan. Her studies also looked at the nature versus nurture debate in regards to perception; in other words is depth perception modeled or innate.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I believe that the overall message of the chapter was to share research that highly influenced the course of psychology. The chapter contains some of the most popular landmark as well as cautionary experiments about human behavior. The author chose to discuss Piaget (schema), Bartlett (rationalization), Miller (7 plus or minus 2), etc. This chapter was basically a refresher of a majority of the names I learned in Introduction to Psychology.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This chapter was not as interesting as past chapters. It was slightly dull, but was a good review of familiar content.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
One of the most useful things I read in this chapter was about developments research areas. One of these areas was in understanding human perception. Another is how individual behavior is affected by the social environment. The most important useful thing I can think is the relationship between behavior and one’s brain; how do the two entities interact. I think it is extremely important to understand how physiological changes affect behavior patterns. It is important to comprehend and add on to the initial research of biopsychology.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
I learned about Karl Lashley in my biopsychology course. I recognized the term equipotentiality and its relationship to brain functioning. Using this term, Lashley suggested that if certain sections of the brain were destroyed (ablation), the functioning parts could somewhat compensate for the damaged part. I did not know, however, that Lashley was president of the American Psychological Association at one point in his career.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the psychology of personality.

6b) Why?
I have not taken this course while at UNI so I know little about the specific principles related to personality. I know of the Big 5 personality traits but little else. I had no idea that there were multiple types of traits (cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits). I am interested in what makes an individual unique and how their environment and genetics influence a person’s sense of self; his or her personality.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Is laboratory work/experimentation a true reflection of human behavior? (a question similar to the one Henry Murray maid to Boring while they were colleagues at Harvard)
Are there any other metaphors besides the computer one that can be used to describe psychology?

Terms: obedience, conformity, authority, Eleanor Gibson, depth perception, visual cliff, nature versus nurture/environment versus innate, Jean Piaget, Frederick Bartlett, George Miller, social environment, physiological changes, Karl Lashley, biopsychology, equopotentiality, cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits