Topical Blog Week #9 (due Thursday)

After reading chapter eight I found that there were many interesting psychologists who made some fascinating contributions towards intelligence testing. One of them in particular is Robert M. Yerkes. He fits into this chapter because he wanted to conduct testing inside the military to see if it would help our forces on the battle field. I was interested in Robert M. Yerkes and his work with The Army Testing Program because I have always had an interest in the military. I also have family in the military and this may be something I’ll be able to ask them. For example I could ask my brother in law, “Have you ever been required to take mental tests to see what area would fit you best in the military to best serve our country?”

Before I started my research I was curious how mental testing would be able to place soldiers in the right positions in the military? I think that the best soldiers in our military have to have some kind of higher level of thinking to outsmart the enemy. But what types of questions would one ask to figure out who has these kinds of capabilities?

Robert Yerkes grew up on a farm and lived a life of a typical farm child in the late 19th century. He enjoyed playing with animals and had to do plenty of chores to help with the farm work. Unfortunately it is said that he did not have the best relationship with his father. His father wanted him to invest the rest of his years in agriculture like he did. Robert had different thoughts and was interested in biology and chemistry. This is where his career got its start.

By August of 1917, the Army had commissioned Yerkes as a major and placed him in charge of an elite group of psychologists charged with preparing mental tests (Goodwin 269). Here is when Yerkes implemented his alpha and beta intelligence tests. These were non-verbal group tests that were given to over a million United States soldiers. These tests were designed to identify the special skills within each soldier in the United States military. When those skills were identified with those tests, the data was taken and used to place the soldier in the best area possible that would best benefit the military. I think that these tests are what help shape our military into the most dominating force on the planet. Take for example our Seal Team 6, the most lethal fighting group in our military. Those guys probably are not the biggest strongest men in the military. I would be they are some of the smartest men in the military. To become a Navy Seal, one has to pass mental tests like Yerkes’ tests that require a certain type of personality. Somebody can’t just sign up to become a Navy Seal and go through some running program and do some pushups to pass. Besides the dreadful physical training, one has to be blessed with a certain mindset that is rare to find. This kind of mindset may not be normal to most people. Yerkes is the man who can be credited for the birth of these kinds of tests.

I think that Yerkes is a genius for creating his mental tests for soldiers. It makes me wonder why we don’t do this for more programs in our society. I think that someday people may be tested to see where they should be placed in society. It has shown to be successful in the military. Besides testing in school I can see how certain businesses or school districts testing their teachers or employees, to see if they are fit to teach or work in that area.

Robert Yerkes is an important figure who has presented mental tests that were used in the military. Those tests have been transformed and continue to be evaluated and changed so that they ask better questions to collect better data from the people who serve our country to figure out how they can serve it better.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yerkes
I chose this site because it gave background on Robert Yerkes’ childhood and early life and career.
http://www4.nau.edu/azregions/testing/beta.htm
I chose this site because it gave more information about the alpha and beta tests that Robert Yerkes created.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Robert_Yerkes
This site was a good site that helped me learn who Yerkes associated with and how his career took off.

For the purpose of this assignment, I chose to learn more about Lillian Moller Gilbreth. I found her to be interesting because she was the mother of twelve children, yet she still made many valuable contributions to society.

Lilliam Moller was born in May of 1878 in Oakland, California. Lillian did well throughout high school, but her father did not believe in higher education for women. She convinced him to let her attend courses at the University of California while she lived at home and continued her family duties. From the University of California, she obtained her B.A. and M.A. in literature.

Lillian married Frank Gilbreth. Frank did not go to college, but he was interested in efficiency in the workplace. His interests began to interest Lillian, and they began a consulting business, Gilbreth, Inc. Lillian then attended Brown University and obtained her doctorate in psychology. A source indicated that at this point she had already given birth to four children!

Frank and Lillian did studies on time and motion, particularly involving bricklaying, which was where Frank’s initial interest in workplace efficiency developed. The work done by Frank and Lillian’s work helped create job standardization, incentive wage-plans, and job simplification. It also helped to pioneer the field of ergonomics.

Frank and Lillian had twelve children. He did in 1924. After his death, Lillian continued her work, but switched her interests to include efficiency in housework. She patented an electric can opener, shelves inside refrigerator doors, the waste water hose in washing machines, and the trash can with the foot pedal! She believed that if women used these items they would have more time for leisure. She did so by doing research of women to figure out the needs of women. She also is the author of the books Cheaper by the Dozen and Belles on Their Toes. She worked as an industrial engineer for GE, working on improving kitchen designs.

Throughout her life, Lillian Moller Gilbreth made a lot of contribution to society. She was the first woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering, she was one of the first people to recognize how fatigue and stress reflect on time management, and she was also the first woman to speak at a University of California commencement. She was a professor of management at Purdue, as well as the first female professor in the engineering school. She created new techniques to assist disabled women in accomplishing household tasks. She won the Hoover Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1966. She dies at the age of 92.

I am so glad I chose to do research on Lillian Moller Gilbreth. Her life is so interesting. I had no idea that she was the author of cheaper by the dozen or that she had patented so many kitchen appliances that are used today. It amazes me that she could be a wife, a mother, and still be such a dedicated student, as well as make all of the contributions that she did.

http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth.html This website was very helpful in getting a time line of her life events

http://gilbrethnetwork.tripod.com/bio.html This site showed me the teamwork of Frank and Lillian. It also gave more more information of Frank and how his interests came about.

http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/gilbreth.htmlThis website gave me information about the inventions patented by Gilbreth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9PkeVwGPV8 This lecture video gave me a good visual and auditory resource on the accomplishments of Lillian Gilbreth.

I chose to research more on Alfred Binet because intelligence tests are controversial to this day and I find them interesting because I have my own views on how intelligence testing really works. Binet fits into this chapter becasue he is an applied psychologists using what he knows to develop intelligence testing.

Alfred Binet was born in France and started his education at the mere age of 15 in law school.But after earning his law degree he became more interested in pscyhology and started to educate himself. Binets first job in psychology was at a clinic. He and an associate there studied polarization and transfer, but found out they were totally wrong. Possibly Binet's lack of formal education was to blame on spending all this time on a failed study. After that embarrassing shamble, Binet started to focus more on intelligence (however he had many other interests in psychology, he is most known for his intelligence testing). Binet became most interested in the development of children (he used his own kids to observe and study their developmental growth, physically and mentally) and how intelligence was measured, and especially special needs children. Before Binet, intelligence was measured on physical features, abnormalities meant, special needs. Binet didn't believe that inteligence was based off of physical features. Binet's first test complied of 30 different questions about everyday life (ranging from senses to verbal). After many revisions of these tests, mental ages started to be assigned to kids who took the test. It has nothing to do with your actual age, its how you score on the mental test. Binet's main goal of IQ test was to study the general mental age of school children.

http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/binet.shtml
This website explained some of Binet's education and experiences
http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/binet.htm
This websit had a lot of information about Binet's personal life and before he became interested in creating intelligence testing.
http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.loh/alfred_binet
Had a lot of information about intelligence testing and why they were so new and how they changed the placements of students.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80QXqqmafI4
A simple visual with some information if intelligence can be measured or not. Got me to think.

My person of choice is Hugo Munsterberg. He has been mentioned in a few of the chapters before hand and is a big asset to the field of psychology. Other than what the book had provided I don’t really know much about Munsterberg and what his background is. That’s why I decided to do a little more research on him.

Hugo Munsterberg was born in June 1, 1863 (that’s two days and 127 years before mine me!) in Danzig, Germany. He was born to Moritz and Anna, a lumber merchant and an artist. Munsterberg was one of four boys. Growing up he was encouraged to read books and practice music. Through this he started to have a love for music and art. He played the cello in grade school and at home in his free time.

Munsterberg did not go to a normal everyday school, but to a grammar school up until he turned nine. Three years later his life changed when his mother died. The change made him become a more serious person and more of a thinker. He also started to become more active in his schooling. He studied Sanskrit and Arabic. He also made a book of foreign German words into a dictionary. Munsterberg still took part in music, after class he would go dancing with some of his female friends. You can’t stay in high school all your life (I don’t think) and Munsterberg graduated high school and did what all the other great psychologist did and enter college.

By this time its 1882, Munsterberg enrolled at the University of Geneva. My guess is that he didn’t like it because he only stayed there for one semester before he transferred over to the University of Leipzig. At first he studied social psychology but then switched over to medicine. However, in 1885 he ended up getting a Doctorate in psychology, but continued with his studies in medicine. Two years later he got a degree in medicine.

Fast forward to 1908, Munsterberg must have been a beer lover. He didn’t agree with the prohibition of alcohol, he said that it could be a benefit for both American and German brewers. Brewing companies really like this, as expected. Busch donated $50,000 to him for his efforts. I’m not much of a beer drinker but for that much money I’d drink it to promote it!

Munsterberg is also a big name in I/O psychology or industrial/ organizational psychology. Since I’m taking industrial psych along with this class I know quite a bit about I/O psychology, however I’m not so sure what Munsterberg did in this field, so let’s find out!

What Munsterberg did was look and problems in social influences, monotony, physical influence, fatigue and attention in the work force, along with the effectiveness of advertising. He thought that the future of I/O psychology would be largely held on by the cooperation it’s self. And by that the problems would demand large amounts of people for experiments to lead to a treatment. In 1913 Munsterberg wrote and published his first I/O Psychology book called Psychology and Industrial Efficiency.
Munsterberg was a pretty decent man, but there was one thing that was often criticized about him, and that was his views on women. He agreed with the fact that women should be allowed to advance their education if they pleased. But when it came to graduate schooling he thought that it might be too difficult for women. One thing that he did not think was a good idea was to have women serve as juries; in his own words women are “incapable of rational deliberation.” Such a sweet talker right?

Hugo Munsterberg died at the age of 53 on December 17, 1916. He was giving a lecture when he died.

In the end what I really like about him was his love for music and arts. I know that’s not something in psychology but it’s something that I found to be interesting about him. Through this I can related a lot to him. I’m a big music buff and an arties person. So learning that he has a background with it makes me happy and appreciate him more…not that I didn’t in the first place.

http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/hugomunsterberg.html --> awesome website! This is where I got his childhood and his schooling. A lot of good information from this site.

http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/hugo-munsterberg.htm --> got a little info for this site, it’s the shorter one of them.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/1/2/186.pdf --> this is a document, the only information that I used from it was his death.

http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/munsterb.htm --> this site is all about Munsterberg’s work in I/O Psychology.

After reading the chapter I was most interested in learning more about Lillian Moller Gilbreth so I chose to research her. Gilbreth fits in this chapter because she applied the new psychology to making workers more productive. I am interested in Lillian Moller Gilbreth because she was a super woman; she raised a large family, basically earned two doctorates, 22 honorary degrees and had a successful career.

Gilbreth is known as the mother of modern management for ability to juggle a family and career. She was the model for all women who wanted to have both lives, then and now. Besides being a mother she was also an industrial psychologist and mechanical engineer. It could be understandable to have such a career and maybe one or two children, but Gilbreth had twelve, which makes her accomplishments even more impressive; coming from a large extended family I know some of the challenges Gilbreth certainly encountered. Perhaps because of her large household and busy life Gilbreth was the first to recognize the effects of fatigue and stress on time management.

As an industrial psychologist Gilbreth worked to improve the productivity of workers through time management, some of which are still in use today. Anything that would make a job go smoother would be put into place. Working with her husband many of the finding in the work place were taken back to the home producing a mini industry within the full Gilbreth house. Outside of the house Gilbreth worked as a consultant for the government during the Great Depression and WWII. During the Great Depression she created a national program called Share the Work, which was successful. During WWII she oversaw the conversion of various factories to war plants.

Along with time management Gilbreth also was a leader in the ergonomics movement, which looked for ways to make workers more comfortable and safe while working, which also increased productivity. Some of the inventions she is responsible for include: electric mixer, refrigerator shelves in doors and the trash can with the foot pedal opener.

What is really amazing is that Gilbreth was able to do most of this work by herself without her husband, Frank, since he died relatively young. While her husband was alive they would work together and built up successful businesses including a consulting business and workshops on training managers which was run out of their home. After Frank’s death, in 1924, Gilbreth tried to continue with the consulting business, but men were unwilling to work with a woman. She then focused her energy in the at home workshops which soon became successful and led to her teaching courses at universities to train managers.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth was an extraordinary woman who did extraordinary things despite the time frame in which she lived. To give some historical perspective, at the time her husband died, in 1924, the U.S. had just ratified the ninetieth amendment, giving women the right to vote, four years before. Sexism was still an issue throughout most, if not all, of Gilbreth’s long life. But because of her tenacity she changed industries views on productivity and worker satisfaction.

http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth.html
I used this site for background information on Lillian Moller Gilbreth and some of her work as an industrial psychologist.

http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilbreth2.html
I used this site for the information on Lillian Moller Gilbreth’s work with her husband and time management and information about Gilbreth as an industrial psychologist.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blGilbreth.htm
I used this site because it had information on Gilbreth’s work in ergonomics.

I chose to do Henry Goddard, and he fits into the chapter because he contributed a great amount to the study of heredity’s role on intelligence and mental testing. I am interested in Goddard because he was a firm believer in eugenics, like Galton, and I found his study of the Kallikak family to be of particular interest as well.

Henry Goddard in many ways can be viewed as the father of intelligence testing in the United States. All we need to do is look at his accomplishments between 1908 and 1918. He translated the Binet-Simon intelligence scale into English while distributing 22,000 copies of the test throughout the United States as well. He advocated for its use in the public schools, and established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island, although some see the intelligence testing of immigrants as controversial. He even served as a member of Robert Yerkes' Army Alpha and Beta intelligence testing team during World War One. Goddard also made large contributions to public education as well. He helped draft the first state law mandating that schools provide special education for students who qualify. He also stressed the need for public school reform by suggesting that children of average intelligence could benefit from instructional techniques originally developed for mentally challenged students.

In 1906 he began working at an institution called the Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys. He enjoyed his work with the students there, and became very interested in both the causes of mental deficiency and the teaching methods utilized by the teachers. His research facility at the school was possibly the first laboratory for the study of mentally challenged people. In 1908 he brought back the Binet-Simon intelligence test to America, translated it into English, and began administering it to students at the training school. About this time, American educators became concerned with the number of students who were older than would be expected given their grade. When the question of grade versus age became a major issue in American education, Goddard saw that the Binet scales, with which he was already working, could be used to study this issue. He found the test to be very effective and began advocating its use around the country. Ironically, Binet was extremely cautious not to attribute students' test performance to any inherent factors while as we know, Goddard was an enthusiastic follower of the hereditary belief. Goddard's advocacy of the Binet tests had two important outcomes. The mental testing approach gained popularity compared to the different techniques used by Galton and others who relied upon physical and physiological measures to estimate intelligence. Also, various forms of the Binet test, mainly revisions by Goddard and Lewis Terman, are still in use today, and a majority of current intelligence tests are based on similar methodologies. Goddard based his views on heredity from Mendel’s work on genetics. Goddard was a eugenicist, and his views on population growth were very similar to those of Francis Galton. Although both men were concerned with raising their country's overall intelligence, they differed in the approach. Galton promoted population growth among highly intelligent people, whereas Goddard focused on preventing the breeding of mentally challenged people. Goddard believed that sterilization of the mentally challenged would solve the problem, but he understood that many people would find it offensive. As an alternative, he suggested that mentally deficient individuals should be kept in humane institutions. Goddard was invited to Ellis Island to investigate how the screening process of new immigrants could be sped up in identifying mentally challenged people. He returned to the island a few years later with two of his specially trained assistants. The procedure he developed was a two-step process: One assistant would visually screen for suspected mentally challenged immigrants as they passed through the checkpoint. These individuals would then be sent to another location where the other assistant would test them with a variety of performance measures and a revised version of the Binet scales. The number of immigrants who were deported increased dramatically as a result of these screening measures. Goddard proposed definitions for a system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on intelligence quotient (IQ). Goddard used the terms moron for those with an IQ of 51-70,imbecile for those with an IQ of 26-50, and idiot for those with an IQ of 0-25 for categories of increasing impairment. These terms with relation to IQ were the standard of the field for decades. A moron, by his definition, was any person with mental age between eight and twelve. Morons, according to Goddard, were unfit for society and should be removed from society either through institutionalization, sterilization, or both. Goddard introduced the term moron while imbecile and idiot were already in use.

http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/goddard.shtml - This site does a nice job of describing some of Goddard’s most famous work and also includes a quote from Goddard himself in defense of placing mentally challenged people in institutions.

http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2011/Goddard-Henry-H-1866-1957.html - This site highlights the major contributions of Goddard including intelligence testing and the Kallikak family study.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Goddard - Wikipedia always starts by describing the major points and contributions of the person or topic and Goddard is no exception. It highlights his largest accomplishments right away and then discusses his early life followed by his time at Vineland’s school for mentally challenged children.

As I aspire to be a school teacher in life, I decided to interest myself in studies of E.W. Scripture which I followed to a work title “Education as a Science” (1892) by Granville Stanley Hall.

Much of the “Pedagogical Seminar” was directed towards describing the “old school houses,” which discussed architecture of school in terms of health and neatness and the effects. Overall, health and neatness promotes health and neatness. I could not more agree with these sentiments.

“Children are naturally geniuses.” I like this one.

In relating and integration this work to my life, it is written that all school teachers should first be psychologist so that they know what knowledge has been discovered and how to properly further discover knowledge. This is especially relative to me in that I have been recommended by some professional colleagues to further study Psychology and I declared Teaching as a major. I feel that Psychology and Education all pertain to me and my life in the topics of motivation and inspiration. So in choosing activities and classes, etc I continue to attempt to integrate these two subject areas and build new on them. In the school teacher and classroom environment, I hold value in teacher workshops and regular communication sessions to enhance communicating values and inspiration. Consistency among teaching and administration staff is so important, and one can easily assess how hygiene is valued, for example, all by nonverbal communication that predicts the values of the student population individual and at large.

Each classroom is a laboratory and a garden. Plant it, help it grow. Thanks!!

http://books.google.com/books?id=e86gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=education+as+a+science+e.w.+scripture&source=bl&ots=7rHb9fodFs&sig=raDwbqytAdLECQW58nmGkhmI9OA&hl=en&ei=bl-gToDBB7OpsAKiqaCqBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=education%20as%20a%20science%20e.w.%20scripture&f=false

pedagogical seminary

http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/scripture.html

E.W. Scripture information

http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/new_history/hist19c/subpages/wundt.html

Wundt Information Scripture's advisor

The topic I chose to research more in depth was the application of business psychology. After reading about it towards the end of the chapter and some of the founders of the science I wanted to explore this topic more. I most wanted to find the applications of business psychology in today’s society.
Psychology in business has existed ever since Hugo Munsterberg used it to determine what kind of employees would be best suited for railroad jobs. Today psychology in business tends to deal more with the marketing aspects of a product, or being able to sell a product to a customer. Also businesses today direct the aim of business psychology to enhance the efficiency of the work environment from employees to how a product gets out to the public.
Through my research I found several very interesting marketing examples that incorporate psychology to increase the odds of the success of a product. One of the strategies that really caught my attention was one that implemented Herman Ebbinghaus’s primacy effect. This strategy suggests that you get your most important details about your product across to the consumer right away so they will be most likely to remember the most important details. Another strategy is the foot in the door phenomena in which you get the customer interested in something large by getting their attention with something small. An example would be of offering someone a trial period of your product in hopes that they will like it enough to buy it. Cognitive dissonance can be a real problem for a marketer. Therefore in order to start building a positive outlook on your product a marketer must introduce the customer to a small game or survey to build a positive reputation around the product. This positive correlation will help the customer to become more interested in the product. Also another effective selling strategy is perceived expertise. A seller doesn’t necessarily have to be an expert on the product but if the seller is confident when he speaks and talks about what he is selling with confidence, a sale is more likely to happen. Lastly the concept I found most interesting having to do with marketing deals with priming. This strategy relates a memory that already exists with a product that someone wants to sell. An example would be evoking the memory of a hot summer day if you were going to sell a product that cools and refreshes like a sports drink for instance.
These are just a few examples of the many different applications of business psychology as well as just a few marketing strategies used by companies today. After doing this research I now understand how marketers are so effective at getting their message across to the consumer!

http://www.apa.org/divisions/div42/members/pubs/1998_Winter/BUSPSY4.html
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Business the first two sources I used for background information as well as some applications of business psychology.
http://www.businesspundit.com/12-practical-business-lessons-from-social-psychology/
I used the above source for examples of business psychology as they apply to marketing.

The person I chose to find more info on is Henry H. Goddard. I wanted to find some more info about his research and about him. In reading more I found some of his regrets, which were interesting. I found that by the late 1920s, Goddard had reversed many of his early opinions, he had been mistaken in most of his famous conclusions. He had begun to question the validity of the tests that were used to detect morons, and he stated emphatically that his former belief that morons could not be educated satisfactorily was wrong. In addition, he frequently voiced his new opinion that feeble-minded people should be allowed to have children, if they choose to do so. He asserted in a 1927 article for Scientific Monthly that the concept of segregation colonies had been a bad idea (Zenderland, 1998, pp. 324-326).
http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/kallikak.shtml#goddard
I was also interested in finding out more about him and his family. In doing a bit more research I found out that Goddard grew up in a devout Quaker family, which surprised me a bit.
The other person I found interesting in this chpater was James McKeen Cattell. He was not only at Columbia, but he was there for 26 years. There he kept on administering mental tests to students.
One of the more interesting thing I found about him was while using his order of merit of ranking method, Cattell compiled a "Biographical Directory of American Men of Science." He edited it through the first six editions. Now it is the "American Men of Science," and is still published today. In 1917, Cattell was dismissed from Columbia for writing letters to Congress against the practice of sending draftees into combat in WWI. He was dismissed because he wrote these letters on college stationery. He sued the college, and was awarded compensation.
http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/cattell.htm
Great video on how in WWII mental disorders were treated
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsDSUmDVzK8

I chose to research more about Alfred Binet. Binet created the first intelligence test, first known as the Binet test and now referred to as the IQ test. His main goal was to help children with limited mental capacities. In researching on the interest, I learned more about an interesting experiment that Binet conducted. Binet did a series of tests on chess players. The catch was that they were blindfolded as they played. Binet found that some players could play by memory and others could play multiple games back to back without being able to see the board or the pieces. He concluded that people could rely on their memory and recall information better when conditions required them too.
In 1880, Binet published his first work. It was an article concerning animal magnetism and hyponosis. In the information that I found on the web, sources say Binet's work was some what of an embarassment.
Overall I think that Binet was way ahead of his time. The concept of the IQ test evolved over many years, but Binet's ideas and attitudes are still respected and used in the field of psychology to this day. Binet believed that intelligence is composed of a variety of skills. I agree. Just because a person is not good in math or doesn't do the best in science, doesn't mean that they are less intelligent than someone with strives in these areas. Binet also believed that mental levels could increase with training. I agree with that as well. That doesn't mean that we can master can sunject that we take an interest in and learn more about, but it does mean that we can stimulate certain areas of the brain.
Just like DJ Minnesota, I found this chapter annoying, yet intriguing. There were lots of names and dates, but not very many questions. I think that questions are the key to success and when the author asks a lot of questions in these chapters, it gets my mind going. I still had questions of my own while reading, but unlike other chapters in this book I didn't really care about the answers or finding them on the internet.
http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Alfred%20Binet.htm
(good source, also much of the writings were sited, which helps me to think that it is reliable information)
http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/34/Alfred-Binet.html
(I have found this site useful in the past, and again it was interesting information)
http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/binet.htm
(this article was a bit lengthy, but after sifting through the information, it got the job done)

I chose to focus my research on Hugo Munsterberg because he was very interesting to me. He was a man of who stood for his beliefs regardless of what the consequences would be. This eventually led to him being highly disliked by a lot of Americans. Munsterberg also did a lot in his lifetime to advance the application of psychology. If these things were not enough he was also emphatically rejected the beliefs of one very well known psychologist. It is a compilation of all of these things that made me want to learn more about Munsterberg.
When Munsterberg came to America he made a name for himself. He did a lot of writing and had many publications about a host of different things. Hugo never did gain American citizenship, and he saw himself as an ambassador for the United States and Germany. He would spend time trying to help both sides see the good qualities in one another. He also wrote articles that attack the American culture and stated that America as a society struggled with focusing on one things for an extended period of time. At one point this appear as a good things that he was doing however; it did not turn out well for him in the end. As the war began people in America began to see Germans as the enemy. As Munsterberg tried to get them to look at things from the Germans point of view Americans began to dislike him. Hugo was accused of being a spy and became and outcast in America.
One of Munsterberg’s key contributions to applied psychology had to do with legal situations. His research was focused on eye witness testimony. What was found in his research was that there were many different factors that may to do with what a witness claims to have seen. For example he found that witnesses sometime have false memories about things that happen even when the event is fresh in their mind. By knowing this it would be near impossible to say that someone testifying was giving an accurate account of an event months down the line. This kind of research has proved essential to the things that happen in trial with eye witnesses.
Munsterberg attacked the theories of Freud claiming that the unconscious had no impact on the way individuals behaved. He believed that there was a better way to understand why people behaved the way they did. He also believed that if a person of authority were to suggest to a patient do something that power would cause the person to do it. Hugo did not have a problem spreading the word to others that he disagreed with Freud. Although he disagreed a lot he refused to have a face to face confrontation with Freud. When he heard that Freud would be coming to America to speak he actually left the country in order to avoid him.
As you can see Hugo Munsterberg was a psychologist who had a lot of different things going on during his lifetime. From being called a spy to bad mouthing another fellow psychologist there was probably not too many dull moments in his lifetime. Besides those things Munsterberg did contribute some great things to the field of psychology. He advanced the feel in ways that directly affect our lives even nowadays.
http://www.visualnews.com/2011/08/25/5-facts-about-hugo-munsterberg-the-father-of-forensic-psychology/ - Discussed him being accused of being a spy. Discussed his rejection of Freudianism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg – an overview of his life and works of Munsterberg.

http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/hugomunsterberg.html - information about on the witness stand research.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Munster/Witness/ - Information about on the witness stand research.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Terman
This website explained Terman’s life story.
http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/terman.shtml
This URL discussed Terman’s work with the gifted
http://www.nndb.com/people/478/000165980/
This site also discussed Terman’s work with the gifted and the army.

a) Lewis Terman
b) Terman created the famous IQ
c) I’m interested in Terman because his career path would hopefully mimic mine someday and I was in talented and gifted classes in grade school

Lewis Terman was a psychologist who studied intelligence differences. One thing I discovered about Terman was that at one point in time he was a school teacher. I love this because I would love to start off as a high school guidance counselor, and then maybe someday become a professor.

Terman’s biggest work was his work at Stanford. He revised the Binet intelligence scale and added his most popular contribution, the Intelligence Quotient. The new intelligence scale soon came to be the most popular scale in the 1920’s, and was the scale for the National Intelligence Tests of this time. The success of Terman’s new scale is what catapulted him into working at Stanford. His success also carried over into the military, and his scale was used in intelligence tests for the army.

Next Terman did research in the field. He conducted a longitudinal study with a large sample, something that had never been done before in psychology. There were around fifteen hundred children in the study who had an IQ of at least 135. He wanted to see if these children were not only gifted intellectually, but also emotionally, psychologically, etc. He gave them personality tests as well as did other experiments to observe this. His control was a group of average intelligence children. Terman discovered that these children were gifted in multiple areas, not just intelligence. This was the same throughout their lives.

Not only did Lewis Terman work with intelligence tests, but he also worked with achievement tests. These are tests that measure school learning. He played a role in the first test of its kind, the Stanford Achievement Test.

I decided to do my research on Henry H. Goddard. Goddard fit into this chapter in that he was said to have brought Binet's testing into America. He was also responsible in extending Binet's work into different "mental ages," quickly becoming a leading advocate for the Binet-Simon tests. He is also very well known for his research on eugenics. I chose to study this man because I find him to be extremely interesting to read about, and I very much enjoyed the portion on him and mental testing in the book.

It's interesting that I had never heard much about Henry Herbert Goddard before this chapter, since he had a huge impact on psychology. Among his many accomplishments are: being the first to translate the Binet tests for American usage, introducing the term "moron" into the field of psychology, led the way for the use of intelligence tests in many different areas, and assisted in writing the first law stating that handicapped individuals get special education in the school systems. It's crazy that Goddard isn't one of the most well-known psychologists today; it seems like he had a huge influence in the field.

Goddard worked as the director of research at the Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys in New Jersey. This school was the first laboratory ever recorded to study mental retardation. It was here that he introduced the words "moron", "idiot", and "imbecile" to the field, using the words related to an individual's IQ and mental age. According to Goddard, the people referred to as "morons" should be immediately removed from society. He even went so far as to suggest that such individuals be segregated in a place away from the rest of the world! Biased and horrible as that may sound, Goddard's studies on such individuals was pretty groundbreaking.

Goddard was perhaps most well-known for his work entitled The Kallikak Family. Basically, Goddard came to the conclusion that a group of relatives was descended from one individual. He later discovered that the man had taken up with a "feeble-minded woman," giving birth to generations of criminals. Therefore, Goddard assumed that this was a "race of defective degenerates," blaming the feeble-minded woman for the family's wrong-doings. His research methods were obviously quite skewed; however, the research was very popular at that time.

Goddard was also a huge advocate of eugenics. Although he understood that such a thing would not be possible, he was all for the idea of sterilizing certain people. He made a lot of advances in studying the results of intelligence testing of immigrants and soldiers as well.

Later on in his life, Goddard understood that some of his work was probably a bit biased, and he admitted as such to the general public. He even went so far as to admit that his previous work, The Kallikak Family, was probably totally irrelevant to today's studies; I can't see many psychologists admitting such a thing. Thus, Goddard dedicated his later life to improving education and working towards better child-rearing practices.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Goddard
This was a very detailed biography on Goddard.

http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Goddard/
This was Goddard's actual work, The Kallikak Family. Very interesting read.

http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/goddard.shtml
This gave a decent amount of information on Goddard's research and studies on eugenics.

For my person research I decided to break lose and look into Lillian Gilbreth. I skimmed over her a little in the reading but did not pay much attention to her or what she did. I tend to research the ones that are the minority. Therefore a woman in this field is minor.

Lillian was knows as the mother of modern management and America’s first lady of engineering. She was also the first lady to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Lillian was an American psychologist and industrial engineer, and one of the first woman engineers to have a Ph.D. Lillian was also a superwoman, she was able to career with her home life, and for this to happen in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s was by far amazing. She had the opportunity to speak at the University of California commencement. Her husband and she made a great team of science and engineering.
Lillian Evelyn Moller married Frank Bunker Gilbreth in 1904 and was parents of twelve children. The children consisted of six boys and six girls. Two of her children then wrote the movie and book cheaper by the dozen in 1949. Mr. and Mrs. were able to manage the consulting firm of Gilbreth, Inc. The two made a wonderful pair and were able to further science and engineering. The two were able to collaborate on the development of motion study as an engineering and management technique. May I also note that the Frank, her husband never went to college he was a brick layer.

Lillian excelled in high school and wanted to study literature and music, however her father did not believe in higher education for woman. Lillian was able to persuade her father into letting her attend the University of California at Berkeley while still living at home and maintaining her family duties. I found this to be very interesting because now a day it is strongly pressed to attend college. Yes, she was able to attend college but still was maintaining her duties at home. In 1900 she obtained her B.A. in Literature. Later she received her Master’s in Literature. After she met her husband they together started their studies in scientific management principles. She was later on a mission to receive her Doctorate in psychology while raising four children at home. This interested me in so many ways. This is why I wrote about her education. She went from literature to management principles to psychology. I was completely shocked how one can jump from topic to topic and be so great and everything when her father never believed in a woman receiving high education. Yet Lillian was strong enough to go to school to get her doctorate. Just beyond amazing! And yes at one point she lectured at Purdue University.
Lillian used combined perspectives of an engineer, psychologist, wife and a mother to help her in her studies and teaching. Her work included marketing research for Johnson and Johnson in 1926. With her efforts they wanted to improve woman’s spending decisions during the first years of the Great Depression. She also was able to help companies with their management departments. “In 1926, when Johnson & Johnson hired Lillian as a consultant to do marketing research on sanitary napkins., the firm benefited in three ways. First, it could use her training as a psychologist in measuring and the analysis of attitudes and opinions. Second, it could give her the experience of an engineer who specializes in the interaction between bodies and material objects. Third, she would be a public image as a mother and a modern career woman to build consumer trust.” I did not know any other way to word this, it’s a direct clipping from Wikipedia. Once her husband passed away Lillian was offered a job with the government. President Hoover asked her to join the Emergency Committee for Unemployment. While she was placed on this committee, she created a successful nationwide program. "Share the Work," was a program that created many new jobs. “During World War II, Lillian worked has a consultant for the government. She oversaw the conversion of factories to military bases and war plants. Lillian is credited with many inventions. These inventions include the foot-pedal trash can and refrigerator door shelves.” What she did was just amazing. I wish I was able to find more in detail about her aspects of psychology but did not achieve that. Some of the inventions that she aided and was credited for are still in use today.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth
with this website I was able find detail about her work that her and her husband did. I was able to find if some of my other sources were misleading or had a mix up of information. This however did not happen.
http://www.engineergirl.org/?id=11843
I was able to read what she did after her husband had passed away. And the interesting items that she got credit for.
http://gilbrethnetwork.tripod.com/bio.html
This website abled me to know more about her husband and her without looking at other sites!
http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth.html
This is the site that I was able to find all of my vial information. I found this site very rewarding and informal about what she did and what she had to deal with.