Reading Activity Week #14 (Due Monday)

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

The idea that no longer is clinical psychology limited to the little things; it is now capable of delivering its services to anyone who is in need. This idea is pretty interesting to me, while trying to read this chapter while on break I found out that this among a few other things was going to be the things that were most interesting to me. For this idea to be somewhat interesting to me I had to search deeper into my own background, knowledge about clinical psychology, and actually find out why this was interesting. I just think it is interesting simply because it shows that the idea of clinical psychology is now growing and people actually want to help those in need and not just focus research on children.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

Another thing that I found somewhat interesting was the idea that some people thought that dysfunctional behavior could maybe be unlearned and replace the more adoptive ones. This struck me as interesting just because we have read about the Little Albert study and how Watson and Rayner made absolutely no attempt to change his behavior and make him “normal” again. However they did try and give suggestions about how things could be changed by conditioning principles; which leads to the idea that dysfunctional behaviors could be reversed if he/she learned something to mask that behavior.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The next idea that I thought was interesting kind of ties in with #2 simply because I thought the idea of direct conditioning was interesting. Direct conditioning is the idea that you can remove a fear from a child. If this could be done then Little Albert easily could have been changed back into his normal state before they started to experiment. This caught my eye and made me rethink the Little Albert study, why didn’t someone try and recondition him?

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

I honestly found the entire chapter a tad bit boring, hard for me to comprehend and I found myself veering off and doing something else. It was quite hard for me to even find three things that interested me so I went with the first three things that I said woah to or questioned. This chapter was full of things that were not interesting to me, so I cannot single out just one item from this chapter.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

Well I believe that reading about Lightner Witmer and how he created psychology’s first clinic can help me understand the history of psychology just because we can see how far we have come and how much things have grown in this aspect. Instead of just seeing one type of person, Witmer also examined children with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral problems related to their performance in school. This helps me understand that someone actually was willing to help those with school problems and we can see how far we have come from this first clinic and what he has done for the world of psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

This chapter relates to previous chapters because it brings up the idea that chapters eight and 12 relate to Witmer’s clinic and how it can tie into the history of psychology. This chapter also brings up some very important people that we have talked about in previous chapters such as: Rayner and Watson.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?

I would like to learn more about the Hawthorne studies just because it seems so relevant to what life is like now. How can productivity be raised if the lighting was poor? It just seems like a great study to research more about and maybe bring a few ideas into my work place or even a friend’s workplace to see if it actually can be reproduced to some affect.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

I honestly questioned why I was still reading this chapter; I could not focus on it and could not comprehend what was being said. Nothing was popping out at me to really question about it.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Clinical Psychology, Rayner, Watson, Little Albert Study, Conditioning principles, direct conditioning, Lightner Witmer, clinic,

1. I found the concept of systematic desensitization to be interesting to read about. I found it interesting because Wolpe focused on creating fear and then eliminating it from a cat. He was also interested in surrounding and how they would play into the reaction of fear when the cat would go for the food. His procedure is still well known today and remains among one of the most effective behavior techniques. Wolpe soon discovered that he could apply his procedure to phobic humans after reading about Chicago physiologist Edmund Jacobson, who describes a technique known as progressive relaxation. Jacobson treated patients with nervous disorders so when Wolpe applied this technique in relation to his, patients could remain relaxed in the presence of their most feared objects. I found wolpe to be interesting because he was interested in giving fear as well as taking it away. Unlike previous studies, he reconditioned his patients to be less fearful of objects they once came to fear.

2. I found Abraham Maslow’s work in Self-actualization to be interesting to read about. I thought it was interesting how people could possibly reach one’s own full potential in life. I was also interested in peak experiences as they came to be called. I was curious while reading can these peak experiences substitute for reaching the full potential or do they blind you in some way towards your full potential? What I found interesting was Maslow’s intense enjoyment, satisfaction, and optimism he put into his work. His work foreshadowed today’s positive psychology which instead looked toward happiness and optimism rather than just mental illnesses. Maslow found that self actulaizers perceived reality accurately and these individuals were highly creative and spontaneous around others, thought of their work as a career or a calling rather than a job.

3. I found the Hawthorne effect interesting to read about because it proposed that people’s performance would be affected because the individuals knew they were being studied in a research project. This first sparked my interest after reading about the lighting experiments and how it didn’t seem to matter how much lighting there was to get a certain performance out of individuals, but in a similar experiment involving the RATR studies we can see different results. Six women were studied to see if by changing the day, would their work would be affected? The women were faced with long work hours, fewer rest periods, and shortened lunch times. Surprisingly enough, the women were producing the same amount of production because they knew they were part of a special group. There are now challenges for the results of this experiment stretching from replacing the workers and changing output from weeks to hours. However, this experiment is still of great interest because it sheds light on specializing different groups.

4. I would say the least interesting part of the chapter is when psychology was applied to business. I didn’t enjoy that reading as much as the rest of the chapter because I am not really interested in business as much as others. I would rather read about the experiments that were involved that was related to industry rather than boring reading over business. Other than that section, I found this chapter to be interesting to read about and very relatable. I also thought that the author could have done a better job of making the business section more appealing to those who weren’t interested in business so that we could become more engaged with the material in this chapter.

5) I think that Rogers focus on client centered therapy, which includes empathy with clients and his technique known as reflection, will prove to be important in studying the history of psychology. Reflection allows the client to connect with the therapist in a way in which the client thinks that the therapist truly understands what he/she is saying. We all hope to do this in our future and connect with individuals on some sort of basis so I feel this is important to talk about. This not only can apply directly to therapists, but being an active listener if your co-worker, friends, etc. have problems and they need someone to listen as well as give them a little advice. I feel that these concepts are important because they can be applied to real world activities that we will take part in. I believe this type of relationship will also produce a good relationship between individuals that listen and connect with one another. Reflection has really been a break through because it gives people the sense that someone is actually there that will listen to what they have to say.

6) This chapter builds on previous chapters by connecting previous clinical psychology to our modern day clinical psychology. This chapter describes the improvements made over the years as well as the disorders that are taken into greater consideration today as opposed to years ago. Chapter 8 described the evolution of mental testing movement, chapter 12 described that drive for mental hygiene that originated with the efforts of Clifford Beers, and this chapter describes Witmer’s clinic, related to orthogenics as well, in which he would help the mentally ill. These chapters are all related and contribute to the history of clinical psychology as it is today. With the founding of this clinic, many practitioners were sorted out from qualified to unqualified in order to sort out those that could do an effective job. In previous years, more unqualified individuals were helping those that were sought as mentally ill or incapable.

7) I would like to research more about humanistic psychology because it stands out to me the most. I would like to know what ideas are all contained within it rather than what I already know on the topic. I would also like to learn more about Maslow’s and Roger’s work into Humanistic psychology as well as how the term self-actualization was coined. I would also be interested in why Maslow and Rogers were so interested in humanistic psychology or the “third” force as opposed to the other fields of psychology. I would like to know what gave these individuals their drive to keep working and pursue their work as a career and a calling rather than a simple job. These men seem optimistic about their life and I want to know if this drove their work in psychology or was it outside factors? I think that the results I find will help me understand their motivation for supporting humanistic psychology.

8) As I read this chapter, I was surprised at how much psychology has changed in the last 100 years. I was surprised to learn that the psychology that we have today is only a mere 50 years old at best. I started thinking about how these notions changed and how we got to where we are today through these individuals that brought about different ideas for us to consider. I also thought about the concepts of self-actualization and peak experiences. Will I ever reach my full potential in life? Have I even began to come close? Do these peak experiences in life blind me as if a fog blinds your vision? These thoughts raced through my mind as I read deeply into this chapter. I was interested in the positivism that was showed and how this reflected on psychology. Do we ever reach our full potential? How do we know if we have? Can we measure this in some way?

9) peak experiences, self-actualization, systematic desensitixation, progressive relaxation, Hathrone studies, Humanisatic psychology, reflection, empathy, client centered therapy, orthogenics, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Joseph Wolpe.

1a) What did you find interesting?
Behavior Therapy

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
The first reason I found this interesting was learning about direct conditioning by Mary Cover Jones. This was interesting to me because it dealt with children. Mary Cover Jones used some of Watson’s suggestions dealing with behaviorism, but also added several of her own ideas. Mary Cover Jones was interested in removing a young boy’s fear towards rabbits. She would allow the rabbit to get closer to the child while he was eating. She later referred this to direct conditioning. The second reason I found this interesting was learning more about behavior therapy. I particularly found Joseph Wolpe procedure interesting. I have discussed this procedure before in previous classes. However I still find it interesting to read about. Joseph Wolpe created a procedure called the systematic desensitization. This procedure is known to be the most effective therapy technique. During this procedure a “fear response is replaced by an incompatible response”. This incompatible response could be known as relaxation. I also found it interesting that Wolpe first became interested in behavioral techniques by studying phobic reactions of cats? He was also able to develop a technique called progressive relaxation. This technique focuses on gradually relaxing major muscle groups.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found it quite assuming that this section was right after the behavior therapy section. I found this section interesting because it is always appealing to read why people would disagree with something. I also found it interesting at humanistic psychology started from a rebellion. Humanistic psychology does not agree with the idea of human behaviors being reduced to “biological instincts or simple conditioned reflexes”. Instead they believe that people can “best characterize” themselves by free will, responsibility, and purpose. This allows them to have a “forward looking lifelong search”. What exactly do they mean by this? They also believe that these characteristics will later result to self-actualization. This means that the people have finally reached their full potential in life. However, in this section it does not give specific reasons to why these people exactly disagree with behavior therapy. There are no examples or explanations?

3a) What did you find interesting?
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Psychotherapy

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this section interesting because it discusses how Hans Eysenck published an article that showed his disagreement towards psychotherapy. During this time there were two types of psychotherapy. They were known as client-centered therapy and behavior therapy. Eysenck tried to explain his reasoning by combining the results of 19 studies. He tried to focus on the absence percent and the recovery percent of each study. Later on Eysenck believed that “it appears to be an inverse relationship between recovery and psychotherapy; the more psychotherapy, the smaller the recovery rate”. Eysenck was convinced that psychotherapy did not allow recovery. I also found it interesting that this opinion of one person made an impact throughout the 1950-1960s. Psychologists were being to point of Eysenck’s work and were convinced that other strategies were necessary.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Researchers and Practitioners

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I did find this section particularly interesting because I thought the information was dull. Also this was the last section of the chapter. In this section it discusses how the new APA would not just focus on science. They were willing to now advance psychology as a profession human welfare. It also discusses the conflict between the reorganization of the APA in 1945. This increased the “visibility” for professional practitioners of psychology. Lastly this section discusses how APA became more involved with professional practice. This created how conflict. Even though I believe this is important information to know, I still do not find it interesting. I rather read about an individual, theories, or particular experiments/studies.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
This chapter allows those to realize what particular struggles were involved when trying to develop clinical or types of therapy. During this time not everyone was convinced that this was going to be successful. It is important to know what exactly took place during this time. You will learn the types of therapies and their theories behind them. Also you will get to see why people have agree or disagree with something. It is also important to know that not everyone is going to agree or benefit the same. I think this allows people to know that this is a complex thing and it is not easy!

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds on to the previous chapters that discusses behaviorism. This chapter brought up the past chapters numerous times. In the previous chapters it introduces why people behave the way they do. It also discusses how people are capable of controlling their own behaviors or others as well. This chapter adds on to the previous chapters because individuals are taking what they know about behaviorism and developing theories and therapies to help. In this chapter is discusses the thought of eliminating fear or anxiety and also discusses the progress of relaxation. This chapter is only the beginning to what we know now.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Behavior therapy and humanistic psychology

7b) Why?
I found the behavior therapy paragraphs very interesting. I would like to learn more about Wolpe’s background and theories. Particularly I am interested in learning more about progressive relaxation. I feel like Wolpe has made great accomplishments. I am also interested in learning more about humanistic psychology. I do not recall whether or not we have discusses this in my previous classes. If we have discusses this in the past it did not get my attention has much as it does now. How did people even come up with these characteristics? I am interested in learning about more reasoning’s or examples to why people believe in this? Or why they might disagree with behavior therapy?

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was questioning why certain people may believe in humanistic psychology over behavior therapy. Are there particular examples or reasoning behind this? Or is this a personal opinion or own thought process? Also I questioned why Wolpe found the phobic of cats so interesting? Lastly I wondered if Eysenck would receive the same results or have the same idea towards psychotherapy if he another study on different studies?

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Direct conditioning, Mary Cover Jones, Joseph Wolpe, systematic desensitization, progressive relaxation, humanistic psychology, self-actualization, and Hans Eysenck

1. Something that I found to be interesting in this chapter was at the turning point of clinical psychology where the clinical psychologists were trying to help school related problems. For example there was a girl that could not spell correctly, so Lightner Witmer figured that the problem had to do with poor eyesight. The problem was corrected and then the student was to take a training program for spelling, which his spelling dramatically increased. This became known as school psychology, this is where clinical psychologists would correct school related problems among students. This interested me in the beginning of the section because it showed that sometime the overall problem might be resulted from different causes, sometimes problems cannot be tackled head on and must be faced by finding the real cause of the problem. The second part with the field being a field to examine and diagnose students that are having trouble learning also interested me because I am going to be a teacher. With being a teacher I know that I am going to have problems trying to make every student understand the subject matter I am teaching. So, I would need to know different methods and solutions to find a way that everyone is able to learn the subject matter.
2. Another thing that I found to be interesting was the section of the results after the war. Basically there were soldiers that were not only wounded from war, but their mental state was changed because of the war. This is where, with the help of the government, the field of clinical psychology branched off into becoming independent. This also resulted in there becoming more psychologists that were able to perform therapy, which there were to be taught how to do so through the three step process brought up in the section. I found this to be interesting because it showed that psychology does not just have to be one huge field that everything is to fall under. It can branch out to other sections of the department because there is going to be some people that are experts in certain areas that do not want to be overall experts, but at the same time they should be free and independent to perform tasks that they are fit and able to do without supervision of other psychology branches.
3. The last thing that I found to be interesting was the boulder model. This was a field that was at first led by David Shakow. This was the backbone for the clinical training. There was a conference that laid down the blueprint for this model, but it ended up stating the fields that clinical psychologists should be experts in: diagnosis of mental disorders, skilled psychotherapists, and be able to complete high-quality empirical research. I thought this was interesting because it would not be a good idea to form a brand new field of study, or the same field with different goals or ways it is set up, that does not have a plan. It cannot go out and just expect things are going to form perfectly for the field without knowing what goals are trying to be achieved, how they would like to get there and analysis of how the plan worked out and if it should be the primary way to complete the task. Forming this model made this field survive because it had an actual plan and knew what it wanted to accomplish instead of just going at the problem with no plan.
4. Something that I found to not be interesting was the section on the Eysenck Study. I did not like this section because it was confusing to me, this may be because that I did not have interest in the topic or I was not reading the section correctly. What confused me about this section is that it was talking about different therapies and how they resulted in helping clients, but then after it went through the different types of therapies it explained that some of them were having less results in no therapy at all. I would think that the different types of therapy would have some benefit over no therapy at all, so this confused me because I did not agree with this statement. I know that these studies were done after evidence and information was presented to the psychologists, but I still feel that some type of therapy must have some sort of triumph over doing nothing.
5. I think that the most important thing in the chapter was the section of Lightner Witmer. I think this was important because it stated that he believed that psychology should be used for real world situations and should be used to better people’s lives. I think that this is true and is what is going to make understanding the history of psychology more enjoyable. Knowing names and dates is boring, but if you were to see how the history relates to you and know how psychology helps you in everyday life, then studying the history of it is more interesting. This is just like everything else, the things that are most interesting are things that have some kind of relation to the subject studying the material.
6. This chapter built on the previous chapter because there was clinical psychology before World War II and a different field of clinical psychology after World War II. This chapter was showing how the field has changed and just became more independent and not relying on everything else in the field of psychology.
7. A topic that I would like to know more about is the school psychology. I found a lot of interest in this topic while reading the chapter and I would like to know more about it because having more knowledge in this may help me in becoming a more effective teacher. I know that there is going to be problems in teaching and some students not being able to understand all the material, but knowing some tips to go around blockades like sitting some students closer to me when I lecture due to a hearing deficit and other situations that may arise like that.
8. Something that I questioned this chapter was that even though that there was this switch for the field to become independent, but I would like to know that why some people still believed that clinical psychologists could not do the job on their own? I know that there is different types of experts is different fields, but I do not know why some people would think that the clinical psychologists were unable to become their own field until after the war where there was no other option due to how many soldiers needed the therapy after the war.
9. School psychology, Lightner Witmer, boulder model, David Shakow, Clinical psychology, Eysenck study

1a) What did you find interesting?
Lightner Witmer

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought it was interesting reading about him as he was creating psychology’s first clinic. I liked it because it was the first of it’s kind and learning how the process of establishing the clinic was fascinating. I also liked reading about how the clinics advanced in the ways that they processed the children upon arriving to said clinic.
2a) What did you find interesting?

O. Hobart and Willie M. Mowrer
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
These two were mentioned in the section on behavior therapy, which I tend to have an interest in to begin with. Hobart and Mowrer developed a treatment program for bed-wetting which I had not heard about prior to this section. I like the idea of the treatment and the way that they then used their findings.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Joseph Wolpe

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought that the processes of him coming to the idea of systematic desensitization was interesting, although I did not like the shocking of the cats. I think I was interested in this since it is the best known behavior therapy technique so gaining knowledge of how it became known was interesting.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
The Boulder Model

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I thought that the information given was common sense and slightly unnecessary in this chapter. It was a very short section and it might have been better to just leave it out of chapter 13.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
We have learned about topics such as behaviorism in past chapters so it was basically just building on prior knowledge.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 

I would like to learn more about the study/treatment method that was put on by O. Hobart and Willie M. Mowrer.
7b) Why?
There wasn’t a whole lot of information about their treatment method and I thought that the topic was extremely interesting so I would like to look into it further.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
There was a lot of background information in this text from subjects I had learned about in other classes, so I thought a lot about the other information I had learned about things such as humanistic psychology.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Lightner Witmer, The Boulder Model, behavior therapy, O. Hobart, Williw M. Mowrer, humanistic psychology, Joseph Wolpe, Systematic Desensitization.

Please read chapter 13. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What did you find interesting? Clinical psychology and Lightner Witmer
1b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought the section on the introduction of psychology interesting, as Lightner Witmer wanted to use psychology to help people. He wanted to find ways to use his research to help children with school related issues. This became known as school psychology. Witmer started a clinic where he tried to help solve problems. The first child he saw was smart, but he had problems with spelling. He ended up figuring out that he had vision problems, and once that was corrected he could spell. Witmer didn’t like pen and paper tests, including Binet’s IQ test. He thought there should be a variety of ways to test and understand a child before classifying them. Witmer came up with three ways to classify children using clinical psychology. The first group were children who had a correctable medical condition that would not require any additional training. An example of this group would include students who had vision problems and simply needed glasses. The second group were children who had a possible correctable condition, but also needed additional special training. The third group were children whose condition was untreatable, and the children were “severely retarded”. Witmer believed this third group should be away from society, and basically institutionalized. Another interesting thing I found about Witmer was that he was like a behaviorist, and that he didn’t like to emphasize heredity because it was like giving up hope of fixing a person.
2a) What did you find interesting? lobotomies
2b) Why was it interesting to you? I found this section interesting because I liked learning about the history of the infamous lobotomy. It was originally used on chimpazees who were aggressive. After having a lobotomy they became more passive. The first lobotomies performed on humans was done by Antonio Moniz. He believed that lobotomies should be done as a last resort for only the most extreme cases. In these lobotomies, there would actually be holes drilled in the patient’s skull. He received the Nobel Prize for the lobotomy in 1949. However, using lobotomies as a last resort was not the case in the minds of Freeman and Watt, who used them to treat many different mental disorders. Freeman and Watt also invented the pick, which was inserted in the patient’s eye, rather than drilling a hole. This became known as a transorbital lobotomy. These lobotomies were faster to perform and made them able to be outpatient procedures. The downside to these lobotomies is that they often destroyed more fibers in the frontal lobe, and it was easier to hit a major artery, which could lead to death. However, Freeman got a little crazy and thought the more lobotomies the better! By the mid-1950s, lobotomies had gone “out of style” as new antipsychotic drugs became available on the market.
3a) What did you find interesting? Hawthorne Effect
3b) Why was it interesting to you? I found this section interesting because I had learned about the Hawthorne Effect in a few other classes, however I never really learned the details of the experiment like I did in this textbook. The Hawthorne Effect was a psychological experiment done in the 1920s as a series of applied research experiments. It was originally made to figure out if lighting affected the productivity of workers. The hypothesis was that the more light there was in a workplace, the more productive workers would be (and the more lightbulbs could be sold). This experiment occurred over the course of three years in Hawthorne, Illinois, hence its name. However, in reality they found that the amount of light did not affect the amount of productivity. They instead found out that the “physical factor is less important than the human factor in regards to productivity.” Workers learned that they were being watched, and so they performed at their highest level. The really interesting part I found out about this study was in regards to the Relay Assembly Test Room, in which a group of women were making relays, and various things changed for them over the course of the three years. The end of the study showed that regardless of factors such as work days, length of shifts, and pay, productivity increased. However, it was later discovered there were various problems with this assumption. Two of the women in the study were removed from the study, which could affect the outcome of the study. There was also a statistical problem, as the amount of relays was incorrect as they did not take into account that the women were working more hours per week in the second year than the first. Also, women did not like the changes that were happening in the workplace, but they were too afraid they would get booted from the study as they were being paid bonuses for participating in the study. These three things make the results of the Hawthorne Effect experiment questionable.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Boulder Method
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? I didn’t find the Boulder Method that interesting, as I didn’t really feel like it explained much. It was basically just about a conference in Boulder, Colorado and how the APA and the Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology wanted to teach other psychologists different areas of expertise needed to be a clinical psychologists. This Boulder Model became known as the scientist-practioner model.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think learning about the Hawthorne Effect will be most important as it’s a study that many textbooks cover. As a teacher I should know about this experiment, and I now feel like I know more about this experiment!
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? This chapter builds on the chapters on behaviorists, because clinical psychologists want to apply psychology into ways that can help people. Also clinical psychologists, like behaviorists, emphasize nurture over nature, and that the environment can change outcomes.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? lobotomies
7b) Why? I would like to look more at the effects of people who had lobotomies performed because I think it’s important to know how psychological procedures had an effect on everyday people.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? Do lobotomies still happen today? What happened to the people who had lobotomies? What conditions did the people who had lobotomies performed by Freeman and Watt have?
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Clinical psychology
Lightner Witmer
school psychology
Binet
IQ test
behaviorist
lobotomies
Antonio Moniz
transorbital lobotomy
Hawthorne Effect
Boulder Method
APA
scientist-practioner model

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the work of Lightner Witmer to be interesting. Witmer created what is believed to be the first clinic to actually help children with learning or mental problems. The important aspect to this is that Witmer observed these problems first hand in his clinic. He was able to report what he was encountering, thus giving a focus for new research. He had a whole staff that would do a medical physical and then test the child for learning or mental problems. He believed that these children could be helped even though the thought of the time was that it was based on heredity and that nothing could be done. He proved this by helping thousands of his patients become better students and live better lives than they would have. His expertise would be called social psychology today.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the close-up story on lobotomies to be very interesting. Antonio Moniz developed the procedure based on research results of experiments done on chimps. He performed the procedure on twenty patients and said that fourteen of them improved. The patients who received the lobotomies had very severe disorders, were suicidal and dangerous. He urged that this be used as a last resort in extreme cases. In walks Walter Freeman, who basically used the lobotomy like a street vendor selling elixir. He completed over 3,000 lobotomies, of which 25% of his patients died because of them. The lobotomy was something that needed a lot more research before it was used on a human being. One only has to look at Rosemary Kennedy to see the devastating results of a botched lobotomy. Before she received one in 1941 at the age of 23, she wrote of going to concerts and operas and meeting interesting people. Afterwards, she was shipped off to an institution in Wisconsin to live out the remainder of her life under the 24 hour care of two nurses.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found Carl Rogers and his client-centered therapy to be very interesting. Rogers created this approach that many copied in the 1960’s and 70’s. The most important aspect of this therapy is to concentrate on the environment and not so much the personal history of the client. Rogers’ 3 part plan seems simple enough but very intelligent also. First, the therapist must be honest with the client. To be who you actually are when working with a client is important to gain trust and eventually to be able to help the client. The second aspect of this therapy is to accept the client as a person who has value and worth in society. The third aspect of this therapy is to have empathy for the client. Understand how the client sees things and what they are feeling. This is important because this therapy shows how important it is to understand the client in order to help them.

4a) What didn’t you find interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The part of the chapter that described psychology and the world of business and industry did not interest me much. This section talked about how many businesses hired psychologists to produce tests that would help them hire the perfect employees. I’m not a fan of these standardized, one size fits all tests when it comes to employment or anything else for that matter. They have failed in the area of education as well.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I believe that understanding Carl Rogers’ work and what he did for Client Centered Therapy will help my understanding of the history of psychology. Rogers was important in how patients would be treated in the field of psychology. His work is considered to be a vital precursor for the positive psychology movement of today.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Up to this point we have mainly been learning about research being done in the laboratory and observational research. With this chapter we are exposed to how psychologists are taking the information researched in the past and applying it to patient care in a clinical setting. I believe what is most important in the psychology field is how it can help people with their problems so they can lead a better life.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to know more about the lobotomy procedure. Why was a person able to go around America and perform lobotomies when so little was known about them? This situation shows the dangers of taking animal research and applying it to humans. It seemed to work on monkeys so let’s go ahead and try it on human beings. This was the thought process of the people who took the research and ran with it.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
The main thing I was thinking about was Rosemary Kennedy and the tragic event that was forced upon her and many others who could not stand up and defend themselves. Her father did his best to make her illness seem a lot worse than what it was. He ordered her to have a lobotomy when she could have lived a relatively normal life. Joseph Kennedy wanted to make sure that Rosemary would not be an embarrassment to the family.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Lightner Witner
• Walter Freeman
• Carl Rogers
• School Psychology
• Lobotomy
• Client-Centered Therapy
• Empathy
• Positive Psychology

1a) What did you find interesting? 1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the section over Lightner Witmer to be interesting. He was alike with American Psychologists in that he was trained in lab research, but he took psychology and applied it to the real world. Witmer also was his own ‘lab rat,’ and was once bucked off of a horse to see how it would affect memory and pain. Not only did he seem to live for danger, but he was adventurous in a majority of everything he did. This came across in school settings with children. He would take the children that needed help so they could focus in school to have a better future. After doing this repeatedly, he pushed for a new profession in schools and this was successful. Today it is known as a school psychiatrist. He also created his own clinic to help children, and this clinic was nothing but a success. Much of what he did became known as Orthogenics, and this was ‘a therapeutic strategy of helping those with school related problems, known as learning disabilities, to recover.’
2a) What did you find interesting? 2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Clinical Psychology pre-war and how unsuccessful it was. The field of Clinical Psychology had its ups and downs. At first, it didn’t gain momentum. Then it finally was gaining the momentum, but there were problems that were arising. The first being that it was becoming more popular, but with the success grew the need for more clinical psychologists and many were not qualified while delivering the needs to others. The second was that Clinicians did not feel comfortable in the APA with the others. The third being, most of those who had jobs in the field of Clinical Psychology ended up in a low status position and one of the few ways to become high status was to work at Witmer’s. These problems were growing to be fixed. One of the major leaps was that instead of Clinicians only helping children and adolescents, they were able to help anyone that needed the help with no restrictions on ages or needs.
3a) What did you find interesting? 3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Carl Rogers and his Client- Centered Therapy. Client- Centered Therapy is when the clients’ needs are met and this involves the therapist to create an atmosphere for a conductive change for the client. The Clinician would have to not focus on the past, but work for a success in self- actualization to take control of their own lives. Along with this, they would have to accept the client for all that they are, even at their worst. Showing empathy would better help understand what is actually going on. However, Rogers did realize that there would be some points to where it would be hard to understand the client. As long as there was effort put forth, that is all that mattered. This was called reflection, and this leads to the client that the Clinician is reaching for an understanding to help them.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I thought the last sections over business, industry, and engineering was not interesting. It was great to see how the book was trying to create a relationship with psychology and these areas, but I am not interested in those areas. It became hard to focus on the reading because it did not strike me as interesting.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that the parts that it went into detail on what Clinical Psychology really is gives me a better understanding the world of psychology. After reading this chapter I would have to say that this is my favorite chapter that I have read so far.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
In the section of Witmer, it brought back the idea of behaviorism. The idea of behaviorism played a part in Witmer’s ideas of how to help others and what to avoid.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 7b) Why?
I would like to learn more about the Client- Centered Therapy. This section was really interesting to me and how Rogers’ was creating a better way to understand others in their time of need.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I can still see much of what was covered today. For starters, school psychology is a very important profession in a school setting and will only help students for the good. Also, the Client- Centered Therapy ideas can be seen in that we want to make others feel comfortable and do the best for understanding.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Lightner Witmer. Orthogenics. Clinical Psychology. Carl Rogers. Client- Centered Therapy. Self- Actualization. Empathy. Reflection.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
One thing that I found interesting was the section on Witmer, and particularly, his argument that environment shapes behavior. I thought that he phrased his idea in a way I had never heard before in that those that argued the idea of heredity gives up the hope of change. I definitely think this idea is very relevant today when one looks at cases of abuse or growing up in a low-income household, people learn from their environments and unfortunately find themselves in the same place years down the road.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Another thing that I found interesting was Roger’s client-based therapy. I thought the different components that a therapist must have such as genuineness, accepting of the client as a person, and empathy was intriguing. It made me think of how today’s therapists trained and how they each have their own specialties depending on the type of therapy. It made me think of my counselor and brought me to make a mental checklist as I read all of the components that an effective therapist should have.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
A third thing that I found interesting was the section on the PsyD. I always had wondered what the difference was between a PsyD and a PhD and when or why a PsyD ever came along in the first place. It also made me wonder what kind of degree causes people to go into PsyDs more because as far I know, most of the professors at this university hold PhDs.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
One thing that I didn’t find as interesting was the section on the Hawthorne Studies. I had already learned about these studies three times in the past year so as soon I saw the longer section on it, I found myself more skimming through rather than reading that part as I already knew most of it.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that learning about client-centered therapy will be most useful in understanding the history of psychology because it was a breakthrough from the psychoanalytic/Freudian techniques that were being used during that time. I also find it very significant as this kind of therapy is practiced widely today and psychoanalytic is rare to hear of. This was a stepping-stone in being much more effective with helping people and giving them hope that therapy could be more useful.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds off other ones as the emergence of modern clinical psychology takes place after WW2, this is also the time in which other chapters mention how the war affected psychology and actually the reason why many psychologists ended up in America in the first place. Witmer has been mentioned in other chapters and is mentioned in this one at the beginning as he followed Cattel to Leipzig. Finally, it builds off of the others as the psychologists mentioned are like the other American psychologists believed that psychology should help improve lives.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
7b) Why?
I would like to learn more about Abraham Maslow. I always thought that his concept of self-actualization was very interesting and insightful. I am intrigued with learning more about how he came to his different conclusions and if he would consider me to be self-actualized.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Since this chapter was about the emergence of modern clinical psychology and included new insights to more effective therapy, it made me think about my experience with my counselor. Going into my first counseling experience was definitely not what I expected it to be as it was mostly just me talking through the session and my counselor really did not talk most of the time. I suppose I figured they would ask me more questions or ask me more about my family history and etc. I found myself comparing it to Roger’s ideas and seeing a lot of similarities with it. It also made me wonder how weird and different it would be to go to a more psychoanalytic type of therapy.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Witmer, Roger’s client-based therapy, empathy, PsyD, Hawthorne Studies, Freud, psychoanalytic therapy, Cattel, Leipzig, Abraham Maslow, and self-actualization.

B.H.

1a) b) The Hawthorne studies interested me because I am a business student and overall businesses are all about productivity. I was surprised at the finds that in the electrical industry did not produce better productivity. Many psychologists and philosophers believed that there was a correlation between lighting and productivity. What the came to find out is the Hawthrone Effect. The tendency for performance to be affected because people know they are being studied in a research project. Basically people in the work place will be more productive if a manager is always over their shoulder watching what is being accomplished. How do you motivate a person in a job place that doesn’t have supervision? That’s where certain commission incentives and rewards come into play to allow for employee motivation.

2a) b) Engineering psychology interested me because it was a form of applied experimental psychology that examined the relationship between humans and machines. The goal being the development of machines that humans can use efficiently, comfortably, and safely. This provided psychological principles to improve business like industrial psychology. Its nice to see psychology applied to the business world to improve efficiency but also make the employees happy and comfy.

3a) b) The humanistic approach to psychotheraphy interested me because humanistic psychology went on to be known as psychologys third force, rejecting what it believed to be the “mechanistic, impersonal, hierarchical, elitist psychoanalytic establishment and the overly scentistic, cold, removed behaviorism” It criticized the ideas that human behavior could be reduced to repressed biological instincts or conditioned reflexes. That rejected the idea that individuals past histories limited what their futures could be. I like self-actualization, which was to become self-actualized meant to reach ones full potential in life. This was the work done by Maslow and Carl Rogers.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? I didn’t find the Vail or Boulder model very interesting because I don’t think its fair to give to accredits in a major. In business you don’t have a choice, you take one thing because that’s what everyone has to do. You can’t focus on practice rather than research like you can in psychology.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? The history of psychology has not only helped the field of psychology but it can also be applied to the business field with the industrial and engineering psychology fields.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? Behaviorism has been the main idea for quite a few chapters, it was nice to see the humanistic psychology approach that accounted for self-actualization and social growth in people. Instead of the saying humans are tied to their past and are free to develop and control their own lives because sometimes I don’t feel that way.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
7b) Why? Psychology in business because I am a business major and I would like to hear other ways psychology has contributed to business. Just like the Hawthorne studies and the Hawthrone Effect.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? Using the Hawthorne affect somehow in the classroom could be beneficial. To bad having multiple teachers can get quite spendy in education. But maybe we would get more done with someone breathing down our necks.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Boulder Model, Vail Model, The humanistic approach to psychotheraphy, self-actualization, Maslow, Carl Rogers, The Hawthorne Studies, hawthorne effect, engineering psychology

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found a lot of the information from chapter 13 really interesting. One of the topics that really stuck out to me as being interesting has to do with Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and humanistic psychology. I thought it was interesting that the book described humanistic psychology as starting as a revolt. I feel like this first sentence under this section really drew me in to wanting to learn more about this subject and the history behind it. I was curious to find out why this part of psychology started as a revolt and how it has changed since then. Humanistic psychology is the part of psychology that “criticized the ideas that human behavior could be reduced to repressed biological instincts or simple conditioned reflexes” along with disagreeing that people’s pasts limited their futures and basically went against psychoanalysis and behaviorism. I think that this is really interesting because it takes a lot for another idea to go against two very popular ones, especially back in the day. Not many people liked changing the way they thought about something so for humanistic psychology to come out with these new ideas shows how confident the people were backing these ideas. Two of these people are very famous in the world of psychology today. These two humanistic psychologists are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow has always been interesting to me because I enjoy learning about his hierarchy of needs. I think that this pyramid is really fun to learn about and relate it to your own life. It would be interesting to feel how it is when a person has reached the point of self-actualization. Self-actualization is the highest point on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and one must satisfy all other needs before ending up at this spot. When someone is self-actualized, it means that they have reached their full potential in life and I find this idea very enlightening. Having the innate tendency to grow toward self-actualization, finding meaning in life, having free will, and possessing a sense of responsibility and purpose is what humanistic psychology is all about. I think that all of these ideas are interesting as did Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers was also an interesting psychologist to learn about from this chapter because he developed the idea of client-centered therapy. Through this type of therapy, Rogers decided it was unnecessary to focus on the clients past history and instead focus on themselves. Client-centered therapy is all about the therapist being able to create the perfect environment where the client would feel at peace and be able to take control of their life to grow in the direction of self-actualization. The ideal therapeutic atmosphere for this to take place relies on the therapist being genuine and honest, accept the client as a person, and to have empathy with the client. This type of therapy sounds very relaxing to me and I am not surprised that many people used it in the past.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The second topic that I found interesting in chapter 13 was in the close-up on page 424. This close-up is titled “The Medical Strategy- Lobotomies, Transorbital, and Otherwise.” This title caught my attention because in psychology, we hear so much about lobotomies and other medical “treatments” that were used in the past. I thought it would be interesting to learn more about these techniques and what information we hear is rumored versus what is actually true in this subject. Back in the day, psychiatry relied on asylums to treat their patients. These patients were usually only those that were considered severely mentally ill. Over the years, new medical treatments slowly started becoming more mainstream in order to take care of and provide relief to their patients. One of these techniques is lobotomy. The idea for human lobotomies stemmed from the research of Carlyle Jacobsen and John Fulton who found that damage to the frontal lobes of chimpanzees could benefit them. I did not know this about lobotomies and found it really interesting to learn the history of where this medical idea came from. I also thought it was interesting to put myself in the shoes of the psychologists working during this time period. Many of us today see lobotomies as painful, unnecessary, and unethical procedures, when back in these times it was actually considered helpful to the patients. The doctors only wanted to help their patients who were mentally ill and stressed out. A man named Antonio Egas Moniz was a real supporter of the lobotomy and kind of perfected the art, but he was careful to say that it should only be used in extreme circumstances. Like always though, people took this idea of a lobotomy and ran with it until it became the crazed news we hear about today. Over the years, almost 20,000 people received this procedure and it only stopped once antipsychotic drugs came into the picture in the mid-1950’s. I think all of this information about lobotomies was really interesting and reading this close-up made me want to learn more about the history of this medical procedure as well as more facts about what it all entailed.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The final topic that I found interesting in chapter 13 was the information on the Hawthorne studies. The Hawthorne studies was an experiment that took place in the 1920’s and still continues to be seen today. The research took place in Illinois, at a plant that manufactured equipment for AT&T. The Hawthorne studies took place over 3 years and within those 3 years, the researchers found a lot of interesting information. The studies originally hoped to find a correlation between the amount of lighting in a room and the rate of productivity of the employees in the work place. The experiments found that the more lighting in a room meant that the employees had a higher production rate. These experiments were done by using a relay system. These relays also tested variables like rest periods, total hours worked, and bonuses. Through all of these experiments, the researchers stumbled upon the idea known as the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect is the tendency for performance to be affected because people know they are being studied in a research project. Therefore, employees tend to have a higher rate of productivity in these experiments because they know they are being observed. This effect seems to be true, but there were many other outlying factors that could have contributed to the Hawthorne studies. Nevertheless, the information found from these studies and the effect that the research has had in psychology and the working world is definitely a fun and interesting topic to learn about.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Despite the Hawthorne studies, one of the topics I found least interesting in the reading of chapter 13 dealt with how psychology relates to the world of business and industry. While I agree that psychology is used a lot in the business industry, I have never really been interested in how business works. I enjoy psychology and dealing with people and all the differences they have but when I think about business, all I really think about is boring people in suits. To me, psychology is a lot more fun. The information under this section was informational but it was not interesting to me because this is not a topic I am generally interested in learning about. Along with this, I was not interested in engineering psychology. While it probably is an interesting topic to some people, I honestly skimmed over this section because it is not a career I am looking at going into. While it is a helpful area of psychology, I find it more interesting to learn about people and the way they think rather than dealing with machinery and engineering.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I feel like a lot of information in this chapter was important and useful to understanding the history of psychology. That being said, the most important and useful information I found in this chapter relating to understanding this history of psychology has to deal with Lightner Witmer and clinical psychology. Clinical psychology is such a huge aspect of psychology in general that I feel it is important to learn about this history of this part of psychology and also the people that played an important part in it. Lightner Witmer is known for creating psychology’s first clinic and pioneered school psychology. Without him and his ideas, and clinical psychology in general, the science of psychology would not be where it is today.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter relates to many ideas that have been a part of previous chapters. Some of these ideas include IQ testing, and behaviorism. IQ testing shows up in chapter 13 because of Lightner Witmer, who saw little value in IQ scores. In the previous chapters, IQ scores were thought of highly because they were believed to show how smart a person is. Witmer used other tests for children that looked at things like attention, memory, and motor coordination. I thought this was interesting because we hear so many good things about IQ testings, it was different to see a famous psychologist who disagreed with them.
Behavior therapy comes up in chapter 13 which relates to what we have learned about with the science of behaviorism in previous chapters. After Watson’s study with Little Albert, people got the idea to try direct conditioning in schools and with children to reduce fears and alter other behaviors. One of these ways was systematic desensitization. This behavior therapy technique is still one of the most used and effective technique today because it focuses on slowly reducing the behavior of a person through slight changes in their lives. I thought it was interesting to see how popular behavior therapy became because of the work that Watson and other behaviorists accomplished.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
The topic that I would be interested in learning more about is orthogenics. This topic is only briefly mentioned in the reading and not much information was provided relating to this idea. Orthogenics is basically the providing of treatment to mentally handicapped people. This term was introduced by Witmer and I would be interested in learning more about Witmer’s ideas in this subject and how the topic is thought about today.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
One of the ideas that I related to while reading chapter 13 was school psychology. This field of psychology is something that I have been looking at going into more and more and to read and learn about the history behind this area of psychology was really interesting to me. It made me think about the future of school psychology as well and where this field could take me in my life as a possible school psychologist.
The second idea that related to what I was reading about in chapter 13 dealt with Maslow’s idea of peak experiences. My freshman year at UNI I took a class where I had to write a paper about my own peak experience. I chose to write about the time I went skydiving and rereading about this term brought me back to that class and the actual skydiving experience again as well. I would love to go again or do something else that I could classify as a peak experience.

Terms: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology, behaviorism, self-actualization, client-centered therapy, empathy, lobotomies, Hawthorne studies, Hawthorne effect, engineering psychology, Lightner Witmer, clinical psychology, school psychology, IQ, behavior therapy, systematic desensitization, orthogenics, peak experiences

1a) What did you find interesting?
- I found it interesting that both clinical psychology (field of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavior disorders; named by Witmer), and school psychology (field of psychology conferenced with the development of programs for treating children and adolescents with school-related problems; pioneered by Witmer, although he did not use the term) were both pioneered by Witmer.


1b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I find it interesting because I don’t recall Witmer, and I don’t think he has been mentioned in any of my psych classes. It seems interesting that someone who has created (or coined) two of the more common outlets of psychology is not more present in formal lecture classes; especially Intro classes.

2a) What did you find interesting?
- Scientist Practitioner Model: Training model for PhD in clinical psychology that emphasizes a research dissertation; also called the Boulder Model.


2b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I think it is interesting that this is commonly referred to as the Boulder Model, today was the first time I had ever heard it referred to as such. Although, I am familiar with the scientist practitioner model. I was actually glad to see the Boulder Model in the text, because I was going to have to look up what it meant, but now I don’t have to.

3a) What did you find interesting?
- Self-Actualization: For Humanistic psychologists, a state in which people have reached their flu potential.


3b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I find this interesting because I wonder if it is possibly to achieve self-actualization. Can you come to a point in your life where you can no longer learn new things? I have not seen this to be the case.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
- Systematic Desensitization: Behavior therapy procedure in which fear responses is repaved by an incompatible response; pioneered by Jones and Wolpe, who named it.


4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
- I didn’t find this interesting simply because it was a restated concept, seen in an earlier chapter.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
- I think that the definition of clinical, school, and engineering psychology will be the most helpful. I find that when studying psychology you rarely get to see the real world application, and career choices. I am still learning about the multiple career opportunities for those with education in backgrounds, and the different fields found in psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
- We are continuing to cover the clinical bases of psychology.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
-Empathy: Ability to understand, both cognitively and emotionally what another person is experiencing; important prerequisite for therapy success, according to Rogers.


7b) Why?
- I could definitely use this concept in my daily life, and if it has been shown to work I would like to know more about it.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
- I thought about my Ab Psych class, and how many of the things related to the topics covered. I also thought about my future, and if these particular topics sparked any interest for me.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
- Clinical, School, and Engineering Psychology, Scientist-Practitioner Model, Self-Actualization, Systematic Desensitization, Empathy

1.What did you find interesting and why?
I found the section about school psychology rather interesting. I wish there would have been more information about it, though. My roommate is going to do Masters work in school psychology and I thought it was interesting how it became a specialization out of clinical psychology. I have always found it interesting to work with children, and so learning about how Witmer kind of initiated that field was neat.

2.What did you find interesting and why?
I found the section about the Boulder model to be interesting as well. Last night at our Psychology Club meeting, one of the grad students that is in the Clinical Psych program came to talk about grad school, and I think she said that UNI’s program focuses on the Boulder model for training their students. This means that the students are trained so that they can be experts at the diagnosis of mental disorders, are skilled therapists, and also do research. The Boulder model is also known as the scientist-practitioner model. I want to go into Mental Health Counseling, and that training lies more heavily on the practitioner side of the spectrum.

3.What did you find interesting and why?
The final section that I found interesting was that of Carl Rogers and client-centered therapy. Rogers seemed to be a pretty interesting guy, and I like what he revealed about forming a relationship with the clients to better help them achieve self-actualization (a concept brought about by Maslow and his Hierarchy of Needs). The goal of Rogers’ model was to create the right environment for clients, conducive to what the therapist was trying to elicit in the patients. The first thing is to be genuine with the clients, to build a trust relationship and to also set an example of the level of emotional health the therapist is trying to help the client to reach. Rogers said that it was also important for the therapist to accept the client as a person and value their worth, no matter what their ailment or level of mental illness. Lastly, Rogers said that it is important to have empathy for the client when trying to form a good relationship with them. All of this falls in line with the humanistic approach in therapy, and helps the therapist to view reality from the client’s perspective.

4.What did you find least interesting and why?
The section about Maslow and self-actualization was boring to me, solely because I have already learned about it before so there wasn’t any new information that I hadn’t already known. It was a nice refresher, but we talk about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in almost every psychology class I have taken, so I understand the concept fairly well.

5.What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the section about lobotomies was really interesting, and it shows how far we have come in the treatment of mental illness. It was also neat to learn about the development of different types of therapy and how they came into existence. Again, with that, you can see how far we have come and how many different types of therapeutic approaches we have today.

6.How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The last chapter weighed more heavily on the side of diagnosing disorders, while this chapter moved into the realm of therapeutic treatment. As you can see, it is illustrating the advancement in knowledge about the brain and how it functions by moving from analysis and diagnosis to actual treatment.

7.What topic would you like to learn more about and why?
I think I would like to learn more about Rogers’ client-centered therapy and see how many different areas of therapy have evolved today out of that one principle.

8.What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
This chapter I felt was very relevant to me and my roommates because we all want to pursue higher degrees in psychology. I want to go into mental Health Counseling, so it was really interesting to learn about the different approaches to therapy, and my roommate wants to go into School Psychology, so I was thinking about her while reading that section. It was also interesting to read about the PsyD degree, because for the longest time I did not know the difference between PsyD and PhD when it came to psychology. Now I know.

9.School psychology, Lightner Witmer, Boulder model, clinical psychology, scientist-practitioner model, mental health counseling, Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy, self-actualization, Maslow, Hierarchy of Needs, empathy, lobotomies, PsyD, PhD

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I find clinical psychology to be interesting because it is a major field in psychology. Clinical psychology is a type of psychology that deals with a wide range of mental disorders. I field this field interesting because even though it is a specialized field, it still has a variety. I like that about it because I like having variety and change. Lightner Witmer was a psychologist that studied mainly the clinical aspects of psychology.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Lightner Witmer was interesting to me because he was a major psychologist that studied mostly clinical psychology. He applied his knowledge of psychology to solving real-world problems. He was attracted to scientific psychology and felt that psychology should be used to better people’s lives. I found him interesting because he was more concerned about how to apply psychology to others and their surroundings. He was focused on bettering the lives of others and the field of psychology as we know it. He also coined the term school psychology.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found Lightner Witmer’s thought of school psychology to be interesting. I think it is interesting that he took his knowledge about psychology and applied it to the school system. It was meant to help children in schools deal with school related issues. I think this is important because many students become stressed with school and are afraid to talk to their parents or guardians. I think this will help kids gain support and strength to motivate themselves through tough school situations.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I honestly thought this chapter was one of my favorite chapters because I could easily relate to it. I think clinical psychology is very interesting and is one of my favorite fields in psychology.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think understanding how clinical psychology is applied to everyday life is important. Clinical psychologists deal with a wide range of patients and disorders, but clinical psychology can be applied to many other aspects of life such as schools. Schools can use this method to help students cope with the stress of school related issues.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Clinical psychology was mentioned in a previous chapter. In this chapter it is discussed further. This chapter touched base about how clinical psychology came about and gave other background information. The layout of this chapter is similar to previous chapters and how each chapter picks a certain topic to be based on.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to learn more about behavior therapy. I think this is another interesting topic in psychology because learning how to help or treat certain behaviors is important. I think also being able to understand why certain behaviors happen and how to cope with them would be an asset to anyone.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought about how I have talked about clinical psychology in other classes. I also thought about how it can be applied to everyday life. I thought about how behavior therapy could help improve the lives of some people and how it would be beneficial to understand different behavior therapy techniques.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Clinical psychology, Lightner Witmer, school psychology, behavior therapy

J.P.

1a) What did you find interesting?
- Serial Order Problem: The problem of explaining sequences of behavioral events in neurological terms; posed by Lashley as a problem not solved by traditional S-R behaviorist models

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I find this interesting because some behaviors don’t seem to have a purpose behind them. Is it possible that some behaviors are done for no reason, or do we not (subconsciously) allow ourselves to emit pointless behaviors?

2a) What did you find interesting?
- Pragmatism: Position taken by several late 19th century American philosophers, most notably William James; judged the value of ideals by their usefulness in helping someone adapt to the environment.

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I find this interesting primarily because I have never thought of classifying ideas in that aspect. However, it makes complete sense.

3a) What did you find interesting?
- Dichotic Listening: A procedure in research on selective attention in which a person wearing headphones hears one message in one ear, and a second in the other.

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I find this interesting because it is what lead to the idea of right or left brain dominate (correct?). I also think that it is interesting that we have a dominate ear; which hears better. You can notice that they use this technique in some music if you switch headphones (right headphone in left ear etc.).

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
- Grammar: Set of rule allowing for (a) the production of all possible sentences in a language, and (b) the recognition and rejection of non-sentences.

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
- While grammar is incredible important, and necessary, I was surprised to see it in the text.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
- Cognitive Dissonance: In a theory proposed by Festinger, a state of cognitive discomfort resulting from the experience of holding two inconsistent thoughts simultaneously or behaving in a way that’s inconsistent with one’s beliefs.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
- This chapter is a little different than the previous, but it relates in the way of psychology. Like all the chapters.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
- Trait: A characteristic and distinctive attribute of a person.

7b) Why?
- I think that this is one of the most interesting concepts. The ability to narrow down a persons characteristic, into a number of traits. We tend to view ourselves as complex creatures, but when you think about why you do the things you do, and why you act the way you do, we become much less complex.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
- I was thinking about my personal characteristics.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-Trait, Grammar, Dichotic Listening, Pragmatism, Serial Order,

1a) &1b)
I wasn’t aware that clinical psychology began with a narrow focus such as with diagnosing and treating children with school related problems which would today be known as school psychology so that was interesting to me. The lobotomy story was interesting. I couldn’t believe that with no science other than the Jacobsen and Fulton primate study, Moniz began the procedures on twenty patients with manic depressive and obsessive compulsive disorder! I love learning about this topic in classes, especially about Freeman and Watt doing the procedure which involved inserting a device similar to an ice pick through the eye sockets and into the prefrontal and frontal lobes. It is so crazy to me that procedures such as this took place with little experience.

2a) & 2b)
The section on Carl Rogers was interesting when it discussed him being raised in a very conservative protestant family that considered all pleasures as sinful. The quote directly from Rogers was the most interesting stating that, “Even carbonated beverages had a faintly sinful aroma, and I remember my slight feeling of wickedness when I had my first bottle of pop.”
I thought it was interesting how some psychologists are now being allowed to prescribe medicine and that the text stated that there is every indication that before too long the major distinction between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists will disappear. The field seems to have come so far and is still advancing today which is awesome.

3a) & 3b)
I love seeing connections between history and psychology as a field. It was interesting reading about how during the Pacific Battle for Guadalcanal in 1942, 40 percent of the casualties that were serious enough to require evacuation were psychological breakdowns and that when the war ended, about 44,000 of the veterans who were in the VA hospitals suffered from various mental disorders resulting from war. It discussed how psychiatry could not cope with the caseload and out of such circumstances, the modern clinical psychologist emerged. It then gradually became recognized as an expert diagnostician and therapist. Before this chapter I never know how psychologists progressed into what they are today.

4a) & 4b)
This chapter discussed the Boulder and Vail model as well as the different degrees like the Psyd degree. It was very informative and nice to know about the different models but the sections discussing them were not very interesting. It just laid out a lot of information concerning their emphasis whether that be on research or practice and how long the schooling took, conferences that took place regarding them, etc.

5)
Overall the whole chapter was useful in learning about the evolution of clinical psychology. The text discussed how in 1996 an annual meeting devoted to clinical psychology took place. Much was made of a clinic created on campus of the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 by Lightner Witmer. The event set in motion circumstances that led to modern clinical psychology. We got to read about what took place such as with the children who saw him, making his lab a makeshift clinic and launching what is known as clinical psychology. Today he is considered one of the pioneers of school psychology. This chapter was also useful in introducing discussing Witmer and his introduction of the term orthogenics. It was useful learning and reading about how the Boulder model came about which we know as the scientist-practitioner model for clinical training. This chapter was also useful when talking about Joseph Wolpe creating a procedure that he called systematic desensitization which remains one of the best known and most effective behavior therapy techniques. The humanistic psychology sections were useful. I never knew much about it before and the concept of self-actualization. They connected it to positive psychology today which made it easier to understand. It was also useful reading about Carl Rogers and his impact on the clinical practice of psychology with provided some of the inspiration for todays positive psychology movement.

6)
This chapter mentioned Freud and how some clinical psychologists incorporate Freudian concepts into their practice but most do not. It as well mentioned James Cattell who we saw in chapter eight and how Witmer was the lab assistant for him. It also discussed Witmer following in his footsteps and going to Leipzig, completing his doctorate in Wundt’s laboratory which we also continue to read about throughout the text. Witmer was also classmates with Titchener who we’ve seen quite a bit throughout the book as well. This chapter mentioned tests of intelligence and IQ scores which we read all about in a previous chapter. Witmer wrote to Hugo Munsterberg who we saw in a close up section within chapter seven. This chapter discussed how chapter eight chronicled the evolution of the mental testing movement and chapter twelve described the drive for mental hygiene. It as well mentioned Leta Hollingworth from chapter eights close up section as well as Lewin from chapter nine. This chapter also discussed the mentally ill, asylums and the Kirk-bride design which we saw in the previous chapter. Finally this chapter mentioned how in Russia they applied Pavlovian principles to treat alcoholism. We learned of Pavlov in a previous chapter.

7a) & 7b)
The section within this text discussing the lobotomy procedure and how it came about was really interesting. It went over basic information regarding how it came about but I think it would be interesting to do more research on it. I’ve always liked learning about the crazy procedures that took place back then and how things were done before psychology started advancing. It was interesting learning about the the Hawthorne effect was discovered as well. I never knew how it began as being a study on correlation between light and work productivity so that might be interesting to look into and do more research on as well.

8)
The text discussed how clinical psychology as we know it today is about 50 years old. That’s not really a long time if you think about it. I thought it had been around for quite longer. One section discussed thoughts on mentally retarded individuals in the past. It was so degrading such as with Witmer believing them to be segregated from society in special institutions and prevented from having children. I’m a social work major as well so we hear a lot about Carl Rogers and client centered therapy a lot along with his heavy stress on empathy and reflection which was discussed in the chapter. I did not realize is relation to the field of psychology so it was cool to learn more about him in this way. Carl like other individuals we continue to read about wanted to be so many things before settling into his career. We continue to come across that with everyone we meet throughout the text it seems.

Terminology: Clinical psychology, school psychology, orthogenics, scientist-practitioner model, systematic desensitization, self-actualization, client-centered therapy, empathy, reflection, PsyD, Hawthorne effect.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

Engineering psychology: I found engineering psychology interesting because one would think that such as engineering and computers and technology would deal less with psychology. The goals of engineering psychology are the creation of machines that were designed for efficient human use. An airplane cockpit, has seats that reduce fatigue and instruments that avoid perceptual errors.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

Reflection: Reflection is a technique that Carl Rogers thought of for clinical psychology. It was taking something said by the client and rephrasing it so the client thinks your understand them. In order to be good at using the technique reflection you also need to use empathy. Basically it is the humanistic philosophy that reality is the reality as perceived and experienced by a person. Try to understand how the person views things.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

Self Actualization: Self Actualization is under a humanistic psychology point of view. It proposes the best human qualities, such as free will and a sense of responsibility and purpose. A lifelong search for meaning of one’s life, that is the tendency that turns into Self Actualization. According to Maslow in order for one to achieve Self Actualization one needs to satisfy all the needs. He arranged the needs in a pyramid with lower level which were more primitive needs at the bottom. One starts at the bottom which were physiological needs, safety needs in order to achieve higher level needs.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

Hawthorn effect: I didn’t find this concept very interesting, mainly because I already learned it in social psychology but also because it seems common sense to me. Of course you are going to work harder if your boss is standing right next to you, or even in the same room. Your boss has the power to fire you that alone would make anyone work somewhat harder.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

Lobotomy: This topic has been most useful for history of psychology because when they initially started to perform Lobotomies they didn’t really stop and think if this was a safe procedure. They didn’t spend much time thinking about the ethical principles of whether a lobotomy would be the best alternative. A lobotomy is a procedure when you basically cut off the connection or weakening the connection of the frontal lobes and the lower brain centers which would affect the emotional behaviors. Literally the patient would seem to turn into a zombie after such a procedure. They would perform such procedures mostly to patients who were very aggressive or violent. Lobotomies started to decline when psychiatric drugs started to come out. These drugs were called antipsychotic drugs, one of the first was called thorazine. The drugs also in a sense dumb down your emotions and so the down side on both techniques is apathy, patients show. With the drugs though it is not completely permanently like an lobotomy.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

Systematic Desensitization: originated in 1924 when Watson and Rayner were conducting the Little Albert study. After finding learned fear behavior they wanted to find ways to reduce the fear. Watson was not very successful at it. Jones was one of the first to do it successfully. He reduced a boy’s fear of rabbits by placing the animal at some distance, while the boy was eating. This was in chapter 10. In chapter 13 Joseph Wolpe constructed the full version of Systematic Desensitization in the 1950’s. Wolpe used this technique for people who had extreme anxiety to certain things. This extreme anxiety is called a phobia.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?

Orthogenics: I want to learn more about orthogenics because I found it interesting Witmer was trying to segregate some retarded children from society into special institutions. Also his belief that some deficiencies could be corrected with the proper environment and training. In overall intelligence it makes sense as to how the environment could play a role in the individual, factors such as being bullied for being perceived as dumb or stupid. If these troubled children were segregated into people similar like them then bullying would be mostly taken care of at least in the classroom. They would also be trained in the things they need help with the most. Some would feel scared to ask a teacher in a normal classroom setting for particular help. I would also like to learn more about, some conditions that are inherited or biological conditioned, such as down’s syndrome.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

I was wondering if psychology before Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow if people who studied or practiced psychology used similar techniques and concepts as Self-actualization and Reflection. In my view those types of techniques and concepts are key components in order to put yourself in the shoes of who you are trying to help. If these concepts were not very popular in the past it would make sense as to how poorly treated most patients were treated. Such as locking them up and tying them against the wall and abusing the inpatients. I was also wondering on engineering psychology and how it is today. With further understanding of neurology, there are ideas and concepts of instead of using drugs to help with disorders such as alziehmiers and Parkinson’s disease they are thinking about making computer chips in people’s brains to act like neurons, or regulate the receptors. Michio Kaku is an author of The Future of the Mind which talks about this kind of stuff. He has claimed that there are current scientist looking into this type of work and trying to make it work.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Systematic Desensitization
Self Actualization
Reflection
Engineering psychology
Hawthorne effect
Lobotomy
Empathy
Orthogenics

1a) The Boulder Model

1b) I found this interesting because this was the model that laid out how to run clinical psychology, there were three requirements that were needed to be a great clinical psychologist. They were, you need to be an expert in the diagnosis of mental disorders, should be very skilled psychotherapists, and should be able to o high quality empirical research. I thought this was interesting because this was the first time that all three of these requirements were all put together, which then became known as the science-practitioner model. It combined the application and the training of psychology as a science. After this model came about there was a big increase in clinical psychologists throughout the 1950s and 60s, these numbers grew even though to become a clinical psychologist it took about 4 to 5 years and you would get a PhD., there was not many of them around so they could get a job quicker. This was interesting to see how the new clinical psychology took off.

2a) The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy

2b) I found this interesting because it goes against the grain of what was previously thought in clinical psychology. This was one of the first times that behaviors have been looked at in the eyes of free will, not looked back to a primitive function from back to our biology. I find it interesting because it kind of goes with religion in a way, with the whole free will aspect of our behavior that we have an opportunity to make our decisions or not make them, not just every movement it linked to a biological factor like previously thought. I like the self-actualization aspect of it as well, it show that people have certain things that they want to achieve in life and need to achieve it, one of the most famous psychologists who was very closely related to humanistic psychology that was all about the self-actualization, Abraham Maslow. Maslow made his hierarchy of needs that was from the self-actualization ground rules. I thought it was interesting how throughout history of psychology there have been countless times where we keep going back to realizing that not every behavior is all on the biological line of things.

3a) The Hawthorne Studies

3b) I know this is always talked about in psychology because it is a great study, but I find it interesting every time I read about it. I find something new and interesting every time. I found this new thing inside the study, some people probably have found this before, and I found something on the lines of this but it goes so well with this chapter. The study really shows the humanistic behavior of people, they knew they were being watched, also known as the Hawthorne effect, so they stepped up their game, but why? It isn’t the biological behavior of survival, but rather, they just want to achieve their current goal they are on, which is do a good job at work. With doing that they might get a promotion and then keep rising. I think this study shows so much the humanistic behavior, because the people had an option to not do a good job, it was their choice.

4a) I didn’t find behavior therapy to be that interesting.

4b) I wasn’t that interested in it because it seemed to really go over a lot of what we have talked about in the past chapters. The part I did find interesting was systematic desensitization and how it is still used today. It has been the most proven technique to work in clinical settings.

5) I think the Humanistic approach will be the most important, I think this because if you look back now people have really changed how they think. They look at it as a free will aspect, and I think this really set that in motion. With that said there is still some biological factors that come into play, but it isn’t the only factor.

6) This chapter builds on the last chapter by looking at the behavior of people. They talked about different behavior disorders and how to treat them, this is still building off the thought of why do these behaviors happen and how to treat them.

7a) I would like to learn more about the Boulder Model

7b) I want to know more about the conference and how the criteria came about.

8) What made people think to hold a conference to dictate what should be required to be a clinical psychologist?

9) Systematic desensitization, Boulder Model, Humanistic Approach, behavior therapy, Hawthorne studies, Hawthorne effect, clinical psychologist, self-actualization

1.
a. Something I found interesting about this chapter is Lightner Witmer.
b. He was interesting to me, because not only was a he named the founder of clinical psychology (which is a huge deal to those seeking mental help, like me) but his passion was to not just perform experiments, but to perform experiments to solve every day real-world human problems. Another reason I liked reading about him is because he had a passion for helping children with cognitive and behavior problems, which is what I am most passionate about within the field of psychology.
2.
a. Something else I enjoyed reading about in this chapter was the humanistic approach to psychology.
b. I liked reading about this, because I am a firm believer in the fact that people are motivated by a personal purpose or forward moving in life, this is called self-actualization. For example, if I didn’t think college would help me further my life, no way would I be spending hours a week working in and out of the classroom on stuff I may or may not ever use. I do not think that most humans would even get out of bed if they didn’t have responsibilities or a purpose to their life, and this was the complete opposite of what psychologists thought at this time.
3.
a. Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
b. I found this interesting because not only am I a psych major but I am also a Social Work major and this is discussed as one of the most effective therapies, yet I never knew where the term or idea came from. I like this idea, because client-centered therapy requires the basis of everything that I believe every person should be like, genuine, empathetic, understanding, and the trait of reflection. In my social work practice classes, anytime we have a practice client we are judged upon how well we exhibit each of these traits.
4. Something I didn’t really like about this chapter was all the mentioning and discussion of the APA. I have understood since I took intro to psych their importance and it seemed that every paragraph in this chapter had some sort of comment or discussion about it.
5. I think Witmer and his ideas/changes within clinical psychology would be the most useful in this chapter for understanding the progression and history of psychology. I believe that without the hope Witmer instilled in many clinicians of his time, the school systems and behavioral issues that arise in children would not be where they are today in benefitting families and children.
6. This chapter builds on the previous chapters, because the author makes many references to previous experiments discussed in earlier chapters and how those experiments contributed to the findings made when clinical psychology really started to rise in interest.
7. The entire time I was reading this chapter, I could only think of how much the study of mental health and behaviors would be set back without the information found within clinical psychology. Clinical psychology is a fairly new study, apprx. 50 years, and in those 50 years so much has been uncovered with children, behaviors, mental health, and how to help those who battle these issues day to day.
8. Witmer, empathy, clinical psychology, humanistic approach, Carl Rogers, Client-centered therapy.

1a) What did you find interesting? Development of Clinical work
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the initial “discovery” of clinical psychology to be interesting. I had never known the roots, and it was, to me, accidentally discovered. It talks about Lightner Witmer taking on a case with a young boy who couldn’t spell very well. He then did his work with him, fixed an eyesight problem, worked one on one, and soon the boy was “fixed.” This was an accidental program that exploded into what clinical psychology is today, which includes specific Doctoral programs differentiating research from practice.

2a) What did you find interesting? Systematic Desensitization
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I again have seen this where I work and this is something that is always interesting. I wrote on this topic on a previous chapter looking back on it, so clearly it must be interesting to me. The removal of phobias is interesting and I have seen practices based on this idea used to desensitize people suffering from PTSD and phobias at my work.

3a) What did you find interesting? Client Centered Therapy
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
This is a practice I see quite frequently where I work. It is not exactly the same, but it works very similarly. Client centered therapy talks about 3 main things to acquire, a genuine therapist, accepting the patient as a person, and empathy. During sessions in my experience all the counselors and therapists did these and practiced these to attempt to give the patient the best experience possible. This is highly relevant in one on one settings and it was something that I see quite frequently.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Hawthorne study
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
Of all the chapter this was the section that I didn’t enjoy reading about. It could be that it was at the end, and the prior stuff, the clinical section, was much more relevant to what I am interested in and want to pursue, versus a study that although important, was not of utmost importance to me.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the understanding of clinical work and the roots of it is the most important. A lot of psychology is dependent on clinical work and there seems to be an ever growing need for this practice within the world. This is also a field that grows with the population as more people, more problems, is a prevalent phrase.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter shows the growth and development of the field of psychology from early practices to a practice that is used today within the confines of clinical work.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Self-Actualization
7b) Why?
I want to further see the idea and see the philosophical implications of this theory of work and see the entire picture.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
This chapter was heavily focused on what I want to do and what I experience with dealing with my work. It was very interesting to read and all of it was highly relevant to me.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Lightner Witmer, Systematic Desensitization, Client Centered Therapy, Hawthorne study, Self-Actualization,

1a) One thing that interested me in this chapter is the lobotomy.
1b) Weird things always interest me, and the lobotomy was all around weird. It’s one of those things you can’t believe really happened, or hard to believe people got away with it. It seems more like a horror film than real life. That it was taken so lightly and not considered to be ethically wrong, or even questioned is astounding to me. I was just watching a documentary on marijuana and how these kids were basically dying waiting for the chance to try medical marijuana but saying they didn’t know if they would ever get to because there wasn’t enough research on it, and until more research was done the opportunity was small. But here in this case, one comparison study with a monkey was enough to make a doctor comfortable enough to perform these surgeries on thousands of people, with the results not even being that important.
2a) Systematic desensitization
2b) We’ve discussed this before when looking at the Little Albert study, and in my behavior modification class as well. It’s just something I enjoy. I suffer from anxiety myself, and have always hoped for some kind of help besides traditional medicine. I’m not an anti medicine person, I actually usually want medicine for everything. But when it comes to anxiety medicine I want nothing to do with it. While I don’t feel systematic desensitization would be helpful for my type of anxiety, I’m sure it could help many people. I don’t think a therapy approach is used enough, and medicine is usually pushed first. Dealing with the problem instead of masking it makes much more sense to me.
3a) Lightner Witmer and his approach to using psychology to help people
3b) While this is such a simple thought today, to help people with psychology, years ago it wasn’t so much. I loved what I read about Witmer and felt he was way ahead of his time. Such simple things that people never thought of changed people’s lives so dramatically. I loved that he kind of gave people a chance, or I guess I mean people who felt they were doomed before had hope when it came to him helping them. Like the boy who could not spell for example- he probably thought something was seriously wrong with him and there was no hope, along with his teachers. Then come to find out he can’t see. Such a simple thing changed his life so dramatically.
4a) I enjoyed this chapter, but if I had to choose one thing it would probably be the Boulder model.
4b) I just don’t feel like there was enough information about it for it to even fit into this section. It was a very brief piece that I felt could have and possibly may be an important piece that wasn’t covered enough to seem significant.
5) I think the overall information on clinical psychology and how that came about would be the most useful information in understanding the history of psychology. Clinical psychology is a very important part in the field of psychology. While research is important for obvious reasons, applying what we learn in a research setting is important as well, and clinical psychologists do just that. Real life isn’t a laboratory setting, you will not learn everything from a lab. It is trial and error in real life settings and applying what you know and think will work that will help people, and isn’t that what is important after all? Why spend all that time and effort studying something if it isn’t to better others.
6) I feel like this chapter builds on other chapters in sort of a new way. Before we mostly discussed individuals, where they came from, what school they attended and their contributions to the field. We discussed different categories in the broad field of psychology and what those were made up of. Then we came to our last chapter which started to move more towards treatment and dealing with different disorders, and onto our current chapter which is more about the applications of psychology and how we can use it to treat various things. What good is this whole field anyway if we can’t apply it in a way to better ourselves? This was more of the application of how it can help people.
7a) I would just like to learn more about clinical psychology in general. Like positions they hold today, where most of them work, income, types of people they deal with etc.
7b) My intro to psych class was taught by a graduate student that was going to school for clinical psychology. He was really interested in it and talked very highly of it. This class was the most I’ve learned about it so far, so it would be good for me to do additional research on it.
8) I thought a lot about other past classes while reading this chapter. A lot of it was introduced in other psychology classes I’ve taken over the years. Like the lobotomy, I had to watch a documentary on that once. I thought about the WEED documentary I watched earlier today, and how strict studies have gotten today vs what they were back in the day. Things were so much easier before, but loose ethics made it that way. But it makes me wonder if having things so strict is actually helping us or hindering us from finding out new things.
9) Lobotomy, Systematic Desensitization, Lightmer Witmer, Psychology, Clinical Psychology,

1a) what did you find interesting?
I thought that learning about clinical psychology in the prewar era was interesting. I thought that it was interesting that the APA was so worried by the America Association of Clinical Psychologists, and that they created a second branch of the APA in order to accommodate those people. I also thought it was interesting that there were two major groups, the AAAP and the APA until after the end of the WWII, in which during a time of unity and interdependence, and the two merged into one, focusing on both academics as well as applied psychology. They created different visions and revised their purpose. The original APA’s goal was for the advancement of psychology as a science, where after WWII, it was added to for the advancement of psychology as a profession as well as a means of promoting human welfare.
1b) why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was interesting because it helps show how psychology has evolved throughout the years, and it throws back all the way to chapter 1 with the mention of the centennial of the APA. This also shows how probably the most important and well known organization in regards to psychology became what it is today.

2a) what did you find interesting?
I thought that the close up on lobotomies was really interesting. A lobotomy is when they cu the white matter in the prefrontal area of the cortex which severs the brain tissue between the prefrontal lobe and the frontal lobe from the lower brain centers. It was first performed by two scientists on chimps, who were aggressive. After these surgeries, it appeared that the chimps were no longer aggressive. This was only one study and a neuropsychiatrist named Moniz was sitting in the audience while these other two scientists were presenting their study and thought that this might work for the seriously disturbed psychotic patients. Moniz became increasingly concerned about this procedure after doing it to some of his more severe patients and warned that it should only be used in extreme circumstances. However, Walter Freeman took lobotomies to a whole new level and would market them and did demonstrations of them. Lobotomies weren’t just used in treatment, but also to fight unruly patients, and it is estimated that 18.000 patients underwent some type of lobotomy.
2b) why was it interesting to you?
This was really interesting to me because in high school, I wrote a paper on electroconvulsive therapy, and for it, I watched One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, so I could see how it was done. In that movie, the main character gets a lobotomy done after attempting to kill a nurse who drove a patient to suicide. After the lobotomy, the character was listless, unresponsive, and as the book says, this book turned movie shed a lot of bad light on how psychiatric hospitals were being managed and some of the things that were occurring in these hospitals.

3a) what did you find interesting?
I thought that the Hawthorne studies were interesting. The Hawthorne studies were a series of studies that were over the course of three years to determine the effect of lighting on productivity. These studies were sponsored by the electrical company AT&T. The outcome of this study was that the environment was not as significant in factor in productivity. This study also produced an interesting phenomenon that was named the Hawthorne Effect, which is the likelihood of a performance to be affected because the subjects know that they are being studied for research. Whether or not this was actually the case in these particular sets of studies however is unknown because of several factors, including the workers selected being very productive to begin with and two of them being removed during the study, as well as hints about bonuses if they did well.
3b) why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was interesting, because it shows us yet another example of how history is first relayed one way and then through investigating and researching further, we find out that there are many other factors that play into an event. I also thought it was interesting because I didn’t know that there was a name for such an effect on the study, but always thought that through my own research that sometimes people weren’t telling me the truth because they knew I was using it for research.
4a) what one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
I didn’t think that the part on Abraham Maslow was all that interesting. Maslow was born in 1908 and was an experimental psychologist who mostly studied dominance in primates, but mostly studied dominance in primates, but he went on to create what is known as the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is a pyramid shaped figure that has various human needs on it, from the basic physiological needs all the way to self-actualization. Self-actualization is the lifelong search for one’s purpose within life and the tendency to grow towards that. Maslow also studied something called peak experiences, which is when a person has a moment of intense satisfaction or joy from doing something. Maslow is considered one of the founding fathers of what is now known as positive psychology.
4b) why wasn't it interesting to you?
This wasn’t very interesting to me because as the book pointed out, every basic level psychology student knows about Maslow, and I guess I just didn’t want to read more about him. I don’t like relearning the same information a million times in my classes.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that this chapter is very interesting and helpful, as we can see where psychology finally branches out as no longer just a science, but also as a way to help people and apply it to daily lives. This chapter also talked about school psychology and I think that is really useful to know as well. So I think the major themes of clinical psychology and school psychology are really important in this chapter and are most useful.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter builds upon what we have learned in previous chapters a lot. It talks more about behavioral psychology, as well as touches again on chapter one and the centennial of the APA, as well as more about history and how important it is to go back and revisit some of what they say. This chapter also brings in a variety of psychologists we already talked about, such as Leta Hollingworth.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I’d like to learn more about the Eysenck Study. The Eysenck study was a study on the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
7b) Why?
I guess I just don’t think the book explained it thoroughly enough for me. It was definitely interesting, but I wish I would have gotten more information about it, and would like to know if this was the only study done to test psychotherapy or not. I just found it interesting and kind of confusing to read.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was thinking about how far psychology has come just over the last 100 years, and how this field has grown and adapted to a variety of different things occurring in the world. It is also really interesting to see how the splits in APA happened, and how there are now sections within APA in order to give practitioners what they need. I was also thinking about how bad the mental patients had it back then, and how a lot of hospitals have shut down because of poor treatment, and bad reputations associated with them now.
Lobotomy, Abraham Maslow, Self-actualization, peak experiences, Hawthorne study, Hawthorne Effect, Eysenck study, Moniz, lobotomy

1a) What did you find interesting?
Lightner Witmer's view on clinical psychology

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I specifically liked his quote "To ascribe a condition to the environment, is a challenge to do something for its ameliorization or cure; to ascribe it to heredity often means that we fold our hands and do nothing" as while it's referring still to child and school psychology, it perfectly encompasses a unfortunate tendency that exists within society, and even more so unfortunate in medical practices regarding mental health. Sometimes with all the stories and articles that I read, it seems more and more that the medication is meant to numb the patient so they no longer cause trouble, rather than to bring them back into society.

2a) What did you find interesting?
School Psychology

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
It was an area of expertise that I have never heard before until now, and the topic of helping students with learning-related or school-related problems somewhat falls inline with my personal interest of metacognition. I wish there was an explanation of the route to get into the area and specialize in it, rather than general clinical and research routes as a psychologist.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Engineering Psychology

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
This was also another area of expertise that I found interest in, as I've been thinking in having my double major in Engineering, and while at first I was thinking of neuro-engineering, engineering psychology is something that I'd like to learn more about.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
APA Divisions and Technicalities

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I understand that it was important especially for the shift from a science to a profession, but there were a lot of technicalities that I didn't really enjoy reading.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
That World War 2 was the reason that modern clinical psychology surfaced the world, and through its many tragedies it brought reason for mental health treatment for wounded soldiers. Along with that, the shift from APA prioritizing psychology as a science to psychology as a profession

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Previous chapters explained earlier prototypes of clinical psychology, and as this introduced modern clinical psychology, it had also began bringing rise to the three main divisions of psychology, humanists, behaviorists, and psychoanalysts.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Engineering Psychology

7b) Why?
It sounds like something I'd be interested in doing as a career, and while I know little about it, I'd love to research how to have that as an area of expertise and find a path to get there.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Future related ideas, what I want to do with my life with a psychology degree and what my second major will be as the semester winds down and I get closer and closer to graduating, I want to know where I am going.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Lightner Witmer, Clinical Psychology, Engineering Psychology, APA, School Psychology

1a) Lightner Witmer: Creating Psychology’s First Clinic
1b) Witmer completed his doctorate in Wundt’s laboratory with his interests in psychology. His passion was towards research and loved the new laboratory psychology. Like many psychologists he was very committed to scientific psychology but also believed that psychology can be used to improve people’s lives. In March 1896 one of Witmer’s local school teachers brought her 14 year-old student to his attention that she couldn’t spell very well. Witmer was eager to help and try to solve the issue to the best of his abilities. I like reading about people that are willing to try new things and put others before themselves. Witmer discovered that his eyesight was poor and once it was corrected the student’s spelling improved. This case along with another one involving a student’s speech disorder the book says, “turned a portion of Witmer’s laboratory into a makeshift clinic and launched what came to be known as clinical psychology.” His clinic grew rapidly in the early decades of the 20th century helping with psychological, cognitive, and behavioral problems related to school performance.
2a) Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
2b) Rogers is a humanistic psychologist and creator of client-centered therapy. This therapy is interesting to me because Rogers rejected the fact that it is important to research the client’s past history for therapy to be effective. He believed that the therapists should create the right kind of therapeutic environment allowing the client to take control and reach one’s full potential in life, self-actualization. The three fundamental components are one; the therapist must be “genuine” and honest. Second, they must accept the client as a person, and lastly, an effective therapist-client relationship is empathy. It’s important for the client to know that the therapist truly cares and understands what he or she has to say.
3a) Hawthorne Studies
3b) These experiments at Hawthorne began in 1924 with a series of studies. The most famous study is called the Relay assembly Test Room. Six female workers were selected from a larger group in the plant with their given task to assemble electrical relays for telephones. This firm wised to maximize worker productivity. This study extended from May 1927 through September 1928. Very time consuming, repetition, and intensive labor the ladies kept on working. Along with hours increasing per week and rest periods and free lunches discontinued they still remained productive. They felt as though they were a special group and were the focus of attention, even though they were just part of an experiment. This experiment led to what is known as the Hawthorne effect which is the tendency for performance to be affected because people know they are being studied in a research project. I was interesting to read about how this effect came to be and how this comes up everywhere in our day to day lives.
4a) Researchers and Practitioners
4b) I found this section of the chapter not as interesting and the topic was dull. I enjoy reading more about people, theories, or experiments. This section didn’t have anything that stuck out to me and I didn’t learn any new concepts or interesting facts from reading it.
5) Lightner Witmer: Creating Psychology’s First Clinic is what I think would be the most useful to my understanding of the history of psychology. It shows how things were founded and how the world was without them, something that I find hard to imagine. It’s important to know and learn about what went on and what types of therapies helped along the way.
6) This chapter builds on previous chapters with the discussion of behaviorism. It also builds on previous psychologists we’ve already learned about in past chapters. In chapter 8 it discusses psychology in the business world which was brought up again in this chapter as well.
7a) Lightner Witmer: Creating Psychology’s First Clinic.
7b) I like doing research on individuals and learning about where they came from and how they got to where they are today. I find Witmer passionate in what he did and would love to learn more about his adventurous attitude with life. After reading about him he seemed to be up for anything and willing to help in any condition. I want to know more why he did what he did.
8) I always tend to think about what the world would be like without these psychologist help in the fields. Witmer’s creation of the first clinic, like what was the world like without these clinics, it’s wild to think about and something I can’t imagine. I never really thought about the client-centered therapy and thought that whole concept was very fascinating.
9) Lightner Witmer, Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy, Hawthorne Effect, Researchers and Practitioners, Behaviorism

1a) Lightner Witmer
1b) Witmer earned his Bachelor’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania and it was here he was an assistant for James Cattell. He followed Cattell for a few years, but ended up back in Pennsylvania where he was the laboratory director for the university. He studied memory and pain, but noticed that psychology had a big impact on people’s lives and wanted to improve people’s lives through psychology. He was a man always willing to try something new, especially if it was to improve someone’s life. Witmer worked early on with children and helped them discover how to read better with guidance when it came to spelling and speech programs. Part of Witmer’s laboratory became a clinic and it was here that clinical psychology was developed. He gave a speech about what types of things he was studying with these children at a meeting for APA and in 1907 he established The Psychological Clinic based on his case studies and theories. Clinical psychology was merely based on diagnosing and treating for children, but nowadays that is grouped with school psychology. Witmer looked at children with mental retardation and referred this investigation orthogenics. This is interesting because it is the birth of a widely known part of psychology today. And this all happened only a few decades ago.

2a) The Boulder Model
2b) Graduate school was predominant for quite a while. Most people who were in the graduate programs were elite people, but with more and more being able to attend over the years making sure the programs available were focusing on the specifics was necessary. The Boulder Model is based on the scientific-practitioner model. A perfect combination of research and actual practice in clinical was said to be able to provide information about both sides of the fence. The total years it would take to achieve a PhD would be anywhere between 4-5 years of schooling. Clinical psychologists became popping up quite often especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Interestingly enough, this is still a controversial topic, whether or not programs should focus on science or practice.

3a) The Hawthorne Studies
3b) The Hawthorne studies took part in Illinois where the Western Electric Plant was located in the 1920s. Workers were put through a study on performance level based on the lighting within the building. The whole study was during a three-year period. The Hawthorne effect in mentioned today in numerous different topics of psychology. The electrical company believed there was a correlation between the lighting and productivity levels in the workplace, but how strong was to be discovered. However, the study revealed there wasn’t a correlation between the two, but the outcome showed the physical environment was such a big factor based on productivity compared to the human factor. The workers knew from the beginning they were being studied and therefore their performance was consistently high. The more they were being observed, the more likely they were to perform better and be more productive. The study was extended for years and still is being elaborated on today. I found this interesting because though they were looking for one particular thing they were delighted to find a different and more significant correlation. That’s the magic of conducting research.

4a) Humanistic approach to Psychotherapy
4b) The humanistic approach criticized much of what was already being said about humans and their ability to repress instincts or even their reflexes. The humanistic supporters didn’t believe that people were limited to what they may do in the future because of their history. They believed in free will and responsibility or purpose as the threshold of achieving goals and their lifelong searches. They established self-actualization, describing a person becoming all they can be and reaching their full potential in their lifetime. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers studied this humanistic approach further.

5) Learning about the models in the graduate programs made me think about our school system as a whole. It is constantly an argument about which method is truly the better one. I think about this class in particular, a hybrid class is a different way to teach individuals, but I can see people definitely opposing it.

6) Witmer was talked about in earlier chapters as a man who started clinical psychology. However, with the war occurring clinical psychology began making more appearances in America. These individuals became highly trained individuals on the topics of mental illnesses and the effectiveness of treatment. Our schools were working towards the same goal as well.

7a) PsyD vs PhD
7b) I have always questioned the difference between the two types of degrees. I know enough about each, but the differences in status are a huge part of what I know. I don’t understand the fact one is looked at as less significant as the other and I would like to find out why that is.

8) I was incredibly interested in clinical psychology and furthering a career in the specific area. As I was reading I was brought back to why I was interested in the topic, but I also came to the same conclusion as I did previously about the topic. It is a tough area to go into. I related the chapter back to my own personal research I did on clinical psychology.

clinical psychology, school psychology, orthogenics, Boulder model, scientific-practitioner model, Hawthorne Effect, correlation, humanistic approach, self-actualization

1a) What did you find interesting?
Lightner Witmer
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Witmer was known for applying psychology to world problems, and making it relevant. Witmer held the belief that psychology should be used to help people in their lives. Witmer worked with a child, this child could not spell but was otherwise very smart. Witmer wanted to find out why the child could not spell. Through his study, Witmer discovered the boy had poor eye sight, and when this was corrected the boy learned how to spell. All of this led Witmer to do more work involving cases with children that were related to school performance. All of this has led to school psychology. Witmer is considered to be one of the developers of school psychology. Witmer did many different tests with children to measure memory, attention, and motor coordination. Witmer did not like IQ tests, and beelvied that they had little value. I find all this to be very interesting because I always find education to be interesting. Education is my major, and seeing how psychology has had an impact on education is important. Also Witmer looked into education. Another thing I found interesting was that Witmer believed that the severely retarded should be separated from normal society. This view is very different from today. Today in schools they are trying to incorporate these students into everyday classrooms.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Behavior Therapy
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this section to be interesting because it tied into previous chapters. This section brought up the Little Albert experiment, and how they did not remove Albert’s fear of rats. They did though give suggestions on how it could be done. Mary Cover Jones tried many of these suggestions and a few of her own on her own experiments. One of the cases was that she worked with a child who developed a fear of rats. She used a technique called “direct conditioning” to remove this fear, by slowly and gradually moving the rat closer and closer to the boy while he was eating. During the 1920’s and 1930’s conditioning principles to alter behavior in a clinical setting. This was done in Russia to stop alcoholism. They would use Pavlov’s conditioning and pair alcohol with electric shock. I find this to be interesting because the conditioning principles we learned about in other chapters are being applied and used in many different situations.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Systematic desensitization
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
What I found to be very interesting is that today it is known as one of the best and known effective behavior therapy methods. This method was created by Joseph Wolpe. Wolpe began looking at behavioral techniques when he was studying the phobic reactions of cats. He then looked at progressive relaxation. He applied these, and came up with a procedure that involved relaxation training and a list of situations that created high levels of anxiety. From this, patients would relax themselves and then imagine a situation where anxiety was low and the gradually increase the anxiety. From this patients would then become relaxed even in situations where their most feared object was present. Modifications have been made to this throughout the years but it has remained intact. I find it very interesting how this technique has held up and is used today to treat some anxiety problems.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
PsyD
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I didn’t find this to be very interesting because it seemed more of a technicality. I found much of this chapter to be interesting because it was a lot about how ideas were being implanted and used. I liked how this chapter focused on how psychology was applied to real life, and I found this chapter not to relate that much as a whole. I found this part to be drier.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
When reading this chapter I think it was very important to look at how psychology was applied to life. I think it’s important to look at how the contributions that have been made are being used. I think that was very relevant when talking about systematic desensitization. I thought it was so cool how that is still used today.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think that this chapter builds on a lot of the chapters as a whole. Conditioning was talked a lot in this chapter, and how conditioning was being applied. I like seeing how Pavlov’s ideas were being used in real life, and this was being done in Russia. Also it was touched on before in a previous chapter how psychology was connected with business and advertising, and that was talked about even more in this chapter.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
School Psychology
7b) Why?
I want to do more research on this topic because it relates to me. Going into education I want to know more about school psychology. I want to learn more about how it started and maybe some discoveries school psychology has made. I also want to know what contributions school psychology has made to the education system.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
When reading this chapter I thought a lot about the school psychology and how it might be relevant and helpful today. I also thought about the Little Albert experiment, and how that technique was used again by Mark Colver Jones, and how she worked to reverse the fear.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Witmer, school psychology, behavior therapy, Mary Cover Jones, conditioning, Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, Systematic desensitization, Psyd

1.
a. I chose to read chapter 15, the last chapter of the book.
b. I chose to read this chapter because it was titled Linking Psychology’s Past and Present, which I think would really sum up the class as well as the giving us all the reasons we took the class in the first place.
2.
a. The discussion of women and psychology’s history
b. I thought this was interesting because considering I am a woman, it is interesting to read the through the transitions women endured throughout the eras of experiments and findings within psychology and how most of the time they were only credited as aids or assistants to the men studying psychology at that time. I also thought it was interesting that once women were finally recognized for their contributions, they died before they could do more.
3. J
a. Trends in Contemporary science
b. I thought this was interesting to read about because this put into perspective just how far psychology has come and what it has progressed into. The five major trends in psychology today are: neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, technology, professionalism, and specialization. Because of these five trends, psychology has the ability to advance further and further at exponential rates, which is exciting considering this is my major and I’m studying it in the climax of it’s history. These trends also explain the events leading up to everything we know within psychology and as those progress, knowledge progresses.
4. H
a. The overall growth of diversity
b. I thought his was an interesting topic to read about because as civil rights, women’s rights, etc. advanced, you also see the advancement within psychology’s history and how much it was able to improve and progress psychology today. For example, the booked talked about the research of black children’s self-esteem and how it was able to create an entire support system for the separate but equal concept.
5. I did not find anything uninteresting in this chapter because it was very short, sweet, general, and to the point of what you would expect when you read the title.
6. I think the trends in contemporary science is most useful in understanding the history of psychology because it really shows how the progression of those 5 stages can effect individual subject and how fast or how efficient the findings can be.
7. This chapter completely builds on the previous chapters because it wraps up the entire course; as in why we took it, why it pertains to us today, and how we can use what we’ve learned today in psychology. It uses all the major events from psychology’s history (and chapters) and shows us how important it is to know that information.
8. I would like to learn more about minorities in psychology’s history because I feel like throughout the entire book we never really learned much about that topic and it would be interesting to learn more about how they were affected. I also thought it was interesting considering I am a minority.
9. While I was reading this chapter I was just kind of nodding my head and smiling thinking “ohhh this is why we had to read about this, and that, and that, and this.” It was nice to finally have a reason and know a usage for this information today.

Chapter 13
1) I found the topic of clinical psychologist and who they were able to treat very interesting. This topic was not covered in great detail, but I enjoyed the information that covered it within the chapter. I enjoyed the topic because I never really considered that most adult people were not jumping into this unknown science very willingly in its first few years as it was being established. The chapter talked about how clinical psychologist were really only able to work with prisoners or children, but after World War II, a whole new population of adults who were traumatized by the war emerged. Psychologist were able to work with these people and develop the felid quite significantly, which I really enjoyed learning about.
2) I enjoyed learning about Mary Cover Jones and her involvement in behavioral therapy. I enjoyed learning about Jones because she has never really been mentioned in a lot of my other classes. It was interesting to learn about another person, especially a female, contributions to behaviorism rather than just hearing about Watson for the hundredth time. It was interesting to learn about her procedure of direct conditioning, which can be viewed as exposure therapy, which is still consistently used today.
3) The overall message of this chapter was the development of psychology into a more profession based field. It showed the evolution of psychology becoming careers and how it has established itself as what we know it as today. This overall message was interesting to me because all of the chapters talk about how psychology was based around improving the quality of life for people based on its findings, and this chapter was the first one to put actions with that principle. It talked about how psychologist moved towards the goal of promoting human welfare and using psychological findings to better peoples lives and informing them on how to deal with situations.
4) Reading about the division between researcher and academicians/practitioners was the information that I think will most benefit my views on the history of psychology. I was completely unaware that such a division was a concert matter and that the people separated the two allowed for the development of psychology as a career path in a more clinical and therapeutic setting. The division represented the different values systems and interest between the two areas of psychology. Being able to understand the two areas as individuals helps one to better understand the overall field as a whole when they are able to combine the two together.
5) This chapter greatly builds on what I know about the history of psychology because it showed me how each area was distinguished and developed separately. I always assumed that both the reaching and academic/practicing field of psychology developed together simultaneously, but this chapter showed me that was not the case. By learning about how each area developed, I was able to build a greater understanding as a field as a whole and able to give different justification to why things are done the way that they are within the field.
6) I would like to learn more about the humanistic approach to psychotherapy and how people were able to develop the idea of self-actualization. I would like to specifically look into how Maslow was able to develop his hierarchy of needs, because after learning about it so many times I have become accustomed to tune it out. I realized I only know the bare minimum of that theory and, in order to understand it greater, I need to do more research on how it came to be.
7) I want to know what situations or events helped establish clinical psychology and client-based therapy as a credited treatment method? Was it a long process or did it happen all at once?
8) Terminology Used: clinical psychologist, quality of life, human welfare, researcher, academicians, practitioners, Mary Cover Jones, behavioral therapy, Watson, behaviorism, direct conditioning, exposure therapy, Maslow, hierarchy of needs.

1a) One topic that I found interesting in this chapter was the section on the Hawthorne effect.
1b) I found this topic interesting because although I had known that type of effect influenced the way people acted while being observed, but I never really knew there was a name for it, or that there had been research done on it. I liked reading about the origin of the effect and the experiment done at the Hawthorne plant.

2a) One person that I found interesting is this chapter was Lightner Witmer.
2b) I found Lightner Witmer interesting because I learned that he established the first clinic for the treatment of psychological disorders in the US. His clinic even looked at children with school-related problems. This pioneered the area of expertise called school psychology. I thought this was pretty cool.

3a) I thought the overall message of the chapter talked about a lot of different things that happened in Psychology surrounding World War II. It talked about the emergence of Clinical Psychology along with some Humanistic Psychology. There was a lot of discussion on Psychotherapy as well.
3b) Overall, this chapter was pretty interesting to me. It had a lot of information packed in it, making it entertaining, and the information was pretty cool. I find psychotherapy interesting and learning about the different techniques and how different psychologist that I’ve already learned about like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow played a part in it.

4) I think this chapter’s discussion on how psychology was different and influenced by World War II was pretty cool. It not only helps us understand the history of psychology, but how easily it can be impacted by the environment and by what’s going on in the world around it as well.

5) In one of my other classes, we just got done learning about humanistic psychology and all the famous psychologists who were in that field. This chapter helped build on all that information by taking the humanistic psychology and showing how it can be used in psychotherapy.

6a) I wouldn’t mind learning more about progressive relaxation.
6b) There was only a short little paragraph about progressive relaxation. And I know it is used to help treat anxiety, but I would like to learn more about what the technique is and how it actually works. It sounds great!

7) I didn’t really have any questions, but I thought the part about researchers and practitioners was pretty boring. I don’t like the APA very much.

8) Hawthorne effect, Lightner Witmer, school psychology, clinical psychology, humanistic psychology, psychotherapy, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, progressive relaxation

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
One of the typical things I think people find the most interesting in psychology, especially people who are outside the field. Find that the more gory or intense techniques interesting. Bloodletting to electro shock therapy to lobotomy. Yet people need to understand that at that time they were trying to help people and it somewhat had worked. I already knew what lobotomy was but I never truly knew of their origins. Carlyle Jacobsen and John Fulton, did an experiment with chimpanzees and found that if the frontal lobe was damaged it would calm them down.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
The reason why it stuck out to me is the fact, it’s a running trend to only discuss about the important details, in psychology we did this and this. Never truly talking about how we came about it, that we only need to know it happened. I really feel that to be critical think and consumer of science that we should know where these ‘important details’ come from.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Lightner Witmer to be a very captivating guy. I found it quite funny how the book choose to include that he enjoyed riding his brakeless bike down steep hills with his feet on the handle bars. That by chance he was curious to understand why this little boy had a problem spelling, that once he had helped he soon started to undertake more cases. He began to cognitive and behavior problem solving. Soon his lab became the first clinic. He wrote a journal called “ The psychological clinic” and in it he included research, case studies and much more. The first issues was called clinical psychology, he believed that a psychology should be tied with the school system, so the ‘birth of school psychology came about. I find it interesting how he did not like paper and pencil testing for intelligence. He came up with this termed called orthogenics, which is described as a strategy of investigating retardation and deviations from normal conditions.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
This is the first time I have heard of him, and I feel that the is a very important figure in the field of psychology. That he believed that psychologist should improve peoples lives and he went about it in a way that truly expanded the field.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
The overall message of this chapter is about the progression of the field and how the world war affected. How psychologist started to look at treatments to improve peoples lives in a more scientific way. The first ever clinic was discussed and how the idea of clinical and school psychology should be.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
Of course it was fun to read, learning about the first clinic was probably my favorite. Seeing how the field moves and evolves with every new concept and research.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I would say the most useful information is understanding how the world war affected the field, before we learned about army alpha and army beta and how that pushed for more testing. This chapter explains how new therapies are coming about and how people are starting to use more ‘science’.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
In the previous chapter we learned about the push for basic human rights in hospitals and asylums. We started to look at mental illness more scientifically. We started to examine how just because someone is perceived feebleminded or consider having mental retardation does not been we just throw the key away. This chapter is looking at the medical side of the field, what can we do to improve these peoples lives. This chapter goes into great detail about the finding in dealing lobotomy and how the world war affected the field. I already knew about lobotomy and how they were done, but I was never given such a timeline that explained their ‘coming of age’.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to know more about Psy.D.
6b) Why?
We as students mostly hear about getting our PHD not a psy. D. What are the pros and cons and differences in todays world?
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
8) Terminology: electroshock therapy, lobotomy, clinical psychology, Carlyle Jacobsen, John fulton, lightner witmer, school psychology, orthogenics, world war, mental retardation

1) I found orthogenics to be interesting because it was one of the first “tools” used to help investigate the mentally ill and investigate the methods used for restoring normal conditions in mentally ill patients. It gave me an idea on where were started the clinical treatment of mentally ill patients.
2) I found Lightner Witmer to be interesting. He was one of the first advocates for clinical psychology. He was a simple man who helped one young school student. This started a sort of domino effect. More and more patients started coming to him, which led to the need of a clinic, which led to the need of more staff, which created the very first psychological clinic. Though he was not strictly treating mentally ill, he still started the type of practice used in clinical psychology.
3) I think the overall message of this chapter was to show another progress made in the psychology world. This progress happened due to the second World War. It called for new demands from psychology. War veterans were in need of not just treatment. They were in need of therapy and counseling in order to continue living. The things they did and saw needed to be aired out. The educational world was forced to create a new type of psychology: clinical psychology. This is very interesting because it allows me to see where yet another branch of psychology known to me was created. I love seeing exactly where we started and how it compares to where we are today.
4) I think the most useful thing from this chapter is the road mapped out from the beginning of the war to the end of the war and the road psychology followed in order to keep up with the war. From this, the PsyD was created, which allowed psychologist to be better prepared. That is what is most important. The psychologists got what finally wanted: independence.
5) The main thing this chapter gave me was an understanding of what the PsyD degree is. I knew that it was possible to obtain a PsyD, but I did not know the PsyD did not exist from the beginning. I had no idea where it came from or how long it had existed. I now know that the PsyD gave psychologists the right to admit and release patients from mental hospitals, to serve as expert witnesses in the court, and allow them to receive third party payments from insurance companies.
6) I would like to learn more about Witmer because he was one of the very first pioneers of clinical psychology. I am interested in orthogenics and what became of Witmer’s clinic.
7) I questioned what orthogenics is and if it is applicable today. I also wondered if lobotomies are used today.
8) orthogenics, Lightner Witmer, clinical psychology, PsyD, lobotomies

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found client-centered therapy to be very interesting.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This was interesting to me because it is almost the exact opposite of would you expect to happen when getting therapy. In this type of therapy the responsibility to change is put more on the client than on the therapist. The therapist’s main responsibility was to create an atmosphere that caused the client to want to make said change. When I think of a person going to therapy, I usually assume they are getting help because they can’t change on their own.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Carl Rogers to be interesting to me.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
He was interesting to me because of how he was raised and his college education. I think it is interesting that he started going to college
agriculture and ended with a PsyD degree.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think the overall message of this chapter was to inform the reader of the advances that have been made in the medical field of mental illnesses. It also informed the reader of the changes in clinical psychology and the many types of therapy that were formed throughout the years.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This was interesting to me because I liked learning about psychology has changed and what techniques work and which ones don’t. Another reason it was interesting is because helped me to better understand my each of these new therapies was formed.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The thing that will be most useful to help understand the history of psychology is self-actualization. This is helpful because this one of the first time is has been pointed out that laboratory psychology is okay but it does play a large role outside of the lab. Understanding self-actualization is helpful because it teaches a person to value life and the choice that they make.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This reminds me a lot of what I learned about in my clinical psychology class I took last semester. This section was basically a quick refresher of everything I learned in the class last year.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Joseph Wolpe and systematic desensitization

6b) Why?
I have always found the concept of systematic desensitization to be interesting and I want to better understand how it works.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter? I am just skeptical about the concept of client-centered therapy, because if it was me I would prefer to have my therapist tell me how to change rather than have them just create an atmosphere of change.

Terms: Joseph Wolpe, systematic desensitization, client-centered therapy, Carl Rogers, therapist, PsyD, client, clinical psychology, self-actualization, mental illness

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
-I found electroshock therapy (ECT) very interesting in this chapter.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
-I think it is interesting since it seems like an extremely physically painful type of therapy that I thought most would find unethical, but it is actually still used today. I have seen it be done in many shows and movies so it was easy to understand while reading how it works. A burst of electricity is applied at the patient’s temples and produces a convulsive seizure. It originated in Europe by a Roman lab physician, Ugo Cerletti. He experimented first on dogs and pigs which is interesting that he also chose pigs. He realized that it produces convulsions, but no death. He and his team first performed this treatment in 1938 to an engineer that showed symptoms of schizophrenia. They put a rubber tube in his mouth so he wouldn’t bite his tongue, and the electrodes on his temples. The current was only for a short period of time, and the result was a grand mal seizure. After his recovery they found that that he was improving and had no recollection of the session. Unfortunately it was not a cure since after three months she said that he showed signs of schizophrenia again. It spread across Europe and then to America through one of Ugo’s team member. I think that is interesting that the team must have split and spread it across nations and would still be used today. It was also used for severe depression. I think it is interesting that it took until the 60s and 70s for people to start being skeptical, but then ten years later it could regain popularity again for economic reasons since it is a shorter hospital stay. I am a bit skeptical of this actually working so it was of interest to me to learn more to try and be convinced that it truly works, but still not completely convinced. Shell shock did help me become a bit more convinced though since the logic of it makes sense to me.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
-I found Walter Freeman and James Watt interesting.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
-They were interesting since I also find lobotomy fascinating since I would have never even thought of that technique could really work and seems like it would be too harmful to the patient. I think that drugs are a better treatment than this, so it made me fascinated as to why they thought this was a breakthrough in the treatment of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. I liked that they improved Moniz’s procedure since it could be completed more efficiently. They insert a device like an ice pick through the eye sockets in the prefrontal and frontal lobes. It was quicker and enabled greater amounts of fibers to be cut. I think it is also interesting that Freeman was undeterred by the occasional death rate of 2.5 percent of patients, which I guess really isn’t all that bad. I also thought it was interesting that Watt and Freeman split since Watt didn’t like how zealous Freeman was becoming, and made him nervous. It makes the history of the treatment more interesting if it and the people involved don’t always go so perfect, since perfection can be boring. I was surprised to learn that by 1951 that more than 18,000 patients undergone types of lobotomy.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
-I think that all objectives of the chapter were met. I think it did a good job using more notorious practitioners in psychology and really describing their main contributions and history of them and their work. It showed how there were various forms of therapy like fever, insulin coma, metrazol shock, and electroshock that were used as medical treatments for the mentally ill. I liked how it then transitioned into the history of lobotomy as a way to treat mental illness as well, and throughout history of how it first got started with all the medical approaches to today, which is described also in the text. It showed how treatments were like throughout history and how it has evolved throughout decades. Like how clinical psychology was like before WWII, and then what it is like to today.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
-I think that the beginning of this chapter was more interesting since I clearly found lobotomy and electroshock therapy the most interesting, and these were discussed in the beginning of the chapter. I did like to also learn how clinical psychology first began and how it has evolved and the different techniques involved. I am not a clinical psychology major though, I am more of the business psychology field, so I liked how it discussed Abraham Maslow’s self-actualization and his hierarchy model. We have learned a lot about that in business classes and even at work. Since I have a certificate in I/O psych, I also liked reading about the Hawthorne studies which we discussed in organizational psych class and in my management classes.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
-I think that reading about the approaches to mental illness is useful is in understanding how history of treatment for those patients were like to how it is done today. It also is most useful from the text about emerging clinical psychology throughout the years since modern clinical psychologists should learn from the past to improve the future.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
-This chapter really built off many other classes that I have taken here at UNI, not only in psychology, but in my business classes as well. In the business classes they discussed Maslow hierarchy model and Hawthorne studies, and the Hawthorne effect. In other psychology classes they discussed many different approaches to mental illness. I also have learned in other classes about Lightner Witmer since he created the first psychology clinic. I also have learned in other classes about humanistic psychology and Carl Rogers client-centered therapy. What I like about this class though is that yes a lot of the topics and people are all the same that I have learned in other classes, but helps with retaining that knowledge, and this book goes into more detail than any other text on these topics from my other classes.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
-I want to learn more about lobotomy.
6b) Why?
-The text didn’t have much to say about all the detailed science like Moniz’s, behind it and research on a lot of the patients and I want more proof that it truly works.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
-I didn’t understand why Ugo Cerletti practiced ECT on pigs and dogs. What made him decide exactly on those two animal species? Why did Freeman become so zealous about their new procedure, and Watt didn’t?

8) Electroshock therapy (ECT), shell shock, Antonio Moniz, Walter Freeman, James Watt, Abraham Maslow, self-actualization, Hawthorne effect, Lightner Witmer, Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy, humanistic psychology

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
For Chapter 13 I found Shell Shock very interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Shell shock was interesting to me because when reading the symptoms I realized this was what is now called PTSD. Shell shock is tremors, terrorizing dreams, hallucinations, and panic attacks. What is interesting is they first believed that shell shock was actually caused by a physical change in your brain, when in fact what it was a psychological change due to the environment during World War I. It was interesting and also disturbing to find that they originally treated shell shock with actual electrical shocks and verbal abuse, because they believed those who suffered from shell shock did so because of cowardice.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Lightner Witmer who created the first psychology clinic very interesting.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I found Lightner Witmer interesting because he created an environment where people could explore and make new findings in psychology. He also was interesting due to his commitment to research, he at many points in his career allowed himself to be injured for the sake of psychology. One of the most famous examples is Witmer allowing himself to be thrown off of a horse. Witmer also was the founder of what is now known as school psychology this being the teamwork of multiple workers on one case or person instead of a single person doing all the work him or herself.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
Over all I think the message of the chapter was that there was a lot of advancing still needed in the field of psychology at that time. There was emergence of a new way to treat patients not just psychically but simply as humans. The message I got from this chapter was that this era was extremely important to psychology. Psychologists started to treat their patients less like subjects and more like people (we see this through the humanistic approach).
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This was an extremely interesting chapter to me for a few basic reasons. I first found it interesting because I find the history of wars very important and relevant, but I was able to see for the first time how psychology played a role in these wars, For example the mental testing of those who had trauma from wars. I also found it interesting because of the emergence of a more humanistic approach and how there were three components for effective client centered therapy.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think reading about the humanistic approach is the most useful when thinking about the history of psychology. When you look at how people were treated before movements for more human treatment it is shocking, one might even think to themselves how could it be that way? Though we have made leaps and bounds towards a better treatment it is also imperative that we are constantly striving for better treatment of those who are being treated or subjects in psychology. I feel that by learning that there was reform for better treatment helps us see that we ourselves should keep striving for that even in the 21st century.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter greatly built on my knowledge of clinical psychology, not only what it was but who started the first clinics. This chapter also talked about the Hawthorne studies and how from the Hawthorne effect emerged from this study. In previous psychology class we have talked a lot about the Hawthorne effect and how important it is to be aware of the effects this can have on your results.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about client centered therapy and the three steps that are taken during this kind of therapy.
6b) Why?
I would like to learn more about client centered therapy because I am passionate about the treatment of people. This is the main reason I enjoyed his chapter so much, was because it talked more about reforming that treatment. I would be curious to know if any of the three steps are still used in therapies today.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
My question while reading this chapter came to me while reading the section titled: Clinical Psychology Between the World Wars. I asked myself how those returning from recent wars are being treated and how much we have really improved from the treatment at the time of this chapter.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post
Hawthorne studies, Hawthorne effect, school psychology, clinical psychology.

1) One thing that I found interesting in the chapter is behavioral therapy. I found this topic interesting because behaviorism has always been interesting to me and the idea that you can phase in and phase out certain behaviors is a very interesting idea. So applying that idea into therapy has is something that I was very interested in reading about. This idea that behavior can be learned came from Watson and the Little Albert study. Watson conditioned Albert to fear furry animals when before Albert showed no fear behavior. One criticism of this study though was that Watson never demonstrated that the fear behavior could be unlearned. Watson gave many suggestions on how to accomplish this but never actually did it. The idea that a behavior could be unlearned was demonstrated by Mary Cover Jones. One case in which she is remembered is removing a child’s fear of rabbits by incrementally moving the rabbit closer to the child as he was eating. She called this procedure direct conditioning. Another famous case where behavioral therapy was used was with O. Hobart and Willie M. Mowrer and their treatment for bed-wetting. A subject would lay on a mattress that had a pad on it. Whenever the pad got wet it would make a loud ring. This treatment played on the Pavlovian idea of paring the bed-wetting (CS) with a loud sound (UCS). Hans Eysenck, a British psychologist, created a treatment that I have heard before called progressive relaxation. This is when the psychologists asks the patient to create a fear hierarchy, listing things they fear starting with not fearful all the way to most fearful. The patient then enters a state of relaxation and is presented with the stimulus that is least fearful and work their way through the hierarchy. The purpose of this is to teach the patient to use relaxation techniques to overcome their fears and thus overcome their phobias.
2) One person that I found interesting was David Shakow. I found Shakow interesting because of his work with the Boulder Model. The Boulder Model or the scientist-practitioner model is the blueprint for clinical training. This arose from a 15-day conference in Boulder, Colorado and consisted of 71 clinical psychologists and other professionals. The purpose was to create a more standardized training system and an accreditation system. Thus the result was the Boulder Model. This is the model that we use today and why we have Ph.D. programs. Shakow believed that a clinical psychologist should have three areas of expertise: they should be experts in the diagnosis of mental disorders, they should be skilled psychotherapists, and they should be able to complete high quality empirical research. This training to learn all of the skills needed to achieve this status would take about 4 to 5 years a would result in a Ph.D. This is the model we still base our higher education to become a clinical psychologist off of. This is why I find Shakow interesting.
3) I think that the overall message of the chapter was to explain how modern clinical psychology came to be. It also consists of describing modern types of techniques that are used today and how they were formed. I thought the content of this chapter was interesting. I liked that the chapter discussed types of therapy that are used today such as client centered therapy and behavioral therapy. It is showing that the book is coming to an end because it is tying the ideas from the past and showed the end result of them through years of trial and error and modification.
4) I think that the most useful information that was in this chapter was the information about the Boulder Model. I think that this is the most useful information because it establishes the system that we use today for training out clinical psychologists. I also believe that it is important because it gave the field of psychology a standardized training program and allowed for an accreditation system. Why this is important is because it mandates requirements that people need to have to become clinical psychologists. Without this, anyone could call themselves clinical psychologists and practice.
5) This chapter has built upon my knowledge of clinical psychology from my previous class, clinical psychology. That class hit on everything that this chapter had to offer so I did not learn anything new but it did refresh my knowledge of the information about how modern clinical psychology came to be.
6) One topic that I would like to learn more about is lobotomies. The chapter hit on them a bit but I would like to learn more about them beyond what the chapter discussed. I want to learn more about it because it is something that I do not know much about and I feel that it is a big point in the history of psychology. I would like to know more about the effects of the procedure and why the damage to the frontal lobe causes the behavioral change and why type of change comes because of the damage.
7) One question that I had was for these therapies, are the effects of therapy only lasting as long as the therapy is continuous or after the therapy has run its course are the results permanent and the patient no longer needs treatment?
8) Terms: frontal lobe, clinical psychology, therapy, lobotomies, behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, behaviorism, Watson, Little Albert study, Mary Cover Jones, direct conditioning, O. Hobart, Willie M. Mowrer, Pavlovian, CS, UCS, Hans Eysenck progressive relaxation, stimulus, phobia, David Shakow, Boulder Model, science-practitioner model, psychotherapists,

1a) The topic that I found interesting was the Hawthorne studies.
1b) The reason that I found this interesting, is because it is cool to see what motivates and gets people to work hard. Running a company would be a hard thing to do, and an owner would want to make sure that all their employees are giving their best output to try to make the company as successful as possible. So, caring for, and showing that employees are wanted and appreciated is what motivates people to work the hardest according to the Hawthorne studies, so this was interesting to read about, and something I could potentially use in the future.
2a) The person that I found interesting was Carl Rogers and his work with client centered therapy.
2b) The reason that I found him interesting, is because Rogers took a step in the right direction in helping people feeling and seeing that therapy works. He took a different path from the typical psychotherapy that had been going on, and tried a different approach. This different approach consisted of letting the patient know that there was no judgment being placed, it was a positive and safe environment, and he focused on self actualization, which is getting the patient to their desired way that they want to live their life. I have never been in therapy, but I know that if I had to be, I would want a set up like the one that Rogers developed.
3a) I think the overall message of this chapter is looking at a few of the routes one can take to be a practitioner in psychology, and what kind of steps are needed to get there.
3b) I would say yes, that this chapter was interesting to me for the most part. If I make it into grad school, the area that I would like to be studying is clinical psychology, so reading about the different grad programs one can do, and the different therapies and how clinical psychology came to be was pretty interesting.
4) The thing that I read in this chapter that is most helpful in understanding the history of psychology is how in most of this chapter, people are finding ways to medically treat mental illnesses. they have realized that some of the mental illnesses that people get are treatable, and they are figuring out ways to treat these people, and how to train other students to treat future people with mental illnesses.
5) In the last chapter, there was a lot of talk on asylums, and mental institutions on where to put and treat the mentally ill. This chapter builds off that by introducing a new psychology at the time, of clinical psychology. This provides a medical way to treat patients either with drugs, or some sort of therapy, to try to help the patient actually get rid of their mental illness, rather than just sit in an asylum with a bunch of other patients who are mentally ill.
6a) The topic that I would like to learn more about is Modern clinical psychology.
6b) Like I said, Clinical psychology is what I will be studying if I make it into grad school, so learning more about its history and what all it entails would really be good for me.
7) After reading this chapter, one question that I have is do most graduate programs that offer a PhD in an area of psychology also offer a PsyD, or is it usually one or the other?
8) Terms: Carl Rogers, Hawthorne Studies, Client centered Therapy, clinical Psychology, PhD, PsyD, Mental illness

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I really liked the discussion of the new methods for treating mental illness arising in the 1920s and 1930s.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I enjoyed learning about the new methods of treating mental illness in the 1920s and 1930s because they contrasted quite significantly from the initial attempts to treat the mentally ill. Whereas we previously discussed such techniques as hypnosis and psychoanalytic methods like free association or defense mechanisms, these methods had more a medical basis. They no longer focused on strategies which altered the person’s state of mind or focused on unconscious desires but instead looked at reducing symptoms through some medical procedure. I was surprised to learn that people were once injected with the malaria virus to cause a fever thought to reduce neurotic behaviors. Even more surprising was the fact that Julius Wagner-Jauregg won a Noble Prize for this idea! The use of electricity to treat mental illness was also intriguing to me. I wonder how exactly a technique such as electroshock therapy which induces a seizure results in an improvement in patients’ symptoms. It was appalling to read about the use of electricity in trying to reduce shell shock in WWI soldiers; the idea that this could be simply electrocuted out of these individuals is completely inhumane in my mind. However, I realize I am certainly taking a presentist view of the issue. Although there is still a stigma associated with mental illness, it is certainly not as strong as it used to be when this method was used. Now we recognize that the effects of battle on one’s mind are indeed real and in need of treatment. Finally, I found the discussion of lobotomies extremely fascinating. Although it seems extreme for today’s standards, at the time sticking an icepick-like instrument into one’s frontal lobe appeared to reduce symptoms despite the unfortunate side effects one can only expect when disconnecting one part of the brain from another.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
The person that I found most interesting was Carl Rogers.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
I thought that Carl Rogers was interesting for many reasons. First, his upbringing was sort of unique considering the strict family dynamic and lack of pleasurable activities. I also found it interesting that a man who would come to have such an impact on humanistic psychology initially aspired to be a priest and then went into history before finally landing in the field of psychology. Then, of course, we have his contributions to psychology which are exciting to learn about in and of themselves. I thought it was quite admirable for Rogers to stand against all forms of therapy up until this point and create a completely new way of approaching therapy. I liked the idea of client-centered therapy in that it focused on the potential of an individual to improve themselves rather than looking at everything they have wrong. I thought this was consistent with Abraham Maslow’s idea of self-actualization, the discovery of one’s utmost potential and true self. And although I think that forming a relationship between therapist and client in which the therapist expresses empathy and uses reflection to show the client that they are trying to understand their circumstances, I think that discounting previous experiences and conditioned behaviors completely is a disadvantage. After all, these are part of one’s personality and are worth addressing in order to achieve one’s ultimate potential.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I thought that this chapter sought to expand on the treatment of mental illness throughout time which naturally lead into the rise of clinical psychology. Furthermore, it showed how clinical psychology was applied beyond the traditional client-therapist interaction. I really enjoyed the chapter simply because it helped me gather further information on how mental illness, which is a very real issue in today’s society, has been treated over time and the key players in the changes made to treatment.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I thought that the chapter was very interesting. It addresses one of the key issues psychology attempts to improve which is the treatment of mental illness, so learning about how this has changed throughout time is beneficial. It helps one see how far we have come in accepting and developing the best possible treatment for those suffering from mental illness. As someone who has been around mental illness, it is always fascinating for me to learn about this topic in history.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the information about the founding of clinical psychology will be most useful going forward. It just goes to show that a new branch of psychology does not appear overnight but takes decades to come to fruition, and once it is accepted, it still has much tweaking to endure. Given that clinical psychology is so important to applied psychology in today’s world, I think recognizing its origins, its goals, and its progress is something to remember.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter certainly built on the one right before it in that it expanded on the progress made in treating mental illness. In looking at mental illness and its treatment, the author built on previous discussions of psychoanalysis and behaviorism while still expanding into the humanistic psychology. It also included a section on industrial psychology once again which has been mentioned numerous times in our reading.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about engineering psychology.

6b) Why?
I think that the topic of engineering psychology is something that is not often discussed in depth in introductory courses and is not well-known among the lay person. We do not realize that many of the products we buy and experiences we have were designed to best meet our needs. So, I would like to know more about the engineering of products using psychology including how exactly psychology is applied and what common products we use which make use of engineering psychology.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
The biggest questions I had while reading this chapter centered around clinical psychology. What is the difference between a psychiatrist and clinical psychologist? How does their schooling/training differ? What are the different duties they are able to perform in general? In Iowa? Is one more likely to encounter a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist when attending therapy? How is the percentage of psychiatrists as opposed to clinical psychologists changing? Will there be a time when there is no discernable difference between the two?

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Hypnosis, free association, defense mechanisms, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, electroshock therapy, presentism, lobotomy, Carl Rogers, humanistic psychology, client-centered therapy, Abraham Maslow, self-actualization, clinical psychology, behaviorism, engineering psychology

Please read chapter 13. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
(Note: to help with organization points please keep the numbering)
1a) What topic did you find interesting?
Clinical Psychology
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
This topic was talked about a lot throughout this chapter. It seemed to change with the progression of the war and I found that an interesting and important aspect to learn about. It helped to develop this concept.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
Lightner Witmer
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
He was interesting to me because he created the first psych clinic. I think that was a huge turning point in psychology and is still applicable to today. It helps people be diagnosed with many different issues as well as help people to learn ways to cope. It was neat hearing about the start of it all.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
It talked a lot about clinical psychology. It talked about the creation of the clinic and led where we are today. It also talked about many psychologists who have helped to develop this theory and what spin they put on the learnings.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
It was. I don’t like to learn about people particularly, but I think that learning about how the war affected the whole development of the idea was really interesting.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
The topic of psychology in business. I think that understanding that will still be applicable to today. I would have thought it was more of a new study, but it doesn’t seem to be that way. I think that by understanding how it began will help to see how business has grown as a whole and even see changes different companies have made.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter I feel like added to my knowledge. I don’t think it was directly connected to any other chapter we have learned about. I think that it was rather new information.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Psychology during the war
6b) Why?
I visited some places that were affected by war. I think that it is important to learn about the change. I find it interesting that it was such a big impact on the development of clinical psychology.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Were military members during war at this time used in the development? Were there different areas of study based on what the person did in the military?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Clinical Psychology
• Lightner Witmer
• psychology in business

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
A topic I found very interesting in this week's reading is all of the different treatments and procedures that have been used to help with mental illness.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this topic interesting because I am looking at it from both a historicist and presentist perspective. The latter of the two makes me ask questions such as how was this procedure approved to be done on humans much less even thought of. For example lobotomies. How this was ever allowed to be done on humans scrambles my brain. (Get it?) Although it gets plenty of criticism today already, I just find it intriguing how Walter Freeman and James Watt stuck an ice pick in a patient's eye socket, wiggled it around, blindly severing brain matter and thinking they solved the issue at hand. I'm surprised more people didn't make the inference the reason this perhaps works so well is because it makes a person brain-dead in a sense. From a historic perspective I understand they were eager to find a solution and this one seemed to work. I just believe they should have been more proactive when looking at the dangers of this than they were.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Lightner Witmer to be an interesting person of interest in this week's reading.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?
Lightner Witmer interested me because he unintentionally developed the first place for Clinical Psychology to take place. I also found it interesting he studied in Leipzig with Wilhelm Wundt and E.B Tichtner. It seems as though many great psychologists came from this “school” of thought. I also like how psychology seems to be his passion. He did the research for the questions he wanted to know. He wanted to improve people's lives and was given the chance when one of his former students brought in a student of her own and thus school psychology, along with clinical psychology was born.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I think this chapter although titled, “Pscyhology's Practitioners” focuses more on the practices than the people. It talks about how however unfortunate it is, a lot of psychology's modern practices have come through trial and error. We've had to learn from our mistakes and make improvements on some practices and completely toss out others.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
Yes this chapter interested me because I like learning about the development of psychological procedures and treatments for mental illnesses. I enjoy seeing how some psychologist will have a theory and have it proven wrong but for that mistake to create a new successful idea.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think what was most useful in this chapter is that it shows that psychology is still a growing field. Although we know a lot more than we did, we could be looking back and saying this same thing 20 years down the road. The brain is to the world as the amino acids are to protein. It's the building blocks of our society but there is still so much we have yet to learn.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter touched on the field of Humanistic Psychology. I have learned about this in my Psychology of Personality class and find it a very interesting field. If I were to align myself with a field, Humanistic would be my background. I like the personal responsibility it gives and the positive side of it. Especially when compared with psychoanalytical theory.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about the different types of procedures done on the mentally ill and how psychologists came to the therapeutic solution for these procedures.

6b) Why?
I think the best way to develop your own voice and own thoughts is to take in other people's thinking. Why did they believe this and how did they come to this conclusion? Understanding their thinking and thought process can be used immensely to help others find similar and perhaps even more successful techniques.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Are there any other big names from this topic that I am missing? This chapter, in my opinion focuses more on the practices done and not as much the practitioners.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terminology: Historicist, Presentist, Lobotomies, Walter Freeman, James Watt, Lightner Witmer, Clinical Psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, E.B. Tichtner, school psychology, Humanistic Psychology, Psychoanalytical

1a) What topic did you find interesting?

I found Carl Rogers client-centered therapy interesting.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?

I thought it was interesting because he thought it was important to have a closer relationship with the client and that had always been looked over when dealing with severely ill patients. He thought it was important to steer the patient in a path that lead to self-actualization and in order to do that, he had to have empathy for his patients and also had to do reflection with his patients so they understood that he was not judging them and understood what they were telling him. I think this is interesting because I agree with these views and I don’t understand why it lost popularity. Getting help is about bettering yourself so what does the book mean when it says client-centered therapy lost popularity because it wasn’t focused on the community?

2a) What person did you find interesting?

I found Walter Freeman interesting.

2b) Why were they interesting to you?

He was interesting to me because of his approach to lobotomies. He seems kind of crazy because even though his partner backed out, he swore by the results and kept doing lobotomies despite the fact that 2.5% of the people he did them on died. He traveled around in an RV that he called the lobotomobile and the estimated number of people he lobotomized is about 3,000. That is a lot of people he did that to and didn’t really care to look at the adverse side effects that the lobotomies were causing in these patients. Then the way he did the procedures with ice pics through the eyes and no gloves or sterilization techniques to clean up after words or keep him safe, I wonder how many people got infections from his procedure.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?

I think the overall message of the chapter was that scientists were really starting to look for a therapy that was a cure all to most symptoms in mentally ill patients. Some of these practices were brutal but yielded some kind of result that seemed to work. Each of these therapeutic techniques encountered criticism, mainly the ones that dealt with the lobotomy and the humanistic approach.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?

I thought this chapter was very interesting because I think therapy is interesting. I want to learn how to help people and seeing how these therapies came about and some of the historical arguments against them is cool. It is interesting seeing where these techniques came from because you can learn where to take them and what kind of further studies we could do with them to see how valid they are.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think learning that there is criticism behind most of these therapeutic techniques helps my understanding of the history of psychology because there were good reasons behind the criticisms. Lobotomies made people vegetables but by the end of that movement, there were 18,000 people that had them done. It makes me wonder what we are doing in this day and age that will be considered brutal to future generations 50 years from now.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?

This builds onto what I have already learned because I got a deeper understanding of why we have patient protection laws in place now. I also understand why we have strict research screenings in place because we don’t want another lobotomy situation on our hands. I already knew about the therapies but seeing where they came from was interesting.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?

I would like to learn more about Walter Freeman.

6b) Why?

I want to know what his personality was like and I want to know more about what society thought of lobotomies. I think this topic is interesting.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?

How many of the humanistic approaches have been revisited and are still used today? If people didn’t realize how bad lobotomies where back in the day, what are we doing now that could be considered brutal to other generations after us? Getting help is about bettering yourself so what does the book mean when it says client-centered therapy lost popularity because it wasn’t focused on the community?

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Carl Rogers, Client-centered therapy, empathy, reflection, self-actualization, Walter Freeman, lobotomies, humanistic approach.

1a) What topic did you find interesting? A topic I found interesting was Abraham Maslow and the goal of self-actualization.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
It was interesting to me because I have heard of Maslow numerous times over the years and his work is always interesting to me because of of relevant his work still is to us today. What I am most familiar with is Maslow's hierarchy of needs which is a pyramid based on levels of well being a person needs to complete before they can be considered fully functioning. However in this chapter the top of the pyramid, self-actualization which is the completion of all lower levels of the pyramid and a drive to achieve and improve oneself in all aspects of life. People who were able to achieve self-actualization could then experience peak experiences, which are extreme moments of unadulterated joy.
2a) What person did you find interesting? The person I found to be most interesting is Carl Rogers.
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
Carl Rogers was interesting to me because of his client-entered therapy which I was able to watch a clip of in another psychology class this year. Client-centered therapy focused rather on the client taking control and responsibility for their present life rather than dwelling on the past. There were three components to this type of therapy that a therapist must have in order to be successful, genuineness, a respect for the client as an individual person, and empathy.While these three components were important to the success of client-centered therapy, reflection was also needed. The therapist needed to say back what they think their client is trying to get across in order to guarantee that they are understanding them completely.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter? The over all message of this chapter was to show how psychology has jumped from extremes such as lobotomies to the warm and lighter aspect of client-centered therapy and how it has developed from a rather crude treatment of mentally ill to a finely tuned science with a combination of therapy and medication.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
This chapter was interesting to me because most of it has been covered in my other psychology class this year so I feel as if I actually know something going into the chapter, however that is a double edged sword because then I am slightly bored of it as well.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think this chapter was useful in understanding the history of psychology by showing that there were grave mistakes made in the field, but those mistakes helped develop clinical psychology as a whole and while they should never be repeated again, we can still learn valuable lessons from them.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter builds on what I have already learned because many of the topics such as Roger and Maslow's hierarchy of needs are names and ideas I have heard time and time again in many other psychology classes.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? I would like to learn more about lobotomies and shell shock I would like to know more on the why our minds can cause such disruptive symptoms when our bodies seems to be physically well, while I do understand he trauma behind it, I'm curious about how it provides, if any, survival benefits.
6b) Why?
Because I like learning about the dark parts of psychology on why it was done. While it is human nature to get caught up in the horror of the idea, it is important to look at it through a historic view to understand how and why it came to be in our history. With shell shock
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
I would like to know what approach is popular today, if it is still the humanistic or if a new approach has developed, I'd like to see what history is in the making in our current time.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Abraham Maslow, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, peak experiences, Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy, empathy, reflection, lobotomy, shell shock

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought that clinical psychology in the pre-world war era was interesting. I wasn’t aware that clinical psychology began with a narrow focus on diagnosing and treating children with school related problems. It was interesting to know that the American Psychological Association was so worried by the America Association of Clinical Psychologists that they created a second branch of the APA in order to accommodate those people. I wasn’t aware that there were two major groups, the AAAP and the APA before and during WWII that later merged into one, focusing on both academics as well as applied psychology. The original APA’s goal was for the advancement of psychology as a science but after WWII, it focused on the advancement of psychology as a profession as well as a means of promoting human welfare. That shows how psychology has evolved throughout the years and how the APA became what it is today, which I found interesting.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
A person that interested me was Lightner Witmer. He was interesting to me, because not only because he was the founder of clinical psychology but also because of his passion to perform experiments to solve every day real-world human problems. I admired the passion he had for helping children with cognitive and behavior problems, a passion that we both share. Originally he was a laboratory psychologist who wanted to apply psychology to solve real world problems. A former instructor came to him with a student who had reading troubles. He began to see more students and asked for funding to research, diagnose, and treat students with school-related problems, which is now known as school psychology.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
The overall message of this chapter was the development of psychology into a more profession based field. It showed the evolution of psychology becoming careers and how it has established itself as what we know it as today. This overall message was interesting to me because all of the chapters talk about how psychology was based around improving the quality of life for people based on its findings, and this chapter was the first one to put actions with that principle. It talked about how psychologist moved towards the goal of promoting human welfare and using psychological findings to better people’s lives and informing them on how to deal with situations.
I think the overall message of the chapter was to expand our knowledge about areas of psychology that we normally do not think about like business and industry and how this clinical psychology developed during and between World War I and World War II.
3b) I thought that the overall message of this chapter was to show the progress that happened due to the Second World War. After the war there were new demands from psychology. Veterans were in need of not just treatment for their physical scares but also therapy and counseling in order to continue living. A new form of psychology was called clinical psychology was formed. This interested me because it allows me to because it helps me to understand how and why psychology is the way it is today.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think something that is useful in understanding the history of psychology is understanding the approaches to mental illness and the history of treatment for patients was like compared to how it is done today. It is also important to know and understand the emergence of clinical psychology and its development throughout the years.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter adds on to the precious chapters and what we already know because it expanded on what we already know and showed us the progression that it made. For example the APA and there were two associations that became one after the war and how the there was a shift in their focus.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
6b) Why?
I would like to learn more about School Psychology. I would like to further research this topic because I feel like I can relate to it because I would like to become a school counselor. I want to learn more about how it was started and some mile stones that have been made by that fuild. I also want to know what contributions school psychology has made to the education system.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Does lobotomy still exist?

8) Terms: American Psychological Association, Association of Clinical Psychologists, clinical psychology, Lightner Witmer, cognitive, behavior, WWI, WWII, lobotomy