Reading Activity Week #11 (Due Monday)

Chapter 10

1)What did you find interesting? Why?
A topic that I found interesting was Ivon Pavlov. I have always found Pavlov’s classical conditioning research interesting and I have always wanted to try it on people (and sometimes do). I found it interesting that in the spring of 1924 Pavlov organized a series of lectures that summarized about twenty-five years of work on conditioning. He later sent his lectures to the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg and rewrote them for publication which was later translated into English. Pavlov believed that restricting the investigation to specific external stimuli and measurable physiological responses was the only scientifically defensible strategy to use. He talked about conditioning and extinction. The essence of the technique is to pair a stimulus known to produce a particular response with a neutral stimulus, such as a tone or a metronome. Pavlov did this experiment with his dogs. The response he wanted was salivation (dogs producing saliva) whenever he rang a bell. He started this by ringing a bell and then giving the dogs food.

2)What did you find interesting? Why?
I found the topic of John B Watson interesting, because I have always found behaviorism interesting. I sincerely enjoyed reading about the Watson/Carr maze studies. During the time he was on faculty in Chicago, from 1903-1908, his research involved studying rats in mazes. It was completed with Harvey Carr who was a graduate student working with Watson during this time. The gal was to determine which senses were needed for a rat to learn a maze. In their first study Watson and Carr systematically eliminated the ability of the animals to use their senses when solving a version of the Hampton Court maze. Watson removed some of the rats eyes, middle of the ears, and the olfactory bulbs, whiskers, or by anesthetizing the rats’ feet, depriving them of various senses. The rats still learned the maze with ease. Through this they learned that the animals were learning to associate sequences of muscle movements with the various turns in the maze. They then shortened/lengthened the mazes and this caused the rats to literally run into the walls.

3)What did you find interesting? Why?
The other topic that I found to be interesting was the little Albert study. Watson did this study with Rosalie Rayner, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins. Before the experiment began, Albert (9 months old) was put through a series of tests. Albert showed no fear when presented with a white rate, a rabbit, and a monkey. Unlike other infants, Albert did not show a fear response to the stimulus of a loss of support, however, he was afraid of a loud, unexpected noise. Watson decided to use that stimulus to produce fear. When Albert would reach for the rabbit or rat a bar would be violently struck behind him creating a loud noise that would cause Albert to be startled and whimper. This continued and he eventually associated his fear with the rat and rabbit. I found this interesting, but I also know that nowadays this would be considered an unethical experiment.

4)What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Why?
I found all of this material to be very interesting. This is the material that initially got me interested in the subject of psychology and I really enjoy learning about it again and again. It is something I always find fun to learn in the classroom and sometimes try to take it out into the real world with me.

5)What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think the research that both of these psychologist did is very important to the history of psychology. I think it shows how we can be taught to do different things by our environment, or by someone controlling our environment, without even realizing that is what is being done to us.

6)How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter built on to the previous chapters/maybe even future chapters by talking about Harvey Carr. He has been talked about in previous chapters and he was shown to be doing work with John B Watson in this chapter. I find it extremely interesting when psychologist’s lives intertwine in this way.

7)What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?
I would like to learn more about Pavlov and his conditioning with his dogs. I want to know what else he might have tried beside the salivating when a bell was rung. I would also like to learn more about Watson’s studies with little Albert. I would like to know if he ever tried taking away Albert’s fear or instead of trying to produce fear, instead produce a different emotion, like happiness.

8)What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I was wondering what it would be like to see Little Albert nowadays. Would he still have an innate fear of those animals because of the studies done on him? Would he be effected differently know that he is older (if he were still alive today)?

9)Terminology: Ivon Pavlov, Classical Conditioning, John B Watson, Behaviorism, Little Albert study, Rosalie Rayner, Harvey Carr, Maze Studies, Conditioning, Extinction.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found Watson and his study about Little Albert to be interesting. Watson used his behaviorism approach to conduct experiments with infants. The study was conducted with a Johns Hopkins graduate student, Rosalie Rayner. Littler Albert was put through a few tests before the experiment was started. At the age of nine months old, Little Albert was fearless when he was in the presence of a white rat, a rabbit and a monkey. The other infants however, were afraid of those stimuli. The one thing that scared Albert was loud, unexpected sounds. Observing this behavior, Watson used this to produce fear in Albert whenever he would reach for the rat or rabbit. When Albert would reach for either animal, a bar was struck causing a loud noise and that would make Albert start to whimper. Eventually, Albert associated the animals with fear. This is an interesting experiment, but I could not help but feel bad for Albert because this study may/could have troubled him the rest of his life when he comes in contact with rats or rabbits.
2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Ivan Pavlov’s study about conditioning was interesting. It was based around a salivating dog and conditioned responses. Pavlov talked about how you need to pair a stimulus known to produce a particular response with a neutral stimulus. An example of a neutral stimulus is a tone or metronome. He went on to talk about the starting point is already a reflex. With the dog, the unconditioned reflex was the salivating when the unconditioned stimulus (food) was shown to the dog. You need to provide the neutral stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Going back to Pavlov, I found the second part of his study interesting. He went on to talk about conditioned response extinction. This was interesting because if the tone was sounded and the dog came and there was no food, extinction would occur. To me, I thought of this like a reverse effect. He would sound the tone for thirty second intervals for two minutes and record the amount of saliva secreted. He called this the latent period. The latent period was considered to be the time between the starting of the tone to the beginning of salivation. Pavlov described it as the weakening of the reflexes to the conditional stimulus if repeated a certain amount of times.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found the chapter to be interesting because I remember learning about Watson and Pavlov in previous chapters and in other classes.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think Pavlov’s study about conditioning and extinction is useful for everyday life. It would be useful because it shows you how you can condition something/someone, but it also shows how it can weaken and no longer have much of an effect.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Watson was mentioned in this chapter, but he was also mentioned in previous chapters. This chapter elaborated on his works more. It also went more in depth with his studies and it talked about his study with Little Albert, which was influential to his behavior studies and emotion.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to learn more about conditioning and extinction because Pavlov conducted a study with an animal, but I would like to know if it was done with people and other animals and what the effects were.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While I was reading about the little Albert study, I thought about what the long term affects would have been for the baby. I wanted to know if later in life, he continued to associate fear with a white rabbit and a rat.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Unconditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, extinction, little Albert, behaviorism, Watson, Pavlov

J.P.

1a) What did you find interesting?
-Positivism: Philosophical position associated with Comte, who argued that the only certain knowledge is obtained through objective, publicly observable events.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
- I think that this is interesting because many people are apt to believe in things with blind faith. While there are some problematic areas associated with the concept of positivism. Philosophy is always trying to identify ways of defining what is real, and what is not; but how can you measure every aspect of life? Is it not better to agree that you are a real function to this world? As far as positivism within psychology, I relate it more to the empirical model of research. It is important to validate theories with testable hypothesis rather than simply making observations.
2a) What did you find interesting?
-Extinction: In Pavlovian conditions, the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
-I don’t think that that this is a very good definition of this term. Extinction occurs when a previously rewarded or rewarding behavior is no longer rewarded. Meaning that a behavior that you emit no long elicits a reward, and this lack of reward is often followed by extinction bursts where you do the conditioned stimulus, in hopes of receiving the conditioned response. In my daily life I will sometime catch myself emitting a extinction burst like behavior, and even though I know that the behavior is no longer rewarding, I continue to produce the behavior. The idea of extinction is extremely apparent in domesticated animals when you change their daily routine.

3a) What did you find interesting?
-Systematic Desensitization: Behavior therapy procedure in which fear response is replaced by an incompatible response (e.g. relaxation); pioneered by Jones and Wople, who named it.

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
-This is an interesting therapy tool used for individuals who are suffering from phobias that have an impact on their daily lives. The individuals actually don’t fear the object in question as much as they think; which gives it that compelling aspect. Originally the unconditioned stimulus (the feared object) produces an unconditioned response (rapid heart beat, panic), but after those few initial encounters with the UCS the individual actually begins to fear the UCR making the UCR the CR. Systematic Desensitization presents the UCS in a controlled environment, and because the body can’t stay in a stat of panic for long periods of time, they will eventually calm down. Over time you increase the exposure to the feared object until the person no longer associates the UCS with the CR.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
-Tropisms: Forced movements; automatic responses to specific stimuli, as studied by Leob.

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
-This concept didn’t seem interesting to me, it didn’t peak my interest.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
-I think that the information about UCS, UCR, CR, and CS will be the most relevant to my future in psychology, as well as this course.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
-In the last chapter we were vaguely introduced to Pavlovian ideas, and concepts; this chapter builds on those brief introductions, and goes into more detail about his brief history in psychology.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
-Behavioral Manifesto: Watson 1913 paper that argued for a behaviorist approach to psychology.

7b) Why?
- While much of Watson’s work has been discredited due to his indiscretions, he did have his time in the lime light. We continue to discuss some of his experiments today (although that could be because of their ethical oversights), but I think understanding Watson’s Behavioral Manifesto’s will not only help me understand behaviorism, but also the future events in psychology.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
- I thought about how we conduct experiments in our daily lives (although we usually don’t attribute them as such) to prove things, better understand things, and find the best ways of doing certain things. I also though about how often extinction is presented in my daily life, and how many behaviors I continue to emit even though the reward is no longer present.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-Positivism, Extinction, Systematic Desensitization, Conditioned Response, Unconditioned Response, Unconditioned Stimulus, Tropisms, Behavioral Manifesto,

Chapter 10

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
A thing that I found to be interesting was the part on positivism and the psychologists at the time were not looking at Watson’s behaviorism, but they were still studying behaviorism but in different ways. I found this to be interesting because it showed that people can like ideas from others and want to broaden those ideas, but while broadening the ideas going in a different direction to what they believe is right. There are good ideas, but with those ideas there can be a poor outline and a poor outcome which can be eliminate to come up with a desired outcome. I like that the idea as a whole of behaviorism stayed while the objections were altered due to different ideas coming in. I found positivism to be interesting just because of what it meant. You cannot prove something until there is evidence, or it is publically observable. After this it is still not a law because it can be performed once, but the next time there might be a different outcome. A truth would relate to the positivism because it would be when other psychologists share that same idea, which would come from getting the same results, which also would be where we get the term law because after something has been proven to be set in stone, then you are able to decide this.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Another thing that I found to be interesting was the part about Pavlov originally beginning his experiments with dogs to see how much salvation difference is there between dry and wet food. This idea then bounced to another about them salivating before receiving the food due to him realizing there was a correlation there in the experiments with wet and dry food. With that he then would notice that other factors can throw off results, so making the rooms sound proof and not allowing certain things to be in the room with the experiment were incorporated also. I found this to be interesting because it showed that the original experiment is not always going to be perfect. There are going to be things that are going to need to be altered in order to get results that are worth searching for. Other times psychologists also need to even change the hypothesis of the experiment and sometimes the experiment as a whole due to trial and error. It just showed that nothing is perfect on the first attempt, but to change things until it fits exactly what the experiment and the idea that the psychologist had when coming up with the ideas for it is what separates psychologists from great psychologists. Great psychologists are not only afraid to admit that their original attempt was wrong, but find alterations that are able to be done in order to get desired results.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
What I also found to be interesting is the section about Jacques Loeb and tropisms, which are movement of plants and animals that are forced automatically by some aspect of the environment. An example being when flower always faces the side the sun is on. I found this to be interesting because it also ties to Darwin and evolution. In order to survive, the species must be on top of the survival of the fittest. This I also tie into the most able to adapt to their environment to survive, which would be what these animals and plants perform. I thought it was interesting that this is natural to these flowers, and to animals that also adapt to what the environment brings, so it is almost stating that survival of the fittest within an environment could be looked at being a natural habit that some species have.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
One thing that I found to be the least interesting, more of most gruesome to read about, was the section about Pavlov gaining money to fund a laboratory. I did not like the method that he had to receive money because it was gross, he would basically sell gastric fluids to laboratories all over Europe in order to fund his research purposes. I think that chapter would have been better to not go into detail of how it was performed because enough information is given with allowing them to know that he sold the gastric fluids of dogs without any detail.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
An idea that came from the chapter that I found to be the most useful to understanding the history of psychology is the idea of replication. Do not just believe that something is a truth until it has been performed on multiple occasions with the same result on each attempt. Things are able to performed once due to luck, but to wiggle out the luck, if replication is implemented into the experiment then it becomes more of a truth and more believable.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
It related to other chapters by expanding on behaviorism. It did not follow the same guidelines that John B. Watson had originally set for it, but it almost made the field into a different field especially with adding on positivism and truths and how they differ each other but yet go hand in hand.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
A topic that I would like to know more about was how Pavlov either influenced other psychologists or his ideas were used and expanded upon. In the chapter it was stated that his idea of operant conditioning was a base to many other ideas and influenced ideas to come about from other psychologists. I would just like to know which psychologists were impacted by operant conditioning.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
A question that I came across while reading this chapter had to do with the Watson-Carr Maze Studies. I was wondering if a lot of psychologists get their ideas based off of if they thought other experiments or ideas were poorly performed. It said that for this maze study they looked at Willard Small and thought he was not systematic when studying the rats’ ability to run a maze. So, if that is how they received their idea to perform this maze experiment, is that a lot of bases for the psychologists that decide to expand on a certain topic?

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Truth, behaviorism, positivism, John. B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, replication, operant conditioning, Watson-Carr Maze, Willard Small, tropisms, Jacques Loeb

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the rate maze studies conducted by John B. Watson and Harvey Carr to be interesting. To determine how rats learned to complete the maze, the scientists took away the rats’ senses one by one. They removed eyes, ears, and olfactory bulbs in different rats. The rats were still able to maneuver the maze. They also removed the whiskers, used anesthesia on the rats’ feet. They basically found the rats learned how many steps they needed to take before each turn. A group of animal rights activists or antivivisectionists as they were called then protested the use of rats in this manner. This is important because we will see the animal rights groups like PETA will come to have much influence on how animals are used for science and other testing. I believe that any animal testing that helps the field of health care can be argued for but when it comes to product testing, I believe most companies have gotten away from this practice.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the infant studies conducted by John B. Watson to be interesting. Watson studied what an infant (Albert) would do when presented with a white rat. At first, Albert shied away a bit from the animal. Then Watson decided to make a loud noise behind Albert’s head by striking a hammer to a metal bar. The observations that were made about Albert’s reaction made me wonder where on earth was Watson’s mind? These tests seemed unethical and any knowledge gained from them tainted at best. The fact that Watson did nothing to alleviate the fear that had fostered in young Albert is irresponsible. I guess we can be thankful that Watson did not remove Albert’s eyes, ears, or olfactory bulbs in the process of this experiment.
3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

I found the relationship between Ivan Pavlov and the Soviet Union to be interesting. I would say that Pavlov had a love/hate relationship with his country; the Soviet Union. He criticized Lenin and Stalin publicly. The Soviets took his Nobel Prize money. Even with that, he remained loyal to the Soviet Union. He felt that it was better than living under Nazi control. The Soviet Union agreed with the work Pavlov was doing so they put up with his antics. They gave him $50,000 for his laboratory and treated him like a war hero upon death. This is important because it is a strong contrast to Germany and their treatment of scientists under the Nazi regime. I would think that Soviets may have treated Pavlov different if they did not like his work, but in the end they embraced him and were better for it
4a) What didn’t you find interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

I think that it is because I have learned about it so much, but Ivan Pavlov’s work with the dogs and conditioning isn’t that interesting to me. I learned about it in so many classes that it seems overblown and too much importance is given to it. In the book, it mentions that even the picture of the dog apparatus that was attributed to Pavlov was actually built by a German physiologist named G.F. Nicolai. This picture has been shown inaccurately in many textbooks and just lends to the fact that this particular work in Pavlov’s career is overblown.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

Although I don’t agree with the “Little Albert” study, I think that studying why it was flawed will be useful in understanding psychology better. The basic notion is to understand why humans behave the way they do, and what is the motivation behind this behavior. I think studies like “Little Albert,” if done in an ethical way, may help our understanding.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I feel like this chapter is building on others because of all of the work being done in a lab study. From the very first couple of chapters, it has been brought to our attention how important it is to conduct studies in a lab environment. With this chapter, we are introduced to a landmark study that is the result of laboratory work. I feel that we are also seeing an increase with experiments on animals, some which I question if the pros outweigh the cons.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
I would like to know more about the antivivisectionist and what they accomplished. Some of the experiments done on animals during this time period bordered on animal cruelty if not downright abuse. I would like to know how this group got started and how they were perceived by the public. In our day and age, a similar group, PETA, does not seem to have a great reputation.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
As I mentioned above, I was thinking about the animal rights groups, and how much power, if any, did they wield. It seems like the animal experiments are getting more and more unethical and now we are starting to see some questionable experiments done on infants.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
• Ivan Pavlov
• John B. Watson
• G.F. Nicolai
• Classic conditioning
• Pavlov’s Dog Apparatus
• Antivivisectionist

Please read chapter 10. After reading the chapter, please respond to the following questions:
Next you will be asked what three things from the chapter that you found interesting?
1a) What did you find interesting? Pavlov’s laboratory
1b) Why was it interesting to you? It was interesting to see what it was like working with Pavlov’s and the extent he went to make the laboratory the best he could. Pavlov made it a highly professional research environment. In surgeries he made sure the environment was antiseptic which helped reduce infections in his animals. He was very strict with his researchers and expected them to be on time, even during the Russian Revolution. However, he did find good ways to train new researchers. He had new researchers work with experienced researchers to learn their way around, and they also had them replicate experiments. There was also a “Tower of Silence” which helped eliminating any outside influences in the experiments. Here he did experiments on animals using classical conditioning.
2a) What did you find interesting? Pavlov & the Soviets
2b) Why was it interesting to you? I really found the section on Pavlov and the Soviets really interesting. I liked how he was very against the Bolshevik overthrow of the government, and how much he spoke out in public against it. I also thought it was interesting that he spoke to Stalin and said he didn’t like what he was doing. Clearly, Russia loved Pavlov, because Stalin was not someone you would just say negative things to without probably dying. It’s just really funny how against communism he was, yet the communist people loved him. He started to change his mind once WWII was coming to fruition, and it also probably didn’t hurt that the government was giving him money and letting him continue his work. At his death they even gave his wife a pension to live on and erected a statue of Pavlov in St. Petersburg.
3a) What did you find interesting? Watson and advertising
3b) Why was it interesting to you? I thought it was interesting that Watson left academics (which he had to) and entered the world of business. It was pretty cool that he applied what he knew and researched with behaviorism into advertising. He could use basic human emotions; love, fear and rage. In order for someone to buy something, they should make the consumer feel one of these emotions. One example they gave was to have parents fear that if they didn’t buy Johnson & Johnson power they would expose their infant to infection. He also applied scientific thinking to marketing, such as using demographic information while advertising.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? Watson’s Little Albert Experiment
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you? Although I find Watson and the Little Albert experiment interesting, it’s just not as interesting as I have read and learned about it so many times before. I still think the experiment is pretty cool, and a bit disturbing, and a very important experiment in the field of psychology. However it was more interesting to read about Mary Cover Jones, as I had never heard about her and her work with behavior therapy techniques, which was known as systematic desensitization.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology? I think learning about Watson will be the most important, as when I teach all psychology books will talk about Watson and his experiments. I think it will be important to know a great deal about Watson so I am able to give the students a thorough understanding of the material.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters? This chapter built on a lot of previous chapters, including rat mazes, Watson, and behaviorist.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? Soviet Union’s influence on psychology
7b) Why? I would like to learn more about this because I want to see if the Soviet Union liked any other psychologist as much as the liked Pavlov.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter? When I was reading about Pavlov and his work in the Soviet Union, I wondered what Americans thought about him. I know the text briefly addressed it, but I just wonder what they thought about him after WWII, as he was so beloved by the Soviet Union. I wonder if Americans didn’t like him during this time because he was so loved by communists.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Pavlov, replicate, Little Albert experiment, Mary Cover Jones systematic desensitization, Watson, classical conditioning

1a) What did you find interesting?

Watson-Carr rat maze study

1b) Why was it interesting to you?

I thought it was quite interesting how when they procedurally cut out the eyes of the rat or even just slightly altered their senses that they could easily still overcome the maze and reach the end with no problem. To me that is quite amazing to read about. Even after reading about the study that Willard Small conducted where he left the rats in the maze to sleep, I find Watson and Carr’s study to me even more fascinating.

2a) What did you find interesting?

Animal Behavior - Watson

2b) Why was it interesting to you?

I think Watson’s contribution to the idea of animal behavior was quite interesting due to the fact that he tried to get animals to try and distinguish the difference between two different stimuli such as a red light from a darker red light that was presented to the animal.

3a) What did you find interesting?

Little Albert Study and conditioning

3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The study about poor little baby Albert brought questions to my brain about the fact that how could little Albert not be afraid of an animal approaching him (a frightening one) nor be afraid of the loss of attachment or support but yet be afraid of a simple sound? With my background of a few psychology classes, did little Albert grow up in a certain place where conditional love was not there? Is that why he was not responsive with the loss of support?

Little Albert’s study showed that there were elements of operant punishment along with the idea of conditioning. It seems to be that when Albert began to reach for the rat a loud noise would sound so he would get scared of that sound and cry so he was conditioned to feel frightened when he heard that noise and corresponded it with the rat. This study was quite interesting to read about and it popped that question in my mind about his living habits.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

One thing I found least interesting in this chapter was the idea that I felt like I was reading my intro book from freshmen year all over again by learning about Pavlov and his dog experiments to the Little Albert study (even though I love that study) it gets just a little bit repetitive learning about the same topic all over again. Sometimes though I can find a piece of information that pops out and helps me understand just a little bit more about the subject and it gets me interested, but not in this chapter.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think that by reading the entire chapter helps us to understand the history of psychology just because it lets us see how far the world of psychology has actually come in the behaviorism sense. It all seems pretty new to the world starting from around 1910 on up. I think we can learn a lot from the idea of behaviorism.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

This chapter builds on the previous chapters by bringing up the idea of Thorndike’s puzzle boxes and how behavior is learned. It also uses the idea of Thorndike and how he began to use animals in studies and we can actually learn so much from animals as they act about the same as we do in learning new tasks and new events.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?

I would like to learn more about the Little Albert Study; just because it seems so interesting to read about even though I have heard it a million times. I like to read about how we as humans can be conditioned to a certain stimuli to get a certain response by the more we are exposed to that stimulus.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

While reading this chapter I thought a lot about my introduction to psychology and even my intro to sociology class, for some odd reason. The idea about behavior and how we can be conditioned to a stimulus is quite fascinating to me so I tried to relate that idea to my psych class and my sociology class.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Watson, Carr, Maze Studies, Willard Small, Animal behavior, Stimuli, Little Albert Study, Conditioning, behaviorism, Pavlov, Thorndike, Puzzle Box

1a) What did you find interesting?
Pavlov has always been interesting to me.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
We have probably learned about Pavlov in every single psychology class but it never gets old. He had a lot of ideas that are important with classical conditioning which is what I want to focus more on. He did a study with dogs and it was based on salivary responses of these dogs to describe classical conditioning. I think that I find this most interesting because the dog study helps me to remember what all of these terms mean; unconditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, and extinction.
2a) What did you find interesting?
John Watson
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
We have also learned about John Watson in almost every psychology class especially his Little Albert Study. This study is probably one of my favorites that have been done. Watson’s study caused some ethical concern because there was a little boy involved but he wanted to take a risk and did this study anyway. For this test Albert was put through a number of tests. At the beginning of this test he was presented a white rabbit, dog, rat, and monkey with or without masks or hair and he showed no fear. However, he did show fear towards a loud noise that was unexpected which eventually became Watsons stimulus. So Watson would make a loud unexpected noise when Albert reached for the object. This was a human example of classical conditioning. So, the unconditioned stimulus in this study is the loud noise and the unconditioned response is the fear of the noise. We then have the conditioned stimulus which is the rat and the conditioned response is the combination of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Just like Pavlov’s study Little Albert study helps me to remember each one of these terms.
3a) What did you find interesting?
The Watson-Carr maze studies were interesting.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because I like learning about the different studies done because it helps me relate to the terms we are learning in class. The main goal of their studies were to see which senses were needed for a rat to learn a maze. Watson was intrigued by Willard Small’s work because he believed that he wasn’t systematic enough when identifying the factors involved in the rats ability to learn a maze. What amazes me is that Watson and Carr went and took the eyes, middle ears, and olfactory bulbs from some of the rats to test their sense and they discovered that the rats could still learn the maze.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
The young functionalist at Chicago was the least interesting.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found nothing interesting in this section so that’s why it’s the least interesting.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding History and Systems?
Both Watson and Pavlov are very influential for many reasons in psychology so I think that the sections on them and their studies will be most useful in history and systems.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
We have learned about different figures of psychology in each chapter and they continue to build on one another. Watson and Carr’s maze studies are kind of similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box study because they kind of have the same idea so they kind of relate to one another.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? I would like to learn more about Watson and Carr’s maze studies.
7b) Why?
Watson and Carr’s maze studies are interesting and I would like to find out more information about them.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter I was thinking about what I have already learned about Pavlov and Watson’s studies.
9) Pavlov, Watson, classical conditioning, Watson-Carr’s maze studies, Thorndike, conditioned response, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and unconditioned stimulus.

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
The first topic that I found interesting in chapter 10 was about Pavlov and his research with the dogs. I have learned about Pavlov before, and know about his research with classical conditioning, but I found that the way this book talked about this subject was a little bit different from how I had learned about it in the past and therefore made it a little more interesting. Pavlov’s full name is Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. I did not know a lot about his early life, which this chapter talked about. Pavlov was born in the countryside in west central Russia. His father was a priest and his family was relatively poor growing up. His parents tried to feed 11 kids (6 later passing away) on a small income. One thing that I did not know about Pavlov before reading this chapter was that he was actually not a psychologist, like many people assume. Pavlov actually studied physiology in his schooling rather than psychology, which I found interesting. I also did not know that Pavlov studied digestion before studying conditioning, and won the Nobel Prize because of it. The reason that Pavlov started studying dogs and their salivating habits was because of his work with the digestive system. Pavlov created a very professional research environment by establishing highly controlled settings. Through these controlled laboratory environments, Pavlov founded the ideas behind what he is most famous for in the field of psychology. Through his work with the dogs and their salivation, Pavlov discovered the terms unconditioned reflex (UCR), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned stimulus (CR), and the conditioned reflex (CR). I found all of these to be interesting as well as the whole classical conditioning process.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The second topic I found interesting in the reading of chapter 10 had to deal with another scientist and his work. I found the information on John B. Watson interesting, especially concerning his Behaviorist Manifesto. Watson was also born in the countryside but in South Carolina, not Russia. His family was dysfunctional, to say the least, but this did not stop him from being successful. Watson started his career at the University of Greenville after a childhood of troublemaking. After graduating, he was accepted to the University of Chicago to study comparative psychology due to his interest in animals. It was through comparative psychology that Watson became interested in behaviors. After studying rats and mazes, Watson became known as one of the up-and-coming stars in experimental psychology. He moved to be in charge of psychology at Johns Hopkins University and this is where he developed his Behaviorist Manifesto. Through this speech (that he gave at Columbia University), Watson succeeded in firmly assigning psychology to the natural sciences, articulating a set of goals for scientific psychology, and rejecting the introspection-based research of his peers. These three points were actually formed within the first three sentences of Watson’s speech. I find this to be very interesting because of the effect that this Behaviorist Manifesto had on the world and especially the field on psychology. I think that it takes a very special person to be able to create this effect on the world, which is why I was interested in learning about Watson and everything he accomplished in life.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The third topic that I found interesting while reading chapter 10 was about Little Albert. Within this experiment, Watson worked with one of his grad students to study an 11-month-old infant named “Albert B.” In this test, Watson and Rosalie Rayner, his graduate assistant, studied if emotional responses were conditioned. They looked at Little Albert and how he reacted to different animals at such a young age, as well as a few other tests, to measure his emotional responses. I find this study interesting because of the way Little Albert was treated during the experiment. Back then, there were less concerns with the tests be ethical, whereas today I feel like this study would not be able to be done. They conditioned Little Albert to feel the fear that he showed from hearing a loud noise, to associating it with the animals he was shown. I also found that after these tests, Watson worked with Mary Cover Jones on an idea called systematic desensitization. Jones found a way to ease a child’s fear by allowing them to associate the feared object with a pleasurable feeling, such as eating food. I found both of these studies and concepts very interesting because they dealt with basically manipulating a person’s behavior to feel a certain way, something that nowadays we find to be wrong, but back then it was still being found out.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
The subject that I found least interesting to read about in chapter 10 was about Pavlov and the way he was treated by the Soviets and Americans. I found this information strange to put in the middle of the chapter because it talked about what people thought about Pavlov and how they treated him. I feel like this information could be incorporated differently into the chapter and different sections, rather than have a section of its own. It did not interest me as much as the rest of the chapter did because it didn’t talk much about Pavlov’s work, rather just how it was accepted.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I feel like the most important information given in this chapter that is most useful to understanding the history of psychology was found at the end of the chapter. I believe that the way the chapter talked about how behaviorism was popularized was the most useful to me for understanding the history of psychology. I feel that, even though Pavlov’s and Watson’s work was important, psychology would not be what it is today without people knowing about it. I feel like this section was very important for the rest of the topics in this book as well, because it shows how important it is to get your ideas out into the public for them to become something. If someone makes a great discovery, but no one is around to hear about it, it leaves no trace that it was ever there. In order for psychology to exist in the way that it does today, it was important for research like Pavlov’s and Watson’s to be publically mainstreamed. Without the spreading of this knowledge, nothing new would be learned and everyone in the world would be on different pages instead of all working together to improve our sciences.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter related to previous ones because of the people and the ideas that were discussed throughout the chapter. For example, Pavlov credited people like Darwin and Thorndike in his work. This goes to show how much of an influence past psychologists had on future generations and how ideas were carried out through generations, improving over time. Also, the sciences of philosophy and physiology continue to pop up throughout the chapters, showing the influence they have always held on the science of psychology.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
7b) Why?
One topic that I would be interested in learning more about from chapter ten is experimental neurosis. I think that the brain is a very interesting and confusing organ and I think that learning more about how the brain works in accordance with classical conditioning, something that Pavlov did a lot of research on.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Some things that I thought about while reading this chapter on behaviorism dealt with personal experiences. The first thing is that I thought about was, if I decided to take the class behavior modification, how it would further relate to this chapter. I wondered how many more interesting facts I could learn about behavior, and thought about taking this class in the future. The other thing I thought about was how Watson switched in job to advertising. My dad has constantly talked about how I should go into advertising and how psychology relates to it and I thought it was interesting to see a famous psychologist take an interest in that field of work as well. It made me further consider advertising as a future career choice.

Terms: Pavlov, classical conditioning, unconditioned reflex (UCR), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned stimulus (CR), and the conditioned reflex (CR), Watson, Behaviorist Manifesto, comparative psychology, Little Albert, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, experimental neurosis, behavior modification

1a) What did you find interesting?
Ivan Pavlov’s work before his conditional response.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
We often hear on why Pavlov was so famous, but I liked how the book touched base on what he did before he became so famous for the conditional response. He studied the digestive system and the fluids that came from it. Pavlov created the Pavlov pouch in which there was a small part of the stomach and replaced it with a miniature stomach. It was put just right so that food would not reach the stomach. Another study that Pavlov liked was salivary responses in a dog. This is where his idea of the conditioned responses came from.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning.

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
When I first learned about this topic a few years ago, I kept thinking about how confusing it was. As the years have gone, by I have learned to like his theory. Pavlov noticed that dogs would show 2 types of reflexes when presented with food. The first being secretory reflexes which was the salivary(drool) from the dog. The second was the motor reflexes which was when the dog would have movements. I think that we first need to understand these two reflexes before moving into the conditional reflexes. In the conditional reflexes there are the unconditioned reflex(UCR) and that was the drooling from when seeing the food. Then there is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and that was the food. The neutral stimulus was called a conditional stimulus (CS) and the resulting reflex form the CS is conditioned reflex (CR). I think that what Pavlov found is one of the most important ideas. He took a look a behavior like no one had before.
3a) What did you find interesting?
John Watson and the 3 emotions.

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I like learning about emotions and so this easily caught my attention. John Watson paired up with JJB Morgan to identify the human emotions that were most seen and what caused those emotions. The three emotions were fear, rage, and love. The emotion of fear was characterized as “a sudden catching of the breath, clutching randomly with the hands… blinking of the eye lids, puckering of the lips then crying.” This was found in an infant and an example of the stimuli that caused the emotion of fear can be sudden loud noises. The second emotion of rage was characterized as, “If the face or head is held crying results, quickly followed by screaming. The body stiffens and fairly well coordinated slashing or striking of movements of the hands and arms result.” An example of what caused rage in the infant child was hindering the movement of a child. The third emotion that was seen was love and this was seen as the baby smiling, cooing and this emotion was a result of gently rocking or patting the child on the back. I think that is still true for many children today. However, I think that we may define each emotion differently. Fear can be seen as something that scares, rage is an emotion that results from extreme anger, and love is an emotion in which we feel close support.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I found a lot of the chapter to be interesting. I don’t think I read something that I didn’t like.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think this whole chapter was very important to the history of psychology. What Pavlov and Watson did was a huge part in psychology. This opened a new world for understanding, especially in behaviorism.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
There was a section in the chapter that said that Pavlov was influenced by Dawin and Thorndike. We read about them in previous chapters so it was sort of like a refresher on what they did.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Little Albert.

7b) Why?
I focused more on the emotions of the infant child that I did not pay as much attention to the section on Little Albert. I would like to know more about him and how the three emotions play a role in this experiment.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought that the chapter was a nice refresher for behaviorism. It made me think, “oh yeah, that did happen” or “I remember reading about this.”
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov pouch
Salivary responses
Unconditioned reflex(UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Conditional stimulus (CS)
Conditioned reflex (CR)
John Watson
JJB Morgan
Little Albert

1a) What did you find interesting?
Conditioning and Extinction

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because we have discussed classical conditioning in a lot of my previous classes. Even though I am not necessarily interested in Pavlov’s previous experiments, I have found this to be very interesting. I remember the worksheets we had to go in my behavior modification class. It is interesting to know what stimulus can affect our behaviors. During this time Pavlov began to “describe some of the technical details of his procedure and the measures taken to control experimental conditions”. This is when Pavlov started to study the secretory reflex and decided to ignore the motor reflexes. In the section it discusses the unconditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned reflex. In my previous classes, the unconditioned and conditioned reflex was referred to unconditioned and conditioned response. This is the first time I have read reflex, which I found interesting. Reading about extinction was my favorite part about this section. Extinction defined as “gradually eliminating the conditioned response following the repeated conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus”. Extinction weakened the response to the conditional stimulus because it was not being reinforced.

2a) What did you find interesting?
The Watson-Carr Maze Studies

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because Watson was first “intrigued” by the maze studies done by Willard Small. However, Watson did not agree with Small’s studies. Small wasn’t very organized trying to classify the factors helping the rat’s abilities to learn the maze? This influenced Watson to be able to determine which exact senses were needed for rats to learn mazes. This study was done in 1907, when Watson and Carr decided to start eliminating the ability of the rats to use all of their senses while solving the Hampton Court Maze. I found it interesting that Watson was willing to remove the rats’ eyes, middle ears, and etc. I also found it interesting that Watson and Carr concluded that removing the whiskers off the rats had nothing to do with their abilities to learn the maze. During their experiments, Watson and Carr concluded that the “animals were learning to associate sequences of muscle movement with various turns in the maze”. This allowed them to move forward so many steps, and then take so many steps backwards. This caused they to rule out one sense after another.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Studying Emotional Development

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because this study lead up to Watson’s experiment on little Albert. I also found this interesting because it has to do with children. During this time Watson wanted to express the abilities behaviorism had that would improve the quality of life. This was all based around conditioning. Watson was then introduced to an opportunity studying infants. Watson was immediately inspired and wanted to do the study to help convince skeptics on behaviorism. Watson was able to set up in a laboratory at John Hopkins Medical School. Watson did a series of studies on basic emotions, reflexes, and conditioned emotional responses. Watson also worked with J. J. B. Morgan. They wanted to be able to identify the most “fundamental human emotional responses” and the stimuli that produced the response. They were later able to identify three emotional responses known as fear, rage, and love. They next defined all three emotional responses, which I found very common. For example, the fear response was defined as “a sudden catching of the breath, clutching randomly with the hands.. . blinking of the eye lids, puckering of the lips, and crying”. Watson gained a lot of information from this study and was able to demonstrate his theory through the well-knowck little Albert later on.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Behaviorism’s Antecedents

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This section was at the beginning of the chapter. I thought I was going to be interesting in reading this section since it is based around behaviorism. However I found it to be very dull. It discussed how certain psychologists were concerned about the objectivity of their measures. Then it quickly discussed the philosophies of empiricism and associationism. They have to do with the importance of experience. I was more interested in reading about actually studies being done on animals and children in this chapter.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think this whole chapter helps give you an understanding of the history of psychology. It is all based around animal and humans behaviors, which is what psychology is about. It helps explain individuals research and findings, which allows us to understand why we behave the way we do. For example with Pavlov in is classical conditioning. Sometimes people do not realize unconditioned and conditioned response is taking place. Also how Watson wanted to study human emotional responses on infants. This gives you a better understanding of behaviorism dealing with humans, not just animals.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The previous chapter ends on discussing about the Gestalt approach towards cognition and learning. This chapter builds on to that with Pavlov and Watson’s research and findings. This chapter gives a better understanding of what to expect from infants. Ever chapter becomes more detailed and more advanced. The individuals in each chapter are very important. Each individual has influenced another individual in some way. They either have the same understanding or they want to prove their theory wrong.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Watson- emotional development

7b) Why?
I found Watson to be very interesting in this chapter. I am interesting in learning more about his studies on emotional development before his little Albert study. I have discusses this study frequently in other classes. However I think Watson is an interesting man and I would like to learn more about his background. Also I am interested in knowing if he did any other well-known studies?

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading about the Watson-Carr Maze studies, I was trying to think if we discussed this in my previous classes? Also I was thinking about what it was like to remove the sense from the rats, sounds horrible. Next I thought a lot about the classical conditioning and extinction. This made me think about my behavior modification class last year.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Pavlov, unconditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, extinction, John B. Watson, Watson-Carr Maze studies, Willard Small, Carr, J. J.B. Morgan, little Albert, and behaviorism

1a) What did you find interesting?
Pavlov’s research
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
As interesting and groundbreaking as Pavlov’s work in discovering classical conditioning, I was more impressed with the integrity of his laboratory. It seems every lab we discuss in this book becomes more systematic, influential, and prolific than the last. Pavlov was obsessed with controlling his experiments and replicating them to create reliability and validity. Since discovering conditioning Pavlov quickly advanced his career. One of his labs, the Tower of Silence, was made to be ultimate structure of control. Since he was experimenting primarily with sounds paired with food he needed each room to be virtually soundproofed as to not disrupt any of his results. He also had up to a dozen dogs in his lab because one subject did not prove enough in his eyes. The story about him chewing out one of his lab assistants for being late due to a revolution related skirmish. His drive to have a tightly ran lab is nothing short of inspiring.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Watson in academia
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
One could write a whole book on Watson’s contributions during his career in higher education but I am going to hit the highlights according to me. Watson made strides in psychology from his early days in graduate school. He had rats learn a maze and then would remove one of their senses to see how it affected their navigation of the maze. What he found was that rats had muscle the muscle or procedural memory to complete these mazes even if they were blind, deaf, or whisker-less. He would begin to remove more senses and concluded that the biggest factor in maze learning is the kinesthetic movements involved. Once being exposed to Pavlov’s work, Watson began his work with animals and conditioning. He used it to show that if animals were conditioned to a certain stimulus and then presented with a similar stimulus but did not show a conditioned response they were said to be able to discern the difference between stimuli. Lastly, his most famous Little Albert case study was his final and most influential contribution to behaviorism. She showed that humans can be conditioned, and he studied some other aspects of conditioning more intensely with Little Albert. With Little Albert, Watson was able to study if conditioning could be transferred and if the conditioned response would decay.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Watson’s career shift to advertising
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Watson did not do anything as groundbreaking as birthing behaviorism in marketing, but he did make some contributions. Thankfully the book spared irrelevant details about his affair with Rayner; this book likes to dwell on topics unrelated to psychology. He proposed that if advertisements were made to strike some of the most basic and powerful emotions that consumers would find the product more desirable or necessary. This was not entirely new to the marketing world, but he put logical, scientific, and data driven evidence to show how influential these techniques are. His superior skills as an experimenter aided him in devising ways to enamor the American consumer.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Everything was in some degrees interesting, however the Pavlov section was a little long
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
It is pretty easy for anyone to complain about length, but there was a lot of information that the Pavlov section did not need. I know this author is trying to give historical perspectives and contexts, and I appreciate and understand the importance, but the longest section about Pavlov should be about his laboratory or his studies, not his relationship with the Soviets.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
It is easy to look at Pavlov and Watson and say they were major contributors to psychology but to actually think about what they did is outstandingly influential. These are two of a handful of names we are beaten with so we like to ignore them, but understanding their work will help us understand where their heirs came from.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Pavlov was influenced by Darwin, therefore Watson was too. Watson started out as a functionalist at the University of Chicago before founding behaviorism. Both of these men had fantastic lab habits. I think this book is not just about the history of psychology but the evolution of the psychology lab. I find the lab evolution the most interesting part of this book.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 

I would like to learn more about Mary Cover Jones work
7b) Why?
I do not think I would like to read about Mary Cover Jones in a historical context. I want to see what her work in the decay of conditioned responses yielded. I think Watson would have studied this had his career not fallen apart shortly after Little Albert.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Was Watson as influential and brilliant as we think he is? If no academy wants him after an adult affair, does that mean he did not “wow” that many people during his career? Or did they hold infidelity as a higher social crime than we do now? Would the affair be as big of a deal had it not been with his graduate student? Did Rayner get her degree afterwards?
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Ivan Pavlov, replication, John Watson, conditioning, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus

1a) What did you find interesting?
Animal Psychology
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
The rapid acceptance of evolutionary thinking among the scientist and psychologist of the time resulted in a huge growth in animal psychology and behavior study. Many of the psychologist argued that since animals can’t introspect so studying the relationship between animal and human consciousness required behavioral techniques. One of the main proponents of this research was Thorndike who as we discussed in earlier chapters developed the puzzle box to help explain that dogs have the ability to open a gate through trial and error in the 1890s. At the same time in Russia Pavlov was conducting his famous experiments with salivating dogs.
2a) What did you find interesting?
Ivan Pavlov
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
Pavlov is one of the most famous men in the field of psychology but he never considered himself as a psychologist but rather a physiologist. Pavlov was actually such a talented physiologist he earned the Noble Prize for his investigations of digestion, however his most noted work was with conditioning research. Pavlov was able to describe the basic procedure for acquiring a conditioned reflex, essentially the technique is to pair a stimulus that is known to produce a particular response, like salivating in a dog, with a neutral stimulus like a tone. This model eventually provided a model for American behavioral scientists.
3a) What did you find interesting?
John B. Watson
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
John B. Watson was an American behaviorists who is responsible for many great leaps in the field of behavioral psychology. Watson established the psychological school of behaviorism and encouraged a change in psychology through his behaviorist approach. Watson entered college at the age of 16 and left with a master's degree at age 21. After graduating Watson went to study under John Dewey at the University of Chicago, in his college experience he met professors and colleagues that would help him become a well-known psychologist. Many of these people played a crucial role in his success developing psychology into a reliable field of study and his understanding of behaviorism. Watson believed it was based on the idea that a procedure could transform psychology into a science. He wanted to make psychology more scientifically acceptable. After earning his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1903 his dissertation on animal education described the relationship between brain myelination and learning ability in rats at different ages. A few years later in 1908, Watson was given a faculty position at Johns Hopkins University and was promoted to chair of the psychology department. Throughout his career Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child education, and advertising, but one of his most noted and controversial experiments had to do with a child named Little Albert.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Watson’s APA Presidential Address
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This section just did not give me anything new that I wanted or needed to know and it was just a little boring to read.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
This section was all about behaviorism and the men who brought that to the forefront of psychology, the behaviorist idea has diminished over the last few decades but it was at its peak in the early to mid 1900s because of people like Pavlov and Watson. Both men were influenced by Darwin and his evolutionary theories and became interested in behavior, especially in animals, this is helpful in understanding how they developed their behaviorist theories.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This chapter relates and builds on previous chapters by continuing down the timeline of psychology and showing us how each man was influenced by those who came before them. Darwin was discussed briefly in this chapter because his theories of evolution had a big impact on the men in this section and how they developed their research and theories.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Life in Advertising
7b) Why?
I would like to know more of the advertising techniques developed by Watson and other researchers of the time and how it has been further developed into what it is today.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter I was constantly thinking of my behavior modification class and all the different behavior techniques and men we have discussed in that class. We have covered Pavlov and Watson so it was a little bit of review for me but it is always nice to refresh your memory of these important people in psychology.
9) Terms: conditioning, neutral stimulus, Pavlov, Watson, animal behavior, behaviorism,

1a) What did you find interesting?
Pavlov’s and the soviets
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research until he reached a considerable age. He was praised by Lenin. However, despite the praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured out to support his laboratory, and the honors he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt in which he held Soviet Communism. For example, in 1927, he wrote to Stalin protesting at what was being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian. After the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to Molotov criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.
Most of us know about Pavlov and his research. We never really heard much about his life, this is why the section was interesting to me. The reason Pavlov wasn’t imprisoned or even killed was because the Russians needed him for his research.
2a) What did you find interesting?
The little Albert experiment
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson. After observing children in the field, Watson was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child.
This is a really interesting study, and it could be applied in interesting ways. But it is extremely unethical.
3a) What did you find interesting?
Life in advertising
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
Watson spent his final professional years as an advertising executive, applying behavioral principles to marketing. During this time, he also became a popularizer of behaviorist philosophy, especially in the area of child rearing.
It is interesting to think about how he may have applied his knowledge of psychology to the world of advertisement. He must have been good because he learned the advertising business' many facets at ground level, including a stint working as a shoe salesman in an upscale department store. Despite this modest start, in less than two years Watson had risen to a vice-presidency at Thompson.
4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
Watsons behaviorist manifesto, and his apa presidential address
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
It just wasn’t that interesting. The sections before discuss what Watson did and his life, then explain how he addressed and explained it to everyone else. Not that interesting.
5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Pavlovs study I think would be useful for understanding history. His study was about a salivating dog and conditioning, face value. But it is so much more than that, it was the beginning for behaviorism, it opened new doors, answered questions, but also asked new ones. It lead to interests about the mind as well.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The previous chapter was about Gestalt psychology and its effects on behaviorism and cognitive studies. I think Watsons studies as well as Pavlov’s were a result in this new way of thought and experimentation.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Little albert study
7b) Why?
I would like to know more about the study, and goal, what lead to the experiment and what became of little albert.
8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Ethical and unethical experiments, like the little Albert study. The world of psychology is making great strides but at the cost of peoples mental health. Where did it cross the line for them back in the 19 hundred and what was done if it was crossed.
9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Systematic desensitization, classical conditioning, stimulus generalization, behaviorism,

1a) Experimental Neurosis

1b) I found this interesting because I always found it interesting what Pavlov did with the conditioned response research he did with dogs. I read this chapter and was actually very pleased with knowing that he extended his research with the dogs as well. I found it interesting because it showed even further how you can give a conditioned stimulus and a get a conditioned response. I thought it was interesting how he decided to go about this experiment, when he put a circle on a screen and paired it with the food it caused salivation. Then he started to slowly tamper with the circle, and at the beginning the dog couldn’t really differentiate what was happening to the circle and still salivated at the sight of the projection. After a while the dog couldn’t differentiate between the two, this showed the neurosis, or breakdown in the ability to differentiate between stimuli. I also found it interesting that the individual differences in the dogs also came to the front when they were negatively affected by the experiments. When a hyperactive dog would be affected, then they would be a lot more loud and exuberant with their anger, and for calmer dogs they were calmer when affected. I found it so interesting that Pavlov wasn’t content with his findings at first and kept going and finding many more discoveries.

2a) Watson-Carr Maze

2b) I found this interesting because of how it seemed that everyone used animals for their behavior modification studies, which I understand why they do it, but I found it interesting to start with. What really caught my attention about this whole section was that they were re-analyzing a study that was done earlier about how rats learn mazes. In one study they mentioned was conducted all wrong, because they let the rats stay in the maze at night, which made it hard to see the learning take place. So they changed that about the experiment, but what was so crazy to me is they changed the rats’ senses in a variety of ways. Took out some of the rats eyes, middle ears, and the olfactory bulbs from a third group of rats. What they found was that when rats learn a maze regularly they use an accumulation of senses to get the learning achieved, but when one of the senses is hindered they rely on muscle memory to know when to turn and where to go or how many steps to take. They tested this to see if it was true by putting in blocks to make the maze shorter, and the rats that were trained in the bigger maze would think the walk will be longer than it actually is in the small maze. They said that one rat ran into the wall in the short maze as hard as it could, so this showed that they learned with their muscles when one of their senses were tampered with.

3a) Watson in advertising

3b) I found this interesting because of how we find more psychologists in the business world, I also liked how they started this section showing how his personal life led to his emergence in a marketing career. I thought his theory of using fear, mild rage, and love was kind of weird when I first saw it, but when I read an application of his Johnson and Johnson marketing ploy it made more sense. He didn’t make the first emergence for psychology in marketing, Walter Dill Scott was the first, but what he did was brought behaviorism to psychology, he used scientific data to see what they should do. He looked at buying behaviors in different seasons and different products. I thought that was interesting that it was somewhat the first time they used science and behavior in marketing, then the field was never the same from that day on.

4a) Pavlov’s classical conditioning

4b) I do find the subject of this interesting, but it seems like every psychology book talks about the same things with Pavlov using classical conditioning. I feel like the books could intro with the stuff he did in the beginning in a short paragraph, then go to where he expanded his research.

5) I think the Watson-Carr maze is the most important, it showed that you can still learn effectively even if one of your senses are hindered, or completely taken away. That was a good experiment that can be built off of and was ground breaking.

6) I think this built off of the Gestalt chapter in the way that it is showing the new way of thinking behaviorism. It is showing the gradual evolution of how people are conducting their experiments and what they are going to be looking for, for each experiment.

7a) I would like to learn more about John Watson.

7b) I would like to know more about what he did in the business world as well as his mazes and what was built off of those.

8) Why were the experiments on the rats to the extreme? Why couldn’t they have put blind folds or some sort of hindrance on the rat, and would that make a difference?

9) Pavlov, conditioning, behaviorism, Watson, Watson-Carr maze, classical conditioning, experimental neurosis

1a) Behaviorism
1b) Behaviorists tend to look more towards the environment and how it can influence behavior. The book mentions positivists as being a part of behaviorism. Understanding nature and how it can be altered to make a change in production is beneficial. Being able to control it to a certain degree can make us realize that nature could change behavior. Objectivity became a thing of the present and future. Looking for more answers objectively and was a large part of animal psychology. It was a way for researchers to study animal behavior and relate it back to humans as a whole. A major reason for this is because animals can’t introspect. Trial and error was present when studying these animals, which is no surprise.

2a) Pavlov and his accomplishments
2b) Pavlov is most known for his research in classical conditioning. Because he was a Russian, his work needed to be translated to English, which it was and his work was published as Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. The book mentions his discovering of conditioning in the dogs when they were salivating as being an ‘accident.’ The unconditioned response was salivating, when the unconditioned stimulus or food, was made known to the dog. The neutral stimulus, or conditioned stimulus was a tone or bell, which produced a conditioned response as well. However, Pavlov didn’t stop there. He showed that this didn’t happen at all times. If the bell was ringing, but food was not present, the conditioned response was not expressed. Instead, it went through a time period of extinction. Pavlov noted this time as being a ‘latent period.’

3a) John B. Watson
3b) Watson studied at the University of Chicago. Here he was able to find he had great interest in animal research and behavior. He published Behavior Manifesto, which stated introspective psychology should be moved toward a more objective behavioral outlook. This change would focus more on stimuli and how it produced particular responses. He used research from Pavlov as well. Watson is well known for his work on child development and how their emotions can be changed or altered in different situations. “Little Albert” was his famous study. Here he paired a loud obnoxious noise with a white rat. The children who were exposed to this type of stimulus exerted great fear for rats. By studying this type of behaviorism, he realized that fear could be unlearned. With this, it was known that other emotions could be unlearned based on specific situations.

4a) Watson-Carr Maze
4b) One initial point of the research was to understand what senses the rats used to complete the maze and learn it. First, they eliminated the use of all senses by the rats, and by doing so; the rats were actually still able to solve the maze. Also, by removing or damaging the whiskers didn’t alter the way the rat was able to solve the maze. Using trial and error, along with process of elimination, they were able to narrow the senses down. In doing so they determined how the rats were solving the maze. The rats used association of sequences of muscle movements with the turns within the maze to learn it.

5) Introduction to Psychology course in high school or even at UNI, has talked and talked about Pavlov and his work with classical conditioning. Watson is also a large part of what we learn about in psychology today. One major study done by Watson was on “Little Albert.” This research has continued to be a large part of the psychology world today, and will continue to be in the future as well.

6) As time went on a new form of psychology was being discussed and further studied, which is known as behaviorism. It was a change in American psychology at the time, but became accepted by most, if not all.

7a) I would like to learn more about Watson and his further research after Little Albert.
7b) Learning more about what happened after could be just as important as learning what happened during his study of Little Albert.

8) I tried to associate classical conditioning back to my life. Are there times in my life where I am conditioned, especially in the classroom? Or at work?

Behaviorism, Positivists, Pavlov, classical conditioning, Little Albert, unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, latent period, extinction

1a) What did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?

The first thing I found interesting was Pavlov’s research. The book talked about how Pavlov studied digestion by extracting fluids from the digestive systems of dogs. He also researched the salivary glands and their responses when stimulated by different foods. Pavlov noticed that the dogs began salivating before the food was even placed in their mouth. The main finding in his research was that dogs salivated more to dry foods. The secondary finding he discovered was that the dogs salivated before the food arrived. I also found interesting that Pavlov would train new research assistants by having them replicate a study that had already been completed. He believed that every study that has value could be replicated. This was interesting to me because it was showcasing the early development of behaviorism.

2a) What did you find interesting?
2b) Why was it interesting to you?

The next thing I found interesting was the Watson-Carr Maze Studies. Watson’s most important research involved studying rats in mazes. He started studying rats’ performance in mazes because of the research Willard Small at Clark University. He thought Small’s research was poorly executed, and wanted to recreate a more effective method. The goal of these studies was to determine what senses the rat used while in the maze. First, Pavlov took out a sense in each of the rats. Some of the rats he removed both eyes, other rats he removed their olfactory bulbs, and the remaining rats had their middle ear removed. Even with these senses extracted, it did not seem to hinder their ability to solve the maze. Pavlov found that the rats seemed to memorize the maze because they learned to associate the sequence in muscle movements with the various turns of the maze. I thought this was interesting because the rats did not need their senses to find their way through the maze. They solely relied on their muscle movements and memorizing each turn.

3a) What did you find interesting?
3b) Why was it interesting to you?

The last thing I found interesting was the Little Albert study. Watson and Rayner took an 11-month-old infant and tried to create emotional reactions through conditioning. Before research was done, Albert was put through multiple tests. During these tests, Albert showed no fear. One thing that Albert was afraid of was a loud, unexpected noise. Watson decided to use this noise as a stimulus to produce fear. Watson put Albert through two trials. The first trial a rat was put in front of the infant. When Albert reached out with a hand, the unexpected, loud noise was created directly behind him. Albert jumped, but did not cry. During the second trial, as Albert’s right hand went in to touch the rat, and again, the loud noise was created behind Albert. It scared Albert and he began to whimper. A week later, they brought Albert in, and as soon as they exposed him to the rat, the boy started crying immediately and tried crawling away from the animal. This interests me because the poor infant will grow up being terrified of rats. It is interesting how these kinds of experiments could take place even thought there seems to be much harm to the individual.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting? 
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?

The thing that I found least interesting was the section regarding generalization and differentiation. I did not find it interesting because the book complicated the matter, and I did not fully understand it. It was choppy, and hard to read. I would not be mad if this section was excluded from the chapter.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think Watson’s research regarding Little Albert is the most useful in understanding the history. I believe this because this study showcases some ethical concerns, and I also believe because of this study we have learned more about ethical issues regarding participants.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?

This chapter builds on previous chapters because Pavlov and Watson were mentioned in previous chapters, but this chapter was the first that explained the contributions both Pavlov and Watson made in the field of behaviorism. This chapter also touched base on Hugo Munsterberg and applied psychology at the end of the chapter.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about? 
7b) Why?

I would like to learn more about the ethical concerns of the Little Albert study. I would also like to know if Little Albert grew out of his association with white rats, or if he was always scared of them.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?

While reading this chapter I thought about the movie A Clockwork Orange. In the movie, they use classical conditioning on the main character. The main character is a rapist, and while in captivity, acid was put into the rapist’s eyes when he would see anything relating to his crimes. In the end, his conditioning was successful in changing the man’s behavior.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Replication, Pavlov, Watson, generalization, differentiation, Little Albert, classical conditioning

1a) What did you find interesting?
Positivism
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found the idea that we can only be certain of knowledge that results from observable quite relevant. This idea eventually led to the idea of practical knowledge. Both of these ideas seem to be founded in the realm of logic which is something after previously studying interests me. I tend to agree with using observable events to base “facts” on versus stuff that requires faith or isn’t observable. The idea of positivism is meant to control nature, which isn’t as interesting to me, however, that idea is also key to this theory.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Origination of Pavlov’s Dog Studies
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
In all my other psych classes, Pavlov’s saliva study is something that is almost brought up, however his earlier interest and studies are rarely touched. I did not know that he was focused first on digestive system and won a Nobel prize from this. It seems odd to me that something that is recognized on a worldly basis is not what a man is most known for. However both studies were quite interesting to me, and Pavlov’s work both with stomachs and saliva were historical in nature.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Watson-Carr Maze Studies
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The actual maze study wasn’t as interesting to me as I have heard about it before and although it is fascinating that someone was able to get the research out of it, rat mazes were never a focal point to me. The part of the study that intrigued me was that Watson and Carr systematically removed senses and parts of a rat to study learning and whatnot. First, by today’s standards this would never be able to be done because of animal rights which are another topic, but secondly that the removal of parts was actually useful in data collection. It talks about the systematic removal being the same as the testing of an alternative hypothesis, which after research methods is what I thought about before I had read it.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
That only Pavlov and Watson were talked about.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
It wasn’t not interesting, it just got tiring to read 30 pages on two guys where most chapters are based around 5-8 people and many different discoveries or movements. I do not disagree that each of these men hold enormous weight in the field of psychology and deserve their share of recognition, but most people in this book could receive as much as them easily.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think it would be Behaviorism theory, this theory effectively re-launched psychology as a major science, and a natural science due to Watson and his contributions. With Watson’s constant theories and studies he launched psych into a new area and developed a much more realistic setting of the science. This also greatly affects us, as the book deals briefly with his stint as a marketer, and marketing is hugely psychological.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
The chapter shows more growth and development of Psychology as a legitimate study. Psychology was deemed credible, in my mind, chapters ago; however this launches it into society in ways it hadn’t before, as seen in marketing, and also with new theories and approaches. It overall just adds to everything being developed and allows for more foundation for the future.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Systematic Desensitization
7b) Why?
I have heard of this to get rid of fears and “heal” people of phobias, but the chapter mentions it and leaves it. I want to see how much is legitimate and if FDR’s speech is that much more true by saying “The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Again as I’ve mentioned in the past, these psychologists are getting into very prestigious schools with no issues. I wonder how much troubles were presented in their lives that are hidden, and if the people we are training now are going to affect the science like they did or are just mere images of the former greatness.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positivism, practical knowledge, Pavlov, Watson-Carr Maze Studies, Behaviorism theory, Systematic Desensitization.

1a) What did you find interesting?
Classical Conditioning
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
What I found to be interesting was the discovery of salivary conditioning lead him to his 25 years of research. That was the spark that lead to all of his research. From his research not only does the dog salivate when it sees the food it also does other stuff. The dog will turn its head and move its mouth. This lead him to do more research on the secretory reflex, and this might help determine what the animal is trying to do. The unconditional reflex was the dog salivating and the food was the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus in this was called the conditional stimulus, and the resulting reflex from this was the conditioned reflex. The reflex can become extinct if the continued stimulus was present without food. The dog would then learn not to have this stimulus.

2a) What did you find interesting?
Pavlov and the Soviets
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this interesting because Pavlov really reflected the Soviet nature. He believed that scientists must be “systematic, modest, and passionate” about what they doing. He believed that this field demanded your whole life. And he put his whole life and attention into his work. His work was his life. He spent a lot of time in his laboratory. I think that this interesting because that was how the Soviets view life. They believed if you were good at one thing that should be the one thing you should focus on. He was backed strongly by the government and they pushed it.

3a) What did you find interesting?
Pavlov and the Americans
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
One of the things that stuck out to me and I found interesting was that his conditioning research was slow in it reaching and making an impact. Pavlov was doing research on the dogs and animals, and the Americans were focused on the human conscious experience, so his research was not relevant to them. I think it shows how both sides were doing different things and psychology wasn’t just focuses on one area, people were working on different things at the same time.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
John B. Watson Early years
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I just don’t find this stuff to be as relevant and interesting. I find it more interesting to find out about his discoveries and the impact he made in psychology then how he got into psychology.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that this chapter was important because Pavlov and Watson were both critical people during this time period, and they have made discoveries that have shaped psychology and lead to future work.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
I think that it builds on other chapters with Watson with him believing that the environment plays an important role in development and I think that is seen in the other chapters.
7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
Behaviorism and child rearing
7b) Why?
I want to find out more about the relation between the two and what Watson believed and his theories on this, and maybe how behaviorism relates in education.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
I thought a lot about how Pavlov always seems to be very critical person and is always mentioned in psychology. In every class I’ve taken and most have been basic psychology classes he is always talked about.

9) Classical Conditioning, secretory reflex, unconditional reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditioned reflex,Pavlov, Watson, Behaviorism

1) One interesting topic from the chapter was the Watson-Carr Maze studies. The goal of these studies was to determine which senses were needed in order for a rat to successfully learn a maze. Through surgical precision, Watson removed the eyes, middle ear, or olfactory bulbs from different rats in order to determine which was the most necessary to the navigation of a maze. After the rats had learned the maze, they shortened it in order so see if the rats could adjust to the changes and still complete the maze. Watson and Carr came to some interesting discoveries, but this was also a flag for the standards of ethical treatment of animals.
2) Watson’s study with Little Albert was very interesting as well. In this study, Watson found that a young child, nicknamed Little Albert, was not afraid of animals but was very afraid of loud noises. Watson wanted to test his idea of conditioned versus unconditioned responses. In the experiment Watson would place a white rat in front of Little Albert, to which he showed no fear, and would make a loud noise behind the child’s head just as he was reaching for the animal. This process was repeated on a series of occasions until eventually Little Albert had learned to be afraid of the rat itself. He had associated the loud noise to touching the rat and would flee from its presence. This fear had also extended itself to many various furry animals such as rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. The Little Albert study is also a very popular topic of controversy because of the current ethical standards that he did not follow. Watson didn’t account for much desensitization of this fear that he created in Little Albert. In fact his mother removed him from the experiment altogether before Watson could do much, if any, desensitization.
3) Another interesting topic was the idea of systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy that is used today in order to help relieve people of their phobias, particularly those that have an impact on one’s daily life. In this type of therapy a fear response is presented with an incompatible behavior so they have no choice but to stop the fear reaction. This is an idea that was first developed by Mary Cover Jones. This is a topic that was only briefly mentioned in the chapter but I have read about it in other classes.
4) The least interesting thing from the chapter to me was anything in regards to Pavlov. I understand that he was very important to behavioral psychology but I just do not find him very interesting. He did some famous experiment analyzing the salivation of dogs and the way that they responded to unconditioned stimuli (like circles vs ovals, a light, smell of food, etc.).
5) I think that the most important thing from this chapter was everything that we learned about John B. Watson. He is, after all, referred to as the Father of Behaviorism.
6) This chapter builds on the previous by mentioning several psychologists that had been mentioned in the previous chapters as well. This chapter was also all about the introduction of behaviorism which will be discussed in the next chapter as well.
7) I would like to learn more about Mary Cover Jones and systematic desensitization because it is something that I don’t know much about but it sounds very interesting.
8) While reading, I thought about the ethical standards we have today. As a social work major as well, we have a lot of specific standards that we have to comply with when we work with our clients. If we might even half consider that something is inappropriate, then we have to talk to a supervisor about these concerns and get permission to follow through. This is done in such a way that then I might not be the only guilty party because someone higher than me validated my decision. When we look at experiments that have been done in the past, we encounter things such as the Little Albert study which does not comply with our current ethical guidelines. I’m sure if I looked it up, I could discover when the current ethical guidelines were created but I wonder if there were specific instances which made them necessary.

Terms: behaviorism, Watson, Little Albert study, conditioned response, unconditioned response, systematic desensitization, ethics, Carr, Pavlov, Mary Cover Jones

1a&b) Ivan Pavlov and his work with animals. Before I was old enough to know that they related to psychology, my mother taught me about Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. Although I never learned the terminology associated with the salivary responses as ‘conditioning’ at that age I was aware of its effects and went on to crudely emulate the study in my own fashion when I was 14 in training my dog at the time to ring a bell when he had to go outside. Because of my prior knowledge about Pavlov I always look forward to studying him, however this chapter taught me a lot that I didn’t know. The fact that Pavlov’s main area of study was physiology, and that this is what he would earn his Nobel prize in, was something that was new to me. I also found remarkable the close-up section that noted how an apparatus for the collection of the dog’s saliva that is often portrayed falsely in many texts as Pavlov’s, was actually created by German scientist G.F. Nicolai. I feel that it serves as a good caveat to not always take even academic texts at face value.
2a&b)John B.Watson’s collegiate career and research. Because Watson’s work with animal and human behavior is so well-known and something that is taught as part of numerous psychology syllabi, I set out to find information that I might not be able to in other classes or textbooks. Since I always find studying the undergraduate and graduate careers of famous psychologists both motivating and fascinating, I was drawn to this aspect of Watson’s life. From his initially tumultuous childhood, he attended Furman University at the age of 16. His personal interests in animal behavior began in his graduate study at the University of Chicago where he found himself disinterested with other typical focuses and decided studying animals’ behavior could produce results as equally significant to his contemporaries studying human behavior.
3a&b)Mary Cover Jones. I was initially drawn to the section about Mary Cover Jones because in this chapter dominated by two of the most well-known psychologists of the discipline, I was anxious to see if she could hold her own. I will admit that I was disappointed to learn that the main reason she was included in the text seemed to be that she was supervised by Watson, but her research was nonetheless interesting. Jones’ research was similar to the Little Albert experiments in that it dealt with fear responses in children, but differed in the aspect that she focused more on how conditioning could alleviate fear. The results of her research showed that the only really effective method of conditioning the child not to fear what initially caused the response was systematic desensitization, which she did by placing the fear-causing stimulus in conjunction with eating so the child replaced the negative feelings with the pleasure of eating.
4a&b)The ‘Little Albert’ experiments. There are certain studies that seem to get brought up in almost every psychology course regardless of subject; the Little Albert experiments are one of these. It isn’t that I don’t find the material initially interesting, or that I misunderstand the significance of conditioning being applied in human behavior, or even that I think it was unethical; I am simply just sick of hearing about it.
5) Understanding the work of Pavlov and Watson is almost essential for a student of psychology in my opinion because the concepts that these scientists demonstrate through their research, such as classical conditioning, are necessary knowledge when it comes to many classes and tests. The take away that I believe is most important from this chapter would be an understanding of conditioning as well as the school of thought of behaviorism as a whole.
6) This chapter details the beginning and influences of one of the most prominent schools of thought in psychology; behaviorism ushered in a new era of psychology that was another step in the legitimatization of the discipline. This chapter built on previous by using the background the other chapters provided to allow the reader to track the progression of ideas through time and understand the place in time in which behaviorism occurred. More broadly, this chapter illustrated the growth in complexity and importance of the scientific experiment in the field of psychology.
7a&b) Something that I am interested in learning more about from this chapter is the field of animal psychology. Both of the psychologists this chapter focuses on did important research that dealt with the behavior of animals and the application of the data to human behavior modification. I have always had an interest in animals and this chapter piqued my interest in combining both animals and my major. I would like to know exactly what the field of animal psychology deals with in terms of concepts besides simply behavior as well.
8) I thought that the perspective section in the back of the chapter on page 340 was a good addition to the text book. The section details the importance of understanding how biography and history interact and how eponyms can oversimplify history. I thought that this was an important concept that many academic text books fail to make, and that it is an important thing to keep in mind as future psychologists and scientists in understanding that we must guard against reducing or attributing schools of thought to singular people.
9) *terms* Ivan Pavlov, G. F. Nicolai, John B. Watson, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, Little Albert experiments

1a) Auguste Comte and Positivism

1b) Auguste Comte is usually credited with the idea of positivism. Positivism is the belief that “only certain knowledge can be obtained through objective, publicly observable events” (Goodwin 2012). Positive knowledge, then, is the knowledge obtained from these events from unbiased observers. Positivists emphasized concrete evidence, and discredited ideas or speculations because they could never be proven (Goodwin 2012). This interested me because when I first saw positivism, my brain immediately thought of the modern positive psychology movement which emphasizes an “everything is great” attitude. You can imagine my confusion when this was almost the polar opposite of what I was expecting. After reading about positivism in the text, I became more intrigued with its ideas and began to draw connections between my initial response and the information.

2a) Pavlov and Conditioning

2b) It is almost impossible to be a psychology major without knowing about Pavlov’s work with conditioning. Nonetheless, it still continues to be an interesting topic for me. The idea that we can train our brains to respond to a stimulus based on the outcome of or after that stimulus is fascinating to me. The thought that kept coming to mind while reading this was the episode of Big Bang Theory when Sheldon is trying to condition Penny into being “good” in his opinion. After very little conditioning, Penny becomes “trained” by Sheldon to respond the way he wants her to respond. It is an amusing way to view this topic, but it is true. We are trained like this from a very young age. For example, if you study for a test, you will get a good grade which will, in turn, get you approval from authoritative figures (parents, teachers, etc.).

3a) Watson and Behavioral Psychology

3b) The topic that interested me specifically in this area was Watson’s suggestions as to why the focus of the studies of psychology should be moved from consciousness to behavior. One point that he made was that we can determine a person’s response to a stimuli based on the stimuli that was used. Further, he even suggested that we could determine what a person was thinking based on the stimuli-response system. According to Watson, thinking was nothing more than something called subvocal speech. He pointed to the example of children. When we were younger, we would talk out loud to ourselves and vocalize our thoughts. As we got older, however, that vocalized thought process became silent but still present in how we react and view the world around us. He admitted that evidence for this view was lacking, but said that evidence for his proposal would come when technology improved (Goodwin 2012). I found this interesting because of how far Watson was willing to take this idea of measuring thought. The way someone reacts to a stimulus can give somewhat of an insight to a person’s thoughts, and one can possibly draw some sort of conclusions from this, but it is hardly concrete.

4a) Experimental Neurosis

4b) Experimental neurosis is the emotional response after training a discrimination between two stimuli, then making the two stimuli two similar to be discriminated (Goodwin 2012). The interesting part about this is that I actually found it all quite interesting up until this point. Generalization and differentiation were also something that I really enjoyed reading about. However when I came to this part of the text, it just became almost too confusing to follow. I understood it after reading through the information a couple times, but it just wasn’t something that intrigued me.

5) I think the topic that will help me most from this chapter was John Watson’s movement towards behaviorism. Since psychology is known as the study of human mental processes and behavior, it would be most helpful to know about the work of a patriarch with this idea.

6) This chapter is building off of many different chapters. One in particular that came to mind while reading was chapter four and Wundt’s research with perception. Wundt, while studying conscious experience, discussed the topic of internal perception, the process of immediate response to precisely controlled stimuli (Goodwin 2012). This is very similar to Pavlov’s research with conditioning. Wundt focused more on the accuracy of memory, and Pavlov showed that a conditioned response could be brought about by the continued use of a stimuli.

7a) Auguste Comte and the positivists.

7b) I am familiar with the ideas that they hold as it is quite close to the ideas held by many in our society today, but it is still an interesting topic that I would like to research more.

8) Continuing on from my response in question one, I couldn’t help but think about the modern positive psychology movement while reading about Comte and positivism. Comte stressed knowing the facts before drawing a conclusion, while the modern positive psychology movement stresses the idea that no one can fail. In a world that is so reliant on knowing the facts and being educated wouldn’t you think that the idea that we are telling our children that they can’t fail would be terrible? I would rather my child be upset all day because s/he lost a soccer game, received a bad grade, or got fifth place in the science fair than go through her/his whole life thinking they are always right, feeling entitled, and/or not believing they are not able to fail.

9) Auguste Comte, Positivism, Pavlov, Conditioning, Stimulus, Watson, Behavioral Psychology, Subvocal Speech, Experimental Neurosis, Generalization, Differentiation, Wundt, Perception.

1a) What did you find interesting?
Ivan Pavlov's Life

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Usually, learning about the history and life story of people who are mentioned in this textbooks have been extremely boring and tedious, however, for some reason learning about Pavlov wasn't too bad. I admire his ridiculous work ethic when it came to his experiments and connect with him personally when it comes getting angry at partners getting in the way or making mistakes, not directly at them but at the mistake itself while in pursuit of an answer (or in my case, a project or etc). From my AP psychology class, I was already aware of his famous dog experiments and coining of classical conditioning, but experimental neurosis was a topic not mentioned in my previous class. I am curious as to what happened to his experiment participants afterwards and how their required surgeries would affect their lives.

2a) What did you find interesting?
John B. Watson and his efforts for Behaviorists

2b) Why was it interesting to you?
While I didn't enjoy learning about Watson as much as Pavlov, certain experiments like the rat maze that required surgical removal of eyes, ears, and olfactory bulbs were disturbingly interesting, but what allowed me to latch on and continue reading the section was his courage in pushing for the rise of behaviorism and the downfall of introspection. Reading about Watson carefully choosing his words and making sure that he had factual support and experimental contributions that would show how obsolete and impractical the introspective theories and experiments were at the time, and how Watson was unafraid in giving his speeches was interesting to read about.

3a) What did you find interesting?
The Case of Little Albert

3b) Why was it interesting to you?
The Case of Little Albert, albeit extremely interesting, makes me wonder what the ethical ramifications were proceeding the experiment, and whether or not Albert was psychologically affected - or rather affected in anyway whatsoever due to the experimental procedure.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
The beginning section to the chapter, regarding positivism and overall the predecessors to behaviorism before the introduction to Pavlov and his contributions.

4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
I felt like it was more of a filler, or a boring summary that is meant to be used as a recap or a "the story so far" that you see in a lot of long-running TV shows, however not nearly anywhere as interesting. It was page or two that was unnecessary in my opinion.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Understanding the rise of behaviorism and the controversial topics and experiments that were being performed at the time in order to trump and reveal the impracticality of introspective psychology.

6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
Previous chapters have moved from origins of psychology through physiological and philosophical contexts, to foundings at international universities, and later as a natural science and flourishment of new subsections of psychology as time goes on -- we are now reading about behaviorism as it shifts into the limelight and as introspective psychology shifts out.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
If I had to choose, the Case of Little Albert

7b) Why?
Sure, the conditioning aspects were all fine and dandy, but I'd like to learn more about how the experiment was deemed as ethical and moral and see how Albert had grown up and whether or not there were any adverse effects due to the experimental procedure.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
Nothing really related to the reading other than about Pavlov and the lack of information I read during my AP Psychology class, but more just wondering what to do with the information that I'm learning.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Ivan Pavlov, experimental neurosis, classical conditioning, Little Albert, rat maze, John B. Watson, behaviorism, introspective psychology

1a. The first thing I found interesting in the chapter is the section describing what it was like to work in Pavlov’s lab. Apparently in the early years of Pavlov’s research lab was far from being up to international standards. For a Russian lab it had gotten a decent grant from the government to help develop it, but near the kind of money that was given by other countries. It was said that Pavlov even used a gastric juice collected from dogs that was sold to other labs as an elixir of sorts to raise money to build a better lab. To collect these gastric liquids the dogs would eat normally but a tube would intercept the food before it reached the stomach. This process still triggered the gastric juices to be produced even though the food did not reach the stomach and another tube collected the juices. Apparently he made enough money out of the “elixir” to build a pretty impressive research lab. Pavlov went on to create a lab that provided a very professional research environment. Pavlov also had skill as surgeon which translated in his lab being very antiseptic and clean. This clean environment led to basically all of the animals in Pavlov’s studies to live. Another key characteristic of Pavlov’s setup is that his assistances were very well trained to begin with and had medical backgrounds. A newcomer would come and work with someone who was more well trained and learned underneath them. Pavlov would then give research that had already been to see if they were well trained enough to replicate the results. If they passed the test the would be given new research. If they did not past they could conducting research on the old study to see if they could prove the new point. Pavlov helped introduce the important concept of replication in research. Is research cannot be replicated than it makes the conclusions of a single study meaningless.
1b. I found this section interesting because A. It is super interesting (and weird) that he would do something as crazy as collect gastric juices from dogs and sale it to make money to keep building his lab. I myself would probably have rather sold girl scout cookies to make some extra cash, but hey, to each his own. I also thought it was pretty neat that Pavlov had such a sophisticated approach to taking in new people in his lab and teaching them the way he did through giving them replication tasks.
2a. The next thing I found interesting was the section on Pavlov’s conditioning. Pavlov discovered the basics of classical conditioning through a series of experiments with dogs. Pavlov noticed how when dogs were shown food they would start to salivate. These two things were deemed an unconditioned stimulus followed by the unconditioned response. He proved the concept on conditioning by pairing a conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus to emit a conditioned response from the dog. So, he rang a bell when the food was presented to the dog and the dog would salivate. After enough repeats of this the dog would start to salivate at just the sound of the bell. He also went on to prove that a conditioned response could also be extinguished if the conditioned stimulus is not repeated with the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly.
2b. I’ve always found these concepts to be interesting. Classical conditioning and forming associations between things is a proven concept that has stood the test of time. Experiments such as the little albert study and Pavlov’s dogs are in almost every introductory psychology text.
3a. Another section that I found to be quite interesting was the section on Pavlov and the soviets. Pavlov was a man who dedicated his whole life to science and expected nothing short of perfection from himself and his associates when conducting research. However, underneath the mask of master scientist was a man who was deeply entrenched in the political madness of the strife torn Soviet Union of 1917. The Soviet Union was in the midst of a civil war at the time and Pavlov was also at the height of his importance to his nation. His research was propped up by huge government stipends and assurances that he could conduct his research how he wanted when he wanted. The odd thing was Pavlov seemed to detest the very same government that supported his research to no ends. Pavlov had a sour demeanor towards the Bolsheviks, the winners of the civil war. He remarked that what they were doing with Russia was just an experiment that he did not want any part in. In the 20’s Pavlov directly voiced his negative opinion towards Stalin going as far as to say he was ashamed to be a Russian. But, despite his harsh criticism he remained a very influential and valuable asset to the Soviet Union. He was so important that they denied his request for immigration. Later in life in the Nazi regime started to grow in power Pavlov did have a change of heart and became a die-hard patriot until his death in 1936. It is thought that his change of heart came as a result of having to choose the lesser of two evils as well as all the support and backing the Soviet Union provided him.
3b. I found this interesting because the events that happened in this time period dictated his research to such a great extent. One can only help but to think of the what-ifs? What if Pavlov was allowed to immigrate to different country, what if the government did not back his research during the war? Would have it still been conducted? It’s just really crazy how the zeitgeist of the time influenced what was important in science.
4a. I actually did not find any of this chapter not interesting. But, if I have to pick I guess I’ll pick the section on John B. Watson’s new life in advertisement. So, apparently Watson fell in love with girl named Mary Ickes who was a student in his intro to psych class. They wound up marrying one another for 17 years. 17 years into his marriage with Mary he met a graduate student by the name of Rosalie Rayner while working at Johns Hopkins. Needless to say he fell in love her and wound up divorcing Mary in a very publicized and shameful manner. When Mary discovered the love letters between Watson and Rayner she went as far as to have them publicized. This cause him to be forced to resign from his position at Johns Hopkins and he also went on marry Rosalie. After being shunned by the academic community for he scandalous behavior Watson oddly enough turned his talents into that of an advertising executive. He used the principles of behaviorism to establish a new strain of advertisement. He thought if ads could target key human emotions (fear, anger, love) that it would be convincing driving factor that would lead to increased sales. For example one the ads he created was for Johnson and Johnson’s baby powder. The commercial was constructed in that alluded to that if you don’t buy this product you will expose you child to infection! By striking a psychological cord with consumers Watson proved to be a successful scientist turned executive.
4b. I found this whole chapter to be pretty interesting. I chose this section primarily because it did not stick out to me but I still find the story of Watson’s life and findings to be pretty interesting in and of itself.
5. I think the most important thing to understand from this chapter is the foundation of behaviorism. I think it is little more important to understand the concepts from Pavlov and Watson and their research than on the sections that just described their personal lives. It is interesting to read about these researchers and get a peek into their live, but the most important take away are the concepts such as classical conditioning.
6. This chapter build on previous chapters because it opens another window to a different aspect of psychology. We get to see how certain ideas began to coalesce and went on to create such impactful concepts. Put together all the chapter provide us with the full picture, and by reading each individual chapter we get to look at the finer details.
7. I think I would like to learn more about Pavlov’s research and how it related to the soviet government.
7b. I’m curious to know if there were any other experiments he was conditioned to do and why the government went to such great lengths to have Pavlov on their side.
8. When I was reading I was thinking about how I’ve known who Pavlov and Watson were and what there concepts but how after reading this I realized how little I really did know and how important their work was to the field of psychology.
9. Behaviorism, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response, replication.

1a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that positivism was really interesting. Positivism is linked to Auguste Comte, and is the idea that we can only be sure of things that come from observable events. Positive knowledge comes from objective observations using methods of science by unbiased observers. Speculation about the nature of events was worthless, according to positivists, because they could not be observed and verified in this manner. Positivists believed that there was a close connection between understanding and controlling nature. This led to greater objectivity in science.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was interesting because I have heard briefly of Comte from some of my friends who are in philosophy classes, and I never really knew who or what they were talking about. Now I feel like I have more knowledge about what they are talking about and can contribute to the conversation, rather than just sitting there and nodding. I also think it is pretty cool how one person can write a paper and talk and it can be the start of a whole movement and shift in society.

2a) What did you find interesting?
I thought the section on Pavlov’s laboratory was really interesting. I did not know that his laboratory was so small and that he used to ‘sham feed’ his dogs so that he could collect their gastric juices that he would then sell to people and researchers for extra money. I also did not know that he was very clean about his surgeries and would therefore have very successful surgeries on his animals, which I guess is nice to know, and maybe they didn’t suffer so badly. I also thought it was very interesting that he would teach his students working in his lab by having them partner with someone who had been there for a while and then reproduce a previous study, which is called replication.
2b) Why was it interesting to you?
I just thought this was really interesting, because it’s a part of history that isn’t really ever talked about, and that you just don’t think about when you read about someone like Pavlov. You know about the dogs, but I didn’t know that nearly 100% of his subjects survived his surgeries and that he was very careful about aseptic, and that he had a special laboratory for his research that was named the Tower of Silence. These are just some really cool little background things that I never would have known based on the things that you hear most often.
3a) What did you find interesting?
I thought that reading about Little Albert was interesting. I have heard about the study many times, but never in such depth. Albert did not respond with fear of being without a loss of support. I also did not know that they were so worried about him that they waited a week before doing any more trials. They also chose not to see if they could reverse the fear, and instead wanted to see if after some time had passed if the was still afraid.
3b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought this was interesting because it shows a different viewpoint of the study, and how they didn’t really seem to care too much about what kind of long-term effects a study like this could really do to someone.

4a) What one (1) thing did you find the least interesting?
I thought the Watson-Carr maze studies was kind of boring, and how they wanted to know which senses were needed for rats to learn a maze. They removed the rat’s eyes, or middle ears, or olfactory bulbs, whiskers, or numbed their feet. Then they conducted another study in which they removed a chunk of the maze.
4b) Why wasn't it interesting to you?
This wasn’t that interesting to me because I kind of view it as cruel and I just didn’t like it. I thought that this should have maybe been added to the stuff we learned about Smalls, or maybe the part about Smalls and his work should have been added here. I just felt like it was really rehashing the same thing.

5) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think that learning about Pavlov and how he conducted his experiments will be most useful in understanding the history of psychology, because he is one of the major figure heads you learn about in other classes, and so I think that it was very interesting to learn more about him in general, as well as some of his other lesser known studies.
6) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to the previous chapters?
This study went on with the rat studies and mazes that were talked about in previous chapter, and also goes into more detail about behaviorism as it is now called, and how animal studies were an important part of that. They were also using humans and were going more towards things that were observable, which is what we talked about in a previous chapter.

7a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I’d like to learn more about Little Albert, namely, what happened to him after the study was done, since they do not talk about it in the book.
7b) Why?
I guess I’m just curious as to whether or not he was always strangely afraid of white rats, or if he suffered from any long term side-effects of participating in such a study. I just hope that he turned out okay, given that they basically traumatized him as a baby to further science.

8) What ideas related to what you were reading (what did you think about) did you have while reading the chapter?
During this chapter, I thought a lot about how strange it was that Pavlov would sell the dogs’ gastric fluids for money to help make his lab better, and that even though his lab by Russian standards was really great, by American standards during that time, it would seem really rustic. I also thought it was really cool how he kept his surgery clean and sterile and that he probably prevented so many animal deaths because of that. I also think that maybe he was so particular about surgeries because he knew that he couldn’t really afford to buy new dogs. I was also thinking a lot about how now, most of these experiments would definitely be considered illegal because of the laws in place to protect both human as well as animal’s rights.

9) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positivism, Pavlov, Tower of Silence, Replication, Watson-Carr maze studies, Little Albert

1a) Pavlov Conditional Response
1b) This was interesting because it was one of the first studies of a stimulus being used to create a response. The fact that after a while the dog then began to be conditioned to the bell. The fact that an animal can be conditioned to respond just to the sound of a bell to begin salivating. How a reaction can be conditioned into people is interesting because the body begins to just react to things because they have been conditioned to believe they will receive something just because of a specific stimuli.
2a) Leob’s Tropisms
2b) This was interesting because I never knew that plants adapted to the way of the sun. Plants are something that have been around as long as the Earth has been around. The thing is though that they go ignored in many things. The fact that Leob took interest was interesting, because I didn’t know that a plant will grow to face the sun. Plants do need the sun to photosynthesize food in order to survive since plants make their own food, but it is interesting to learn how even plants adapt to the changes in environment in order to survive. Natural selection continues to show up in every aspect of living life and adaptations are apparent even in plants.
3a) Watson and Morgan Emotional Responses
3b) This was interesting to me because it was identifying emotions in infants because of specific stimuli, but what is interesting is the fact that you see some of the same responses even when adults are exposed to the same stimuli. Such as when an infant was in fear they closed their eyes in a way to eliminate the fear from view and clutched on to one’s around them. Even as adults when a time of fear is at hand they close their eyes and grab for the ones close to them in order to find comfort. It is interesting how just those basic responses carry on with you throughout your life that things you do automatically, the conditional response to a specific stimuli appear at a young age but continue into adulthood.
4a) Maze Studies
4b) This wasn’t interesting to me because it was something that continued to be used but the fact of the matter was that it wasn’t really showing anything. The rats always had an issue of getting to the food and they were somewhat tortured during the studies. The fact that they had body parts manipulated and removed just to try and prove a point that always became discredited in the end was what made this not so interesting. How the mazes continued to be used over and over again when they would just be ignored in the long run.
5) I think the part of the chapter about responses and stimuli are most important in regards to psychology. The fact that knowing you are automatically responding to a stimulus even as an infant and then into adulthood is something that should be known. Knowing that people are going to react a certain way to things no matter what just because that is what the brain tells the body to do is interesting. Knowing that responses to stimuli is something that exists from the beginning of life until the end is important to know.
6) This chapter builds on the previous chapters because it is again going into how animals respond to things and leads into how the human mind is built to react to specific situations. It begins to build on to how human behavior is something that is apparent from the beginning. How because of one thing happens another thing happens that causes a reaction.
7a) Little Albert
7b) I would like to learn more about this study and what was learned exactly from the study. How did it really differ from the study by Watson and Morgan. Little Albert was exposed to some of the same things and observed with their responses just as what Little Albert was exposed to. Did this affect how Little Albert was with responses when he grew to an adult.
8) While reading this chapter I kept thinking about how even when people are small they are equipped with responses to different situations in order to protect themselves. The fact that some of the most basic life skills are apparent at such a young age of even days to months old and carry on into adulthood is something that just continues to cross my mind. How people are built to care for themselves and continue with it all throughout their lives. The changes that people go through may make things different but at the same time everyone still has the most basic instinct and responses.
9) Ivan Pavlov, Maze Studies, Jacques Loeb, Tropisms, Conditional Response, Stimuli, J.J.B. Morgan, John Watson

1a) While reading this chapter I found conditioning and extinction pretty interesting to learn about.
1b) I found these topics interesting because I like the idea of being able to change behavior based on certain stimuli like the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus. I like how Pavlov came up with this and used his experiments as a way to compare the human cognitions with behavior.

2a) I found John Watson interesting from this chapter.
2b) I found John Watson interesting because of all of the work he did that contributed to behaviorism. I liked how his work along with Pavlov’s were key to this major section of psychology. My favorite contribution from Watson from the chapter would be his Little Albert study that deals with systematic desensitization.

3a) I think the overall message of the chapter was to introduce us to how behaviorism got started within psychology.
3b) This chapter was interesting to me because I like learning about different cognitive functions. Most of Pavlov’s experiments that have to deal with changing behavior and classical conditioning really intrigue me and make me want to know more about that part of psychology.

4) I think reading about Pavlov's studies with classical conditioning will help me understand the history of psychology more. The reason I believe this is because his ideas are so well known that he kind of paved the way for future researchers and scientists to go. I believe that his ideas from the past have taught us a lot and that there is a reason why we learn these things to help us out in the long run.

5) This chapter builds on a lot of things I have previously learned about. I am in behavior modification so I have learned about some of these techniques and ideas that involve Watson and Pavlov. Pretty much the same information that I have been reading in that other class is what this chapter is practically all about.

6a) I would like to learn more about behaviorism’s origins.
6b) I would like to learn more about the origins because I have learned a lot about what is involved in behaviorism from not just this class, but other classes as well. I think it would be really interesting to get to know exactly how it came to be what it is today.

7) A thought that kept popping into my head as I was reading this chapter was about how Watson and Pavlov got so famous for these concepts. I know they probably did not come up with them all alone so it is weird to me how there is really nobody else’s name that is big that is associated with behaviorism.

8) Terms: John Watson, Pavlov, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, extinction, classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, behaviorism

1. This chapter on the origins of behaviorism was full of interesting facts and findings. I enjoyed learning about both Pavlov and Watson. Both had the same goals, to focus on the behavioral aspect of psychology, but they went about different ways in their research. The first aspect that grabbed my attention was Pavlov’s research with his dogs. I didn’t know that this took place during a Russian revolution then a civil war to follow. In some opinions the soviets “babied” Pavlov. During the revolution they promised to try to keep the streets quiet and cleared around his laboratory so it wouldn’t disturb them. I thought this was interesting because it was a hard time for Russia, yet people believed in Pavlov and his research and wanted him to continue. Maybe if they hadn’t been this way to him we would not have his classical conditioning experiment today.

I related more to John Watson just because of the fact that he was a fellow American, who was also from the Midwest. He also loved animals, and would often prefer their company to humans. But, his experiment that jumped out at me was his maze studies along with Harvey Carr who was a graduate student during this time at Chicago. I was amazed that rats could even find their way through a maze at all, but they did. It took trial and error learning, created by Thorndike in order them to get through the maze. But, what intrigued me is that once the maze was shortened the rats had no idea where they were going. They often ran into walls, and would have to relearn a new maze in order to finish it.

Another of Watson’s major contributions to psychology was the “Little Albert” study. I found this conditioning experiment interesting to learn about because not only after his conditioning was baby Albert afraid of the rat, but he was afraid of just about everything when he heard that tone that conditioned him. He was even afraid of Watson because I think consciously he knew what Watson was doing to him and I thought this was amusing.

2. I think after reading this chapter and even previous chapters, the least interesting parts of them are learning about these psychologists background. I know that their background and who they were before they started their research is important to some point, but I don’t really care about their personal relationships with others.

3. Both Watson and Pavlov’s research and experiments dealing with classical conditioning are very important key studies in psychology. They are the first thing we learn about psychology if we are taking an introduction class. They shaped the way for behaviorists’ ideologies and changed how psychology was studied, which turned out to be very important even though people were only studying insight and approaching other ways to study psychology.

4. As I read further I can now associate other famous psychologists to the new ones I am learning about. They are all related in some type of way and are mentioned. Either they support each other’s work or they are rivals.

5. I would like to learn more about Watson’s studies on animal behavior. The chapter claims he liked animals more than people, but they only briefly mention his research with animals, so I think I would like to know more about this topic.

6. I was amazed to learn that Pavlov had such a bad temper. Though he was under stress, and it is understandable to get frustrated, he often lost his temper with his colleagues.

7. Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning, John Watson, Little Albert, behaviorists

1) I found the study of Little Albert to be most interesting because it had obvious flaws, but was largely popular. I’ve heard of this study many times being a psychology student. Until I read this chapter, I thought it made huge contributions and was extremely important. I am not saying it is completely irrelevant or wrong, but after reading this chapter, I now know how flawed it was. It was popular for reasons other than its contributions to psychology.
2) I found John B. Watson to be interesting because he seemed like a regular guy. He made humanly mistakes and still thrived somehow. He grew up from a crooked family. His dad was an alcoholic and his made was very religious. He was a troubled, but smart child. Watson worked his way through life and up the ladder in everything that he did. In each thing he did, he made contributions, but he was flawed just as any human is. For example, he worked closely with Little Albert and Rosalie Rayner. During this work he tested his stimulus-response system, emotion of fear, and systematic desensitization. Through this work Watson fell in love with Rayner which led to a huge scandal. His wife and him divorced, he lost his job at the University, and was forced out of the academic and research world.
3) I think the overall message of this chapter was to map out another shift in psychological thinking. The further psychology gets into its field, the more people began to question it. They wanted to know more, to think different, to be new discoverers, and wondered what else could psychology do. I find this interesting because it shows a new path. It shows people thinking and making actions. It’s interesting to see how we got to be where we are.
4) I think reading about Watson’s flaws was most important. I found it very interesting and important to know that psychologists have flaws, too. It is important to know the good and the bad aspects of research. Before reading this chapter, I thought Watson’s research was huge, but now I know what really went on. I think this is important.
5) This chapter taught me about the topic of behaviorism. This is a topic I’ve covered in almost all of my psychology classes, so I had a good idea of what to expect. It really gave depth to my knowledge about Watson and Pavlov. It showed me the good side and the bad side of these psychologists. It also taught me of the struggle to become a field of psychology.
6) I would like to learn more about the Little Albert study because I found its validity to be interesting. I would like to learn more people’s stance on the study.
7) I wondered why the flaws of Watson were not covered in my previous psychology classes.
8) the study of Little Albert, John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner, stimulus-response system, emotion of fear, systematic desensitization, Pavlov, behaviorism

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the topic of conditioning to be interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I thought it was interesting that Pavlov came up with the idea of conditioning a response. He thought that animals have an unconditioned reflex to an everyday stimulus. He wanted to know if he produced a conditioned stimulus if he could get a conditioned response. To test his theory he used dogs and their salivating for food. He would present a stimulus before presenting the food and the dogs became conditioned to that stimulus and would salivate after hearing the stimulus and before seeing the food. He also found that if he would present a stimulus and not present the food the conditioned response would eventually become extinct. He also thought that the animal could generalize the response to the stimulus. So the animal would salivate whenever it heard the stimulus even if it wasn’t exactly the same. He also believed that they could differentiate between stimuli. If there were two stimuli that were similar but not the same and only one of them was accompanied by a reward the animal would learn to differentiate between the two stimuli.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found John Watson interesting.
2b) Why where they interesting to you?
I thought he was interesting because of his contribution to psychology. He is thought to be the founder of behaviorism. I thought it was interesting that he was proved wrong in his theory’s so many times but he kept coming up with new ones and trying to apply them to everyday life. That is what made him famous in the end. He isn’t necessarily famous for his lasting theories he is famous for promoting behaviorism.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I thought the overall message of the chapter was interesting
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I thought it was interesting because I enjoyed the topic that it covered. I have always enjoyed learning about Pavlov and Watson. I think that their studies and experiments that they performed were interesting. My favorite is Pavlov’s salivating dogs experiment. I like it because it is an interesting idea and how he studied it is interesting. Watsons experiment with little Albert is interesting too. I don’t think it is as interesting because the findings in it have been disproven, but it is still interesting how he performed the experiment.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think understanding how these two men influenced the development of modern psychology. If I didn’t know what these two had done and they theories that they produced I wouldn’t have a good idea of why psychology is like it is today.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter has built on what I already knew buy going more in depth about Pavlov and Watson. I learned more about their lives and how they came to end up doing their experiments.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about behaviorism.
6b) Why?
I think that the idea of behaviorism is interesting. If you could come up with a way to predict behaviors you could make it so that everyone could achieve their maximum potential.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
My thought while reading the section on Watsons experiment with little Albert was if that kind of research could still be done today. I don’t think that the conditions that the child was exposed to were very ethical. I don’t believe that today scientists would be able to take a child and do an experiment like Watson did.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
- conditioning, Pavlov, unconditioned reflex, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, extinction, John Watson, Little Albert., behaviorism, generalization, differentiation.

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found Pavlov’s digestive research with dogs very interesting.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found this topic interesting because of his style of research and how he not only set up his lab but was able to use the research to earn income. The research that he did surrounded dogs he would remove parts of digestion and would collect secretions from the dog’s stomach, after collecting these secretions he was able to actually sell these to people who had problems with their own digestion. I found this interesting because was a version of applied research and all is a good example of how research is used for profits.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Pavlov very interesting (considering most of the chapter revolved around him there was a lot of new information that I learned)
2b) Why were they interesting to you?
Pavlov was most interesting to me in how serious he took his work, in the section titled Pavlov and the Soviets the section depicts how he and his workers related to each other. The chapter tells us about how focused he was on his work, and work alone. This chapter really humanises him, this is the first time in psychology that Pavlov has been talked about as not only a scientist but actually a human. This for me is a nice part about our textbook, it puts things into the reading to help keep you engaged but in doing that also helps us learn more about the people behind psychology.
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
Overall I think the message of the chapter was to help understand where behavioralism started and who kickstarted it. I also think this chapter’s message explains certain aspects of experiments such as Pavlov’s Dog experiments and Watson’s rat mazes to help see how those are behavioralism.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I thought this chapter was interesting because it helped explain more about experiments I am very familiar with. It is always interesting to gain more information and knowledge on subjects you have heard of before. I believe that is the main goal of most of these chapters is to explain and expand on knowledge that we already know something about.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think one of the most important things I read was about the pressure that Watson felt to do research on more than just animals, this was interesting because the chapter recalls other people in our textbook who have felt similar and in turn have tried to apply their research to humans as well. Watson was able to do so with babies. I think this is a great illustration of not only the similar pressures across the psychology field but understanding that sometimes doing research on animals isn’t enough.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
In other classes I have learned about Pavlov, this chapter was able to add to what I already knew about him and his research. Additionally in many of my other classes I have learned about behaviorism this chapter was all about it and helped me understand it’s origins John Watson establishing behavioralism, and it even taking place in America.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about Watson’s advertising career and what kinds of advertisements he did.
6b) Why?
I would like to learn more about this because, one of the reasons I took psychology was to be able to apply it to communication and business in the future. I would like to learn more about what he did and and people responded to his advertising. This is something that I would be able to use in my own future so I would like to learn more about this.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
My questions that arise were why aren’t students informed about the backing that Pavlov received for his work by the government. One often wonders and finds it helpful to know the driving force behind someone’s work. The Soviet Union backed and funded all of his research was based on behavior and the Soviet’s were trying to come up with ways to control for behaviors in their own citizens.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post
Behavioralism, Digestion, Psychology

1a) I found the topic of positivism interesting.
1b) It was interesting to me because it was the result of objective observations. When scientists agreed to an observation, that then became the truth. I also thought it was interesting that positivists believed there was an intimate connection between understanding and controlling nature.
2a) I thought that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was interesting.
2b) I thought he was interesting because he thought of himself as a physiologist. He won a Nobel Prize in physiology of digestion. Pavlov worked with dogs and studied their salivary responses. He tested their salivating reflex or their unconditional reflex to the unconditioned stimulus. He then conditioned them to a conditioned reflex with a conditioned reflex.
3a) I think the overall message of this chapter was to show how behaviorism began.
3b) I thought it was interesting because it showed how behaviorism was developed, and how it started. It was interesting because it showed the lives of Pavlov and John B. Watson, and how they started to study psychology. I also thought it was interesting to learn how Watson proposed his ideas about behaviorism.
4) I think that Watson’s studies of emotional development is important to know to understand history. Watson’s views on emotional development helps us understand why behaviorism was developed in the way it was. He wanted to apply what he had been learning on animals to humans. He concluded that there were three basic emotions; fear, rage, and love. This helps us understand how he continued to do research.
5) This chapter builds on Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. In Intro to Psych we learn about his study, but in this chapter we built upon it. The book said that Pavlov did not infact use a bell because he thought that it would scare the dogs. It also talked about how Pavlov didn’t start with dogs, but found he preferred them because their digestive system was similar to humans’.
6a) I would like to learn more about positivism.
6b) I thought that positivism was an interesting concept, but I wanted to know more about it after reading what was in the book.
7) What are the major differences between positivism and philosophy? Was positivism a large movement? Who were some dominant figures in positivism?
8) Positivism, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, unconditional reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, behaviorism, John B. Watson, emotional development.

Reading Activity Week 11
Chapter 10.
1a) What topic did you find interesting?
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I though the topic of positivism was interesting. Positivism evolved from the idea that we could only be truly certain of knowledge if we could opening observe such events. We could obtain this by using objective observations and precise measurements with absolutely no room for bias. It was interesting to learn that it took scientists this long to discover the importance of bias free, objective experiments. Positivism could be considered the norm in today’s research methods.
2a) What person did you find interesting?
2b) Why where they interesting to you?
Ivan Pavlov is interesting to me because he does not call himself a psychologist but is widely discussed in many psychology classes. He considered himself a physiologist. He specialized and even won a Nobel Prize for discovering the physiology behind digestion. He was even talented enough to perform several surgical operations to go along with his experiments. So why do we learn about him in nearly all of our psychology classes? Because he (nearly unknowingly) uncovered the phenomena we refer to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with and precedes the unconditional stimulus (US) until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient enough to elicit the response. So when the bell sound is paired with the sight of food the dog’s mouth salivates, eventually the sound of the bell without the food presents will elicit the exact same response (dog salivating).
3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I think the overall message of this chapter was the origins of behaviorism and how it was shaped into the forms of behaviorism we see and use in today’s society. I do think behaviorism is an interesting topic because it is rather simplistic and easily studied. Behaviors are so overt unlike emotions, feelings or cognitions. The whole idea of behaviorism is very applicable to nearly any area of study.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I think understanding the idea that one specific goal or experiment may not only be attained to better our understanding in one specific area, but in many, is important. Just like Pavlov, he wanted to learn more about physiology and digestion, but also taught us so much from a psychological perspective and how our behaviors can be conditioned. This is a great way to look at all evens in history. Everything ties together some way or another. Everything we do makes an impact, whether it be a little one or a very large one. Psychology is tied into all areas of learning.
5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
In a previous semester, I took the class behavior modification. I really learned about behaviorism in a more in depth look. I am glad a behaviorism chapter is included in this class because it is very interesting and important. In many of my other classes, we have discussed the Little Albert study and how they conditioned a little boy to be afraid of a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise. It was the noise that in fact frightened him but at the sight of another white rat or even a white rabbit, he expressed immediate fear. In other classes, we have also discussed Pavlov and his dog experiments.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
6b) Why?
I would like to learn more about systematic desensitization. I’ve always been interesting in what evokes fear in individuals and the types of therapy treatment options available. I’ve heard that systematic desensitization does work for most individuals but not all. If it in fact evokes more fear, and creates even greater psychological stress, where do you go from there? Is there other options? Behaviorism would argue that if a behavior or fear can be learned, it can be relearned to not fear it.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
While reading this chapter, I wondered what breed of dogs Pavlov experimented with. And if any variable was effected by different breeds of dogs. I also thought about the studies Watson conducted on rats which required him to surgically remove the eyes, the middle ears, or olfactory bulbs. How was he able to do this with such precision at this time period? How many chances did it take to get it right? If this type of inhumane experimentation was discussed in an open manner, people of the twenty first century would be in an uproar about animal’s rights! This goes to show how much things have changed.
8) Terminology: positivism, objective observations, Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus, unconditional stimulus, Little Albert study, Pavlov’s dogs, behaviorism, systematic desensitization, fear, Watson.
Word Count: 859

1a) The topic that I found interesting was conditional research.
1b) Conditional Research was interesting to me because it was created off of Pavlov's experiment with the dogs and their reaction to certain stimuli. I had learned about this experiment before, but I forgot how interesting it was, so reading about it again, and re-learning what conditional research was, was interesting and it was a cool experiment to read about.
2a) The person that I found interesting was Pavlov.
2b) Pavlov was interesting to me because of his work with conditional research. Like I stated in the first question, I really liked Pavlov's experiment with the dogs. Being able to set up a bunch of different ways to show reflex action based off of conditioning and extinction, generalization and differentiation, and experimental neurosis, helped show that plenty of data supported his theory. Also, his experiment was entertaining to read about.
3a) I think that the overall message of this chapter was about behaviorism and how it led to objectivity.
3b) I would say that it was interesting to me. Learning about how behaviorism came to be between Watson and Pavlov was pretty interesting. They both did experiments with animals that not only helped me learn better as to what and why they did the experiments they did, but they also contributed to society by showing how to help someone psychologically by altering their behavior patterns.
4) The thing that I read about in this chapter that is most helpful in understanding the history of psychology is what I read about behaviorism. Knowing that we can treat patients just by altering their behavior patterns was a big step. Not everything is controlled by thoughts and feelings, a lot of things we are just conditioned to. So, figuring this out was a big part of psychology that led to many other great things in the future.
5) This chapter builds on to what I already knew about the history of psychology by not only introducing the origins of behaviorism, but by also talking about objectivity. I have mentioned behaviorism enough already, but that is one way that it has built on to what I have learned. The second way however, is introducing objectivity. Experiments are becoming more and more accepted and believed, because psychologists are now taking out 3rd variables and anything that would keep people skeptical. they are running experiments over and over again with different variables to make sure that the results they are getting are as valid and accurate as possible throughout each experiment.
6a) The topic that I would like to learn more about is the Little Albert experiment.
6b) This experiment was interesting to read about, but I felt like there was more to it, than the book explained, so I would like to look it up, and see if there is any other cool things that happened throughout the duration of this research.
7) One question that I have after reading this chapter is that I have noticed that most of the men mentioned in this text are philosophers or physiologists, rarely are they actually psychologists. Why is this? Is it because psychologist were still kind of rare at the time, because it was a fairly new science?
8) Terms: Conditional Research, Pavlov, Watson, reflex action, conditioning, extinction, generalization, differentiation, experimental neurosis, behaviorism, objectivity, Little Albert

1a) One topic that I found interesting in this section is the Little Albert experiment.
1b) The reason I found this so interesting is because I had learned about the study before in high school but I had totally forgotten about the experiment and enjoyed reading about it again. It’s really interesting and kind of crazy to think about what Watson put the kid through is a little scary. Conditioning a child to be afraid is something that just doesn’t seem right to me.

2a) One person that I found interesting in this section was Pavlov.
2b) I found Pavlov interesting because while I’ve learned about him before, I didn’t know that he did more experimenting with the dogs than just getting them to salivate to bells. I didn’t know that he did surgery on the dog's glands and also had them look at shapes as conditioned stimuluses. I found it interesting to learn more about everything Pavlov did.

3a) I think the overall message of the chapter was about more objective work in psychology and looking more into the behaviorism aspect of a person.
3b) I found this chapter a bit more interesting because it was more about experiments and interesting stuff to me. I find behaviors and objective measure more fascinating than just a person’s way of think about some random topic or term that I don’t care about.

4) I think the whole transition into behaviorism and the work done in this portion of psychology can really add to the understanding of the history of psychology. Looking more into what the brain does, and how it can categorize and learn associations so quickly is truly incredible. We can use and learn from the behavioral principles and other findings that psychologists have found out in the past. We can only move forward if we look at the past and learn from it

5) I am actually taking the class behavior modification, so a lot of this information was review for me. It was interesting still because of the different take on it, but basically I have already learned about all these psychologists just a few weeks ago in that class.

6a) One topic I wouldn’t mind learning more about are empiricism and associationism.
6b) For this topic, I would explore other studies or psychologists that looked into these types of thinking and what they have come up with. Since the chapter was a lot about behaviorism, going more in depth on these two would be cool too.

7) Since this chapter was a lot of review for me, and I learned all of this already in my behavior modification class, I don’t really have any questions from the section.

8) Little ALbert, experiment, Watson, Pavlov, conditioned stimulus, behaviorism, behavioral principles, empiricism, associationism

1a)one topic that I found interesting was the concept of experimental neurosis.
1b) I think that one of the reasons that I found it interesting is because of the concepts behind it and how the concept was experimented with by Pavlov. the concept and experiments to go with it make it a very interesting topic.
2a)one person that I found to be interesting was Pavlov.
2b) I find him to be interesting because of the work that he did as a psychologist. he was originally a physiologist and this explains why some of his experimentation is how it was. he did a lot of classical conditioning research and one of his famious experiments was the one with his dogs. he came up with many concepts such as a conditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditional stimulus, and conditioned reflex under the topic field of conditioning and extinction. he was also involved in the field of generalization and differentiation. Pavlov made many great contributions to the field of psychology.
3a)I believe that the overall message of the chapter was the topic of behaviorism
3b) I found the chapter to be interesting because not only did it talk about the topic of behaviorism and experiments that led to some of its biggest concepts but it also brought together what two of the key players Pavlov and Watson did and how they contributed to behaviorism and the field of psychology as a whole.
4)the thing that I read that I feel will help me understand psychology is the more descriptive readings of the experiments such as the one of little albert of Pavlov and conditioning. they are concept I knew before but the chapter helped me to better clarify my understanding of the topics.
5) like I mentioned in the above answer I like that this chapter helped me to better build my knowledge on some of the classic experiments that the findings of behaviorism are based on.
6a) I would like to learn more about Pavlov.
6b) I say this because with him being around physiology originally I would like to know how many other things that he did to his dogs or if he did anything at all and what it was that he did and what type of research that it was for.
7) in this chapter one question that crossed my mind is why we continue to do all of these experiments on animals and if they really are similar enough to apply the concepts to humans or not.
8)Pavlov
Watson
experimental neurosis
behaviorism
unconditioned reflex
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned reflex
conditioned stimulus
conditioning and extinction
generalization and differentiation

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found Pavlov's work to be the most interesting to me in this chapter.
1b) Why was it interesting to you?
I found Pavlov to be the most interesting to me in this chapter because of the broad spectrum in which is studies covered. Most of the time you just hear about psychologist covering a few key areas in psychology, however with Pavlov he covered a wild field of research all of which intrigued me. One of the first areas was his most famously known research with his classical conditioning with the dog who he trained to condition to salivate at the ring of a bell. Something I learned in addition to that is that Pavlov also observe that the dog would also tilt its head or show some other signs of interest when the bell would ring after associating it with a treat. The next part of his research had to do with conditioning and extinction which was very helpful to me because in my biopsych class we are discussing unconditional reflexes which was the salivating, and so on and it helped me further ground my understanding in the topic. The unconditional stimulus which was the food and the conditional stimulus which was the food being presented at the ringing of the bell which resulted in the dogs salivating at the sound of the bell which was the conditioned reflex. I enjoyed learning more about the study by understanding the difference between generalization, which is the there is a conditioned response to a stimulus and the differentiation which is when the dog only salivates to a certain cps tone. While Pavlov went on to do much more with this one area of research these were the most interesting parts I found of his work.
2a) What person did you find interesting? I found Pavlov to be the most interesting person in this study.
2b) Why where they interesting to you? He was interesting to be because one he was a familiar name that I had heard of before from other classes and two because I was able to learn more about his studies and other works that were based on this one famous study and I enjoyed learning more about his work. Most of the time we hear about psychologist and their one area of psychology they're known for, but learning more about it in depth is always a treat for myself.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
I believe the overall message for this chapter is about the beginning study of behaviorism and conditioning and the research and founders that lead to its origins.
3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
It was not very interesting to me only because I had heard of most of it before.
4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
I believe reading the more in depth studies of such famous psychologist as Pavlov have helped me in my understanding of history because it is important to keep in my that the work that we hear of because of its sensationalism is not the only work that certain psychologist preformed, and that it is important for us to look further into the subjects ourselves to understand the topic more completely.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
This chapter builds on what I have already learned about in other classes by going more in depth to Pavlov's work and explaining it in such a way that I understand the reasoning behind the research.
6a) What topic would you like to learn more about? I would like to learn more about the psychology in advertising and Watson's work with it.
6b) Why?
I think it would be beneficial for myself to understand or be able to recognize when adds are being directed at my unconscious psyche and to be able to identify it as such. Being able to watch adds and identify what appeal they are aiming for would be a very interesting experience.
7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
One question I have that is related to this reading is if any major institutions apply behavior modifications to its members, and if it is successful. I also wonder what type of person behavior modification is effective on.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Pavlov, Unconditioned reflex, unconditioned stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditioned reflex, generalization, differentiation, Watson

1a) Ivan Pavlov and his conditioning theory. Classical Conditioning,
1b) I liked this because it dealt with behavior theories that we can look deeper into as we go through our discoveries in the field interests that connect with psychology.
2a) Ivan Pavlov
2b) I am actually interested how a scientist, who was very noted, found enough of an enlighten in the digestive system of a dog salivating for food before the food got there dug him into the rabbits hole where he continued to focus on for the remainder of his career. This all stimmed from one study that he happened to want to test. He didn’t even really have a reason for why he wanted to test the dogs digestive system other than he wanted to learn from it. This shows how perspective can aid into the field of psychology and can help us further make premonitions of other perspectives that can emerge if the right level of curiosity is present.
3a) the message here was one that ties into behaviorism. That being the twitch that flinched into the growth that we see today, in my opinion very much of that twitch belongs to Pavlov and his dog experiment.
3b) it was very interesting to me because it is in a way the essence of what I look into as a sports psychology major, why people or things are the way they are and how we can change that. This further intrigues me to what possibilities are out there that psychology hasn’t learned because we haven’t looked into it yet.
4) In understanding the history of psychology I learned about how the perceptions can play a role in discovery and how people emerge and grow from it. I am interested in why things are the way there are and what kind of alternative world would exist if things didn’t happen the way they did. For example if I never lashed out against my parents’ divorce and was sent to live with my uncle who introduced me to Throwing in track and field as a reinforcer to my bad behavior, would I be where I am, and would I have found the success that I did, would my dad have taken a promotion to move to a town where sports were a big deal so I could receive some recognition or would we have been placed in a school that was focused on academics? All this happened because of the perception that my uncle could reinforce good behavior.
5) In little albert I remember that at one point I had heard that psychologists are evil and their tests are nothing but ways to hurt people and mess with someone’s mind for a greater “evil” cause. That of which I did not buy into whatsoever basically because it was my major and I didn’t want to think of the negatives. In the little albert study I felt a sense of uneasiness thinking that someone who cause fear to someone, and that that could potentially turn into a traumatic experience or even a phobia that could develop.
6a) I want to learn more about Pavlov
6b) I remember reading that he was a great scientist who happened to throw all his ducks in a line towards psychology just because of one dog’s salivation. That is so cool to me that someone’s motivation is stimmed so far and how his motivation and curiosity is so appreciated today and how people are even still learning from it now.
7) I want to know what repercussions were placed after the Little Albert study and how that further affected what we know today about ethical studies and unethical studies.
8) Terms, Ethical, Unethical, Pavlov, Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Little Albert,

Chapter 10

1a) What topic did you find interesting?
I found the topic of emotional development interesting.

1b) Why was it interesting to you?
Watson seemed to be a ‘big picture’ kind of guy. He seemed to believe in using behaviorism to establish a better life for humankind. This particular topic was interesting because Watson, according to the textbook author, seemed to believe that comparative psychology (humans and animals) would not receive as much funding as studies on infants. This led to the research on basic emotions, reflexes, etc in infants over certain developmental periods. I could not believe that Watson and his partner J.J.B. Morgan only recorded three emotions: rage, love, and fear.

2a) What person did you find interesting?
I found Ivan Pavlov interesting.

2b) Why where they interesting to you?
It was especially interesting to me that Pavlov did not begin his career as a psychologist. Apparently, he began as an extremely innovative surgeon and then became interested in the conditioned response. It was due to his surgical skills that he was able to have success with his dog experiment. Pavlov’s skills allowed him to collect saliva because of where he surgically attached the collection tubes. I also thought that the small blurb about Pavlov not discussing his surgical prowess but his psychological quandaries during a speech rewarding him for his surgeries is telling. His decision to talk about his research instead of his award-winning surgery shows me how intrigued he was by behaviors.

3a) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter?
The overall message of the chapter was to explain the origin of behaviorism, how it gained popularity, and describe how early behaviorists furthered their specific, more experimental-based, type of psychology.

3b) Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?
I found the material very interesting, because the author described it in a lot more detail than in my behavior modification course. I knew a good portion of the information, though, because I am enrolled in the online behavior modification course here at UNI. I selected behavior modification as a class because I am interested in learning techniques to increase or decrease behavior as well as more efficient uses of applied psychology. I know that one aspect of behavior modification is Applied Behavioral Analysis which I mentioned in one of my previous blogs.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?
Understanding the roots of behaviorism is vital to understanding the current methods that are used today to effectively increase positive behaviors and decrease negative behaviors.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?
One of my professors stated that cognitive-behavioral therapy had the most evidence-based support. Behavior modification is an intricate section of this successful therapy. My professor stated that this is the type of therapy that she practices due to the evidence that supports the effectiveness rate. Although, she did also state that if another therapy has more support, she will transfer her CBT to the most effective and newer therapy.

6a) What topic would you like to learn more about?
I would like to learn more about subvocal speech.

6b) Why?
I found it interesting because as children we talked “out loud” to process our thoughts but then it eventually became internal ‘talking.’ It was interesting that Watson took the perspective that even thinking could be measured on a behavioral level (rather than only a cognitive level).

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?
Who are the current innovative scientists in behaviorism? Do their ideas differ greatly from Watson or Skinner or another prominent behaviorist from the past? Do they build off previous theories or establish independent theories?

Terms: emotional development, comparative psychology, behaviorism, Watson, emotions (rage, love, fear), reflexes, Pavlov, origin, experimental psychology, Applied Behavioral Analysis, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, evidence-based treatment, subvocal speech

1) What topic did you find interesting? Why was it interesting to you?

I find the topic of behaviorism in general very interesting, the idea that responses to stimuli can be predicted. This is often related to education, so in my education courses, we often discuss behaviorism, maybe not directly, and how we can positively use it in the classroom setting.

2) What person did you find interesting? Why where they interesting to you?

I found Ivan Pavlov's life interesting. Prior to reading this chapter, my knowledge of Pavlov was related to his study of conditioning dogs to salivate. After reading this chapter, I found him much more interesting because of his relationship with the Soviets. Originally against the Soviets, he ended up becoming a hero to the Soviet Union. The Soviets saw Pavlov's studies of conditioning as a way to influence communist citizens. I have learned a little bit about Pavlov in relationship to education, so it is interesting to me that in the past Pavlov's ideas were used to manipulate an entire society.

3) What do you think of the overall message of the chapter? Was it interesting to you? Why or why not?

The overall message of the chapter, the development of behaviorism, was very interesting to me. Again, I can relate a lot of this chapter to my education major and courses. In my education classes, we often learn the theories and studies, but we don't learn how we got to that point. This chapter gave me some background on the development of behaviorism.

4) What did you read in the chapter that you think will be most useful to in understanding the history of psychology?

I think understanding that behaviorism did not just appear with Pavlov and Watson is the most useful thing to understand about this chapter. Behaviorism developed from empiricist's and materialist's views.

5) How, in what ways, does this chapter relate (build on) to what you have already learned about the History of Psychology or to material you have learned in other classes?

In introduction to Psychology we learned about Pavlov's conditioning study with the salivating dogs. We learned about Watson and Little Abert, a study of emotional reactions in an infant. We did not learn, or I do not remember learning, about what these studies were related to or where they developed from. Again, in my education classes we learn about behaviorism in the context of the classroom environment and how it can influence student learning.

6) What topic would you like to learn more about? Why?

I want to learn more about about Watson's study of infants and emotions, including his work with J.J.B. Morgan. This interests me because of my interest in education and the development of children.

7) What ideas or questions related to what you were reading did you have while reading the chapter?

The biggest thing I took from this chapter is that everything develops from something else. The study of behaviors in infants came from the study of behaviors in animals. The study of behaviors in animals came from the idea to study animals in general. Nothing develops out of nowhere. I have no questions at this time.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Pavlov, Watson, behaviorism, J.J.B. Morgan, conditioning, Little Albert

1a) The topic that I found to be most interesting in this reading was about classical conditioning.
1b) I always found this to be one of the more interesting ideas in psychology because it involved the process of learning and a lot about pairing stimulus. I thought this was interesting because I love animals and like knowing how this actually can be used in real life in order to train dogs. I found it interesting to see how Pavlov came up with these ideas and also found it really interesting to learn about the different ways classical conditioning can come about or go away (such as learning about differentiation and how if a stimulus is too different from the learning stimulus then the same response will not occur. Similarly, I also found generalization to be interesting as well because it was the opposite where if it was close enough to the original stimulus then the response was still there.

2a) The person I found to be most interesting in this chapter was Watson.
2b) I felt like this chapter focused essentially only on Watson and Pavlov and overall I just found Watson to be more interesting. The chapter focused on more aspects of Watson's career and more on what he did. I also found it very interesting how he took Pavlov's idea of working with the dogs and was able to transfer it into people as well. Although I know now from other psychology classes that the ethics of this experiment were clearly not good, I found the little Albert study to be really interesting. I thought it was interesting how Watson was able to pair a a loud noise with the white bunny and make Albert be afraid of the bunny as well, even if he had not been originally. I think that this shows how classical conditioning in some ways can be translated into human behavior as well, rather than just animals. I think as humans we are always more interested in learning about ourselves rather than just animal research and anything that can be applied to humans often becomes more of an ideal topic to talk about for us.

3a) I believe that the overall message of this chapter was to focus on behaviorism and how it began. Pavlov and Watson were very important players in the start and development of behaviorism and I think that this chapter was designed in order to focus on them and what they accomplished involving behaviorism. This gives us a look into what behaviorism is all about and allows us to see all of the research behind what these two men thought at the time and how they felt the behaviorism was the clear perspective needed in psychology.
3b) I found this chapter to be somewhat interesting but less so than the chapters before it. I think behaviorism and Pavlov/Watson is something focused on a lot in psychology, especially in my previous psychology classes. Although I do find this information to be interesting and think it does help understand a lot about psychology, I also think it is not as interesting as learning completely new information I have not seen before.

4) I think what will be most useful to me in understanding the history of psychology would be how behaviorism came to be and how it relates and is different to the other aspects of psychology learned about previously. We have learned that there are multiple views to psychology and I think that behaviorism was a big one back in the day as well as something still heavily talked about even now. Although I don't see just one perspective as being the correct one necessarily, I think that is important to know all the different perspectives and see how you can combine them and realize that there are good aspects from all of them and that normally all can relate in some way to human behavior.

5) This information clearly builds on what I have learned in previous psychology classes since the perspectives of different psychologists are such important things to discuss when learning about psychology. I think that this helped build off of that because it did contain much more information than I had learned in other classes, such as the specification of what Pavlov and Watson did beyond what I had learned about previously. I think this gave a good in depth view of these two and was able to show their interactions with other countries (Pavlov) as well as showing what else they went on to do or how they used the information they found (such as with Watson).

6a) The topic I would like to learn more about would be about Pavlov. Since I am doing this as a make up assignment, Pavlov is who I chose to discuss in my topical blog.
6b) I thought Pavlov would be the most interesting to research because I found some things in the book that I had not previously known about him. Before reading this chapter, I did not previously learn in other classes that Pavlov was more of a physiologists rather than a psychologist. When I did my further research I was able to see how he really did do a lot more with physiology than psychology and how he just happened to (and others as well) relate this to psychology. I had never known this information previously and thought it was very interesting to find out that he was not actually one of the people involved heavily in psychology and that his experiments with dogs were more concerned about the physiology behind them rather than the psychology aspect.

7) The only questions I had while reading this chapter was why they focused only on Pavlov and Watson. I know that these two are clearly important but in other chapters they had mentioned a few less known psychologists who I was wondering why they did not choose to do that in this chapter.

8) Little Albert, Pavlov, Watson, behaviorism, classical conditioning, generalization, discrimination, physiology