Reading Activity Week #8 (Due Monday)

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how this section took the complicated concept of contingencies and really simplified it down with easy to understand examples and chart. Having a good grasp of contingencies in this unit was important because much of the information after was built around this idea.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I liked most of this section because everything correlated well and there was enough examples and practice opportunities to understand the concepts. The one thing I didn’t like as much is how much information was in this section, just because it took longer to understand and be comfortable with the concepts then usual.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember what discriminative task means. I will remember this because the example of the dog having to differentiate between the circle and oval, was used in earlier sections so it was easy to connect the information. Also we have already learned about generalization and discrimination in section 2.4.
I will remember the idea of taste aversion. This is because I have experienced this a few times with having a bad experience or puking out a food, and me not enjoying the food for a long period of time after because of the association that taste has with the aversive feeling. This association was made after only one experience.
I will remember trace conditioning. This is because, when reading over examples I realized that most of the situations involve this type of conditioning. One of these examples includes Pavlov’s salivation experiment, which is a main emphasis of this section.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how this section was compact, and easy to understand. This unlike most sections took me less then 5 minutes to fully read and comprehend.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like the extra amount of history put into this section. I know this reading was supposed to be oriented around Watson’s history, but I feel there was not a lot of applicable behavior modification knowledge.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between structuralism and functionalism. This difference lies in structuralism means breaking down the psychological experience into small units, and functionalism is traits are based on their survival value. I will remember this because of the opportunity in the reading to practice this difference, and this information was added on to my previous knowledge.
I will remember Watson believes in behaviorism, which says behaviors are learned through adjusting to our environment through habit and reflex. I will remember this because of his quote about being able to form any baby into a specific specialist like doctor, lawyer, or criminal. This knowledge he bases on being able to make baby Albert afraid of anything furry.
I will remember that just like being able to instill fear in someone through pairing it an aversive feeling, you can also take away fear by pairing it with a pleasant neutral stimulus. I will remember this because it makes sense it should work both ways, and I was able to connect the term systematic desensitization with my other classes.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 =
6 Day 2 =
7 Day 3 = 5
Day 4 = 8
Day 5 = 7
Day 6 =
8 Day 7 = 8

Average = 7

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Contingencies, discriminative task, generalization, discrimination, taste aversion, aversive, trace conditioning, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, neutral stimulus, systematic desensitization.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
What I enjoyed most about this section was how it was able to break down this complicated topic into its individual parts. There was a small section for each as well as many examples, which made it easier to fill out the activity sections. I also enjoyed the diagrams because it is easier to read the processes and the see how they are used on a chart immediately after.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I believe all of the information was presented very well individually but as a whole I found it difficult to keep track of which idea was which. This was partly due to the abbreviations of old terms such as Conditions Stimulus and Conditioned Response as well as the addition of new terms like excitatory conditioning.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the concepts and differences of excitatory and inhibitory conditioning because these are terms I was unaware of prior to this reading. Excitatory being the predictor of an unconditioned response and inhibitory being the opposite effect. Another thing I will remember from this section is the idea from Rescorla that it was not the number of times that predicted how effective a conditioned stimulus would be but how meaningful it is to the subject to begin with. The last thing I will remember is how a conditioned emotional response is formed when an electric shock is paired with a stimulus.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I enjoyed how short and to the point this section was. As there is not much to say about John B. Watson other than his stance on behaviorism and his participation with the “Little Albert Study,” it was a very good refresher about the information.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
What I disliked about this section was the information about the affair Watson had with Raynor as it was not pertinent to the behavioral modification aspect. Although interesting information, it is not necessary.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between structuralism, which is understanding the basic elements of human behavior, and functionalism which is the idea that each present trait must somehow be beneficial for survival. Another thing I will remember is how John B. Watson had no plans to desensitize Albert because he was not sure it was even possible and that Jones learned how to do it with food. The last thing I will remember is how systematic desensitization is used to help treat phobias such as fear of flying.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =4 16oz
Day 2 =4 16oz
Day 3 =3.5 16oz
Day 4 =3 160z
Day 5 =4 16oz
Day 6 =4 16oz
Day 7 =2 16 oz
Average =3.5

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Conditions Stimulus, excitatory conditioning, unconditioned response, conditioned emotional response, stimulus, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism, and systematic desensitization.

Section 3.3

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the examples using the different lengths of conditioning (trace conditioning, long-delay conditioning, short-delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and backwards conditioning.) It was nice trying to figure out the UR, US, CR, and CS because it got me thinking about how they would actually apply in the real world. However, I wasn’t very good with the backwards conditioning one.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like learning about experimental neurosis and how Pavlov used discrimination training on dogs so that they’d learn how to discriminate between a circle that signaled the arrival of food (excitatory conditioning) and an eclipse, which signaled there would be no food (inhibitory conditioning). Both became conditioned stimuli, but Pavlov began to manipulate the circle and the eclipse until they became extremely similar, eliciting the dogs to emit symptoms of insanity (experimental neurosis). I thought this was a pretty horrible thing to do to dogs, even if there were advancements in the psychological field because of it.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. Conditioned emotional response. I don’t entirely understand why it’s called this, considering that it seems to operate the same way that classical conditioning does, but I’m pretty sure that’s why I’ll remember it (it involves a shock versus some other kind of unconditioned stimulus). Basically, it’s just a neutral stimulus (tone) that precedes an unconditioned stimulus (shock) that results in an unconditioned response (freeze up). According to the Law of Exercise, if it’s repeated enough times, the neutral stimulus (tone) will become a conditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response will become a conditioned response.

b. Trace conditioning. This refers to the temporal (time) relationship between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. I’ll remember this because it’s kind of obvious that the neutral stimulus would occur before the unconditioned stimulus, otherwise the unconditioned stimulus would become the conditioned stimulus, and the process would be obsolete because the unconditioned stimulus would cause the unconditioned reaction anyways, and the neutral stimulus wouldn’t be able to warn the creature of the oncoming unconditioned stimulus, therefore it would be useless. (US (shock) neutral stimulus (tone)  UR (freeze up)) There’s no use for the neutral stimulus in this situation.

c. Taste aversion. I thought this was interesting because it’s definitely happened to me in the context of drinking (vodka is off limits now). But the reason I’ll probably remember it is because of what they said related to cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and that they’re advised not to eat their favorite foods so that they don’t develop a taste aversion to them—very interesting.

Section 3.4
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked going into detail about systematic desensitization I’ve already learned quite a bit about it in recent years, but its effectiveness and the procedures that are used for it still amaze me.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t like that Little Albert became conditioned to be afraid of all things furry, even teddy bears. I think that may have gone a little too far, although the initial experiment seemed harmless enough (back then, rats weren’t really kept as pets, so it was probably a good thing to be afraid of them, since it meant there were pests in your home and wild ones can be dangerous, possibly carrying disease.) The fact that the child became afraid of all furry animals suggests that the conditioning might have gone on longer than was necessary to adequately perform classical conditioning on the infant to learn a fear of rats, and ended up conditioning the child that anything furry was scary.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. Method of introspection. I think I’ll remember this because I often have to remind myself (especially when watching Ghost Adventures) that people’s perceptions of events—even the same event that we’re experiencing together—can be drastically different based on our history and outlook on the world; it also reminds me that people can be influenced by other people’s perceptions (ex. Every religion that has ever existed).

b. Systematic desensitization. I’ll remember this because in other psychology classes and on my own I’ve done a bit of research on phobias and how they can be reduced through this technique. I think it could be very traumatizing if not done properly, and I think I’d flip out once or twice if I were being desensitized to spiders, but it has definitely proven to be a very effective treatment of phobias.

c. Behaviorism. I’ll remember this because I’ve learned about it in other classes as well as believing in the validity of this branch of psychology. For the last assignment, we were to research something that we had covered in a prior section and report on it. I had chosen ‘conditioned response,’ and learned that phobias were one of the best examples of conditioned responses. I came to realize that as children, we are not born with these phobia or fears—we are merely curious of the world, and have no problems beyond getting adequate food, sleep, and cleanings. It makes a lot of sense that we would have to be taught what to fear and how to love, just as we are taught language and how to function within our respective societies.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 72 oz.
Day 2 = 64 oz.
Day 3 = 68 oz.
Day 4 = 60 oz.
Day 5 = 64 oz.
Day 6 = 50 oz.
Day 7 = 64 oz.
Average = 63 oz.

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

Terms: experimental neurosis, conditioned stimuli, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, discrimination training, eliciting, emit, CER (conditioned emotional response), classical conditioning, neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, Law of Exercise, trace conditioning, temporal relationship, taste aversion, backwards conditioning, short-delay conditioning, long-delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, method of introspection, systematic desensitization, Behaviorism.

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked that was in this section was the pictures and diagrams of the tests that were ran. It made it much easier to understand the process of the conditioning experiments with the animals.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the onset and offset section because I do not feel that it was explained adequately. Also, the graph of all the different types of conditioning was confusing and not explained well either.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from this section is that a positive contingency is when something neutral becomes a conditioned stimulus. I will remember this because it is something we have been learning about all semester, we're just applying a new vocabulary word to it.
Another thing I will remember from this section is that positive contingencies is also called Excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies is called inhibitory conditioning because these are new vocabulary words as well.
Lastly, I will remember that a conditioned taste aversion is when the taste of something triggers a nausea feeling within in us, typically from past experiences. I thought the drinking too much liquor example was good and made the definition clear.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section was Watson's belief that you can learn just as much experimenting on animals as you can on humans and vice versa as they are all on a continuum. I agree with this completely, as I have said in my past blogs that there are some animal experiments that could easily be done on humans and be much less frightening to them than the animals (such as the eye blink test).
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I thought the section could have gone into more detail on structuralist vs. functionalist. I remembered more about the two from high school and intro to psychology than was given in the section.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from this section is the three basic reflex emotions we are believed to be born with : Fear, Rage, and Love. I had never heard of these specific emotions and thought it was interesting and made sense to me.
I also will remember the Little Albert experiment, as I have previously learned about it and it really makes classical conditioning more clear.
Another thing I will remember is systematic desensitization is a way to help reduce fears and phobias through various visualization and relaxation techniques.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =8
Day 2 =8
Day 3 =7
Day 4 =6.5
Day 5 =6.5
Day 6 =7
Day 7 =8
Average =7.3

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Onset, Offset, positive and negative contingency, condition stimulus, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning,taste aversion,structuralist,functionalist, classical conditioning, and basic reflex emotions.

1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
- I really enjoyed learning about positive contingencies because they were simple and easy to understand. The example of thunder and lightning was perfect since when I was younger I knew the brighter the lightning, the louder the thunder would be. Another example would be just getting a good tip as a waitress would make one work hard to get a good tip which is a positive reinforcement.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I did not like the examples for conditioning emotional response because they did not give you the answers at the end. This caused me to second guess myself and not know if I am doing it correctly. It just gets me a little confused at first.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember positive contingencies because I figured they were pretty simple but I did get slightly confused about excitatory contingencies and inhibitory contingencies. Is it just positive vs negative contingencies? So excitatory would be a positive signal that the UR will be present and the inhibitory would be a negative signal that the UR will not be present. I will also remember the discrimination training which is just a review from the previous chapters. Classical conditioning methods tie into discriminative stimulus and contingencies. The last thing I will remember is the conditioned emotional response and how their can be many different forms of conditioning such as trace conditioning and simultaneous conditioning.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I enjoyed reviewing about John B. Watson’s study on Little Albert and behaviorist manifesto. I section I liked the most was the study following it with Mary Cover Jones’s Study over systematic desensitization which is not really talked about in our history classes about psychology. I found that study very interesting.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-The one thing I did not like about this section was how much it talked about the Little Albert study because I have already learned about that study in so many other classes. Almost the whole chapter is over that study when I would have loved to hear more about the other.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will obviously remember the Little Albert study since I have learned so much about it in the past as well as behaviorist manifesto using conditioned emotional response. That poor child should not have been used like that and I don’t think it is right to do it now. I do however think using the other study (which is the second thing I will remember) over systematic desensitization is okay. Instead of instilling fear, the psychologist are figuring out how to help a person to get over fears and phobias. The last thing I will remember is the review over structuralism and functionalist since it is also a review from past classes.
7a)
Day 1 = 70 oz
Day 2 = 64 oz
Day 3 = 64 oz
Day 4 = 56 oz
Day 5 = 56 oz
Day 6 = 70 oz
Day 7 = 78 oz
Average =65.4

7) TERMS: positive contingencies, positive reinforcement, conditioning emotional response, excitatory contingencies, inhibitory contingencies, negative, positive, discrimination training, classical conditioning methods, discriminative stimulus, contingencies, simultaneous conditioning, trace conditioning, John B. Watson, Little Albert, behaviorist manifesto, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, phobia, structuralism, functionalism

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really like all the boxes involved in this section, even though I am confused I still fill out the boxes and hopefully with the boxes I can figure out where I’m going wrong or where my thinking/confusion is off.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I really disliked about this section was the usage of CS, US, CR, UR, and neutral stimulus, mainly because I have yet to have a grip on what exactly those are and how to apply them to other situations besides Pavlov’s dog example, as I try to grasp the information still I find that I am still having trouble. So now that there are even more definitions and subcategories involved I am currently very confused, however, I plan on asking questions in class and hopefully clear everything up.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember is positive contingencies, occurs when the CS predicts or signals the arrival of the US in regards to increasing that the US will occur, and negative contingencies is the same thing expect in regards to the US decreasing in likelihood it will occur. This is important to understand and remember because it is the cause and effect likelihood of a stimulus. The second thing I will remember is taste aversion and conditioning, which is when a food is associated with a toxic consequence. This is important to remember because it is a form of behavior modification, specifically positive punishment. The third thing I will remember is all the other types of conditioning such as: stimulus conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning. The graphs are important to remember in regards to the other types of conditioning because the graph helps understand different ways that positive and negative contingencies can occur, especially how and when they occur.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I really liked about this section was it was interesting and the great thing about online books is you can click on the links and be able to watch videos assigned easily. It was also very short and to the point, which I liked.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t really find anything I disliked, however, I felt like the “Little Albert” story was not only a bit redundant but also unnecessary to use as a examples, mainly on the account that that type of research isn’t really used anymore, maybe an examples a bit more modern.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember is systematic desensitization, which is a behavioral method used to help one overcome phobias or fears. I also thought that this type of behavior modification was always fascinating and an interesting way to desensitize fears. It is also important to remember because it is a form of behavior modification. The second thing I will remember is the differences between structuralism, which breaks down the psychological experience into smaller units, and functionalism, which we believe possess traits and ability for our survival rates in their regards to time psychology. These are important to remember because they are the differences in learning to adjust to the environment. The third thing I will remember is the difference between the Little Albert study and Mary Cover Jones’s study; how Mrs. Jones’s was the first to recognize the systematic desensitization and put it to use to control Peter’s fear. This is important to remember because it shows how systematic desensitization works.
7) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 70 oz
Day 2 = 66 oz
Day 3 = 72 oz
Day 4 = 64 oz
Day 5 = 66 oz
Day 6 = 60 oz
Day 7 = 64 oz
Average = 66 oz
7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
CS, US, CR, UR, and neutral stimulus, consequence, stimulus conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning, positive contingencies, negative contingencies, stimulus, taste aversion, positive punishment, behavior modification, systematic desensitization, structuralism, functionalism

1. What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the section on taste aversion. It is when a taste is associated with something that made the person sick. I liked this because I was able to easily relate to it. When I was young I had this happen to me with chicken nuggets. Everyone else in my family was sick so it wasn’t the food but for a long time I wouldn’t eat chicken nuggets.

2. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing that I liked the least about this section was that the links for the answers to the examples did not work. It would have been helpful to see the answers to know if I was right.

3. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember simultaneous conditioning. Simultaneous conditioning is when the onset and offset of the CS and US happen at the same time. I will also remember what positive and negative contingencies are. A positive contingency is when the CS predicts the US. An example of this would be lightning and thunder. A negative contingency signals that the likelihood that the US will occur is decreased. A positive contingency is also called excitatory conditioning. Negative contingencies are also called inhibitory conditioning.

4. What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was learning about the Little Albert experiment. This was an experiment were Watson conditioned a fear of fluffy animals in a 9 month old child. The child was not afraid of the animal until Watson conditioned him with loud sounds.

5. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The one thing that I liked the least in this section was introduction. I felt that the part about Watson finding no relationship between myelination in the brain and the rat’s ability to learn had nothing to do with the rest of the chapter.

6. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that structuralism breaks down psychology into smaller pieces. These small pieces could then be used as the building blocks for more complex things. Functionalist believed that abilities and traits exist because they increase the organism’s survival rate. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral method used to treat people’s phobias. This method can help people overcome their fears in a systematic way.

7. Day 1 =5 8 oz. glasses
Day 2 =7
Day 3 =6
Day 4 =5.5
Day 5 =3
Day 6 =7
Day 7 =4
Average =5.35

8. Terms used: taste aversion, simultaneous conditioning, positive contingency, negative contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, Little Albert experiment, structuralism, functionalists, systematic desensitization,

1. I liked the general application of classical conditioning to my life. Most books just give historical perspectives on these techniques but actually seeing how they can be applied to everyday behaviors is much more rewarding. One of the websites he gave us (http://www.utexas.edu/courses/svinicki/ald320/CCOC.html) provided many applied scenarios of when CC and OP could be used.

2. I disliked trying to come up with examples for negative contingencies. If I am correct, a negative contingency signals the likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will occur is decreased. To me this is a confusing definition and the examples that follow do not help illustrate. One example is the weather station that doesn't predict the rain well at all. In this instance, the US would be rain and since the weather station cannot predict well, they will claim it is going to rain and it will not actually rain and vice versa. I think I confused myself more by writing this paragraph so I will just ask questions in class. In addition, I found the diagrams/pictures in this section difficult to follow because I didn't know what paragraph they pertained too. Lastly, I couldn't find the answers to the practice problems he gave us in this section.

3. I understand the definition of a positive contingency being the positive relationship between a conditioned stimulus that was once a neutral stimulus eliciting the unconditioned response (US) which would now be referred to as the CR. This is the basis behind classical conditioning. An example would be a tone (neutral/CS) eliciting an eye blink (CR) in the absence of a puff of an air puff (US). Next I understand that trace conditioning is the most common presentation of a CS. Trace conditioning involves the CS being presented slightly before the US in the hopes of establishing a positive contingency. The CS is presented then stopped, followed by the presentation of the US. Backwards conditioning is the opposite, where an US is presented and then stopped, followed by the introduction of a CS.

4. I found the subject of systematic desensitization to be interesting because it too is an applied aspect of psychology that can contribute to a persons reduction in phobia/anxiety. If I am not mistaken, cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on systematic desensitization to reduce the symptoms of a variety of mental illnesses.

5. There was nothing I disliked in the section. However I understand how people could be upset over the Little Albert study. His mother removed him from the study before the fear could be desensitized and we have no idea if this affected Albert throughout his childhood. It would have been interesting to see what method Watson used to eliminate the fear from Albert. Mary Cover Jones used food as a desensitization technique by pairing it with a CR.

6. I already knew about the LA study but this information further cemented it into my brain. I got more of a personal approach to Watson's life which was somewhat informative. I understand the difference between structuralists and functionalists. Functionalists believe that if a trait exists then it must have an effect on survival. Structuralists attempted to break down a behavior or a set of behaviors into basic elements, it could then evaluated and reconstructed to understand human beings better. Lastly, I found that having a fear of flying is irrational in terms of dying because a person has about a 1/52.6 million chance of dying on a plane. There is about 5 times more of a chance that an asteroid will plummet to earth and end civilization than a plane crash happening. Interesting.

7.
day 1= 6
day 2= 6
day 3= 7
day 4= 7
day 5= 5
day 6= 8
day 7= 8
average 7 glasses per day

terms: systematic desensitization, classical conditioning, positive contingencies, negative contingencies, US, CS, UR, CR, trace conditioning, backwards conditioning, elicit, functionalists, structuralists,

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked the diagrams demonstrating the different types of orders of presentation. Had it just been written out I would've been totally lost. But easy visual diagrams like that made it so much easier.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I dislike how some things in the summary were worded. Like how conditioned stimuli works on rats or rabbits. It gets a little confusing and makes it sound like these sorts of conditioning applies to specifically rats and rabbits. It could've been worded better.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember the different types of orders of presentation, I will remember the difference between inhibitory and excitatory conditioning and I will remember the example given of Pavlov's dogs discriminating between circles and ovals.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really like how systematic desensitization was explained and broken down step-by-step with the fear of flying example.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I supposed I dislike how brief the definitions of structuralists and functionalists were. I would have liked to go more in depth with these new terms and discovered more about psychologists who believe in both subjects. But it wasn't absolutely necessary to the section, so it's not a big deal.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember the story of Little Albert, especially since I covered this topic in last Wednesday's assignment. I will remember how systematic desensitization can be broken down bit-by-bit. I will remember Mary Cover Jones and how she used systematic desensitization to help a 3 year old conquer his fears.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 8 cups
Day 2 = 8c
Day 3 = 7c
Day 4 = 9c
Day 5 = 5c
Day 6 = 8c
Day 7 = 3c
Average = 6.9c

Terminology: Order of presentation, conditioned stimuli, inhibitory conditioning, excitatory conditioning, discrimination, systematic desensitization, structuralist, functionalist,

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the review of a lot of examples to write down the CR, UR, CS, and US. this helped me remember what the differences are and what i need to know as well as apply it to the real world.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
on thing that i disliked was all of the information. there was so much of it and it confused me, especially the types of conditioning; simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward. it was really hard for me to remember the differences between all of them as well as just understand them. the examples were extremely hard to come up with.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) a positive contingency occurs when an associate develops to an extent where the CS predicts the US.
b) I also will remember the section about classical conditioning and it’s mention of the eye blink procedure and electrical shock. In psychology we are often reminded of the eye blink experiments with rabbits and the shock experiments with rats.
c) i will remember taste aversion because it has happened to me. they talked about chemo patients being advised to not eat their favorite foods. when i was sick in the hospital, the medication and treatments i was getting caused this and i still cannot eat certain things.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
one thing that i liked about this section was the videos. this really helped me learn about the situations and gave me good insight.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
i wasnt fond of the “Little Albert” story because it was bit redundant and also unnecessary to use as a examples. it didnt seem like they are used anymore so maybe if the examples were a bit more modern.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember how systematic desensitization works because I have began using this technique when it comes to dealing with my social anxieties and depression.
b)Watson thought there are three emotions that we are born with; fear, rage, and love
c) differences between functionalism, which we believe possess traits and ability for our survival rates in their regards to time psychology and structuralism: which breaks down the psychological experience into smaller units. These are important to remember because they are the differences in learning to adjust to the environment.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =4
Day 2 =6
Day 3 =5
Day 4 =8
Day 5 =5
Day 6 =7
Day 7 =9
Average =6.3

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
conditioning; simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward. CS,US, CR UR classical conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, systematic desensitization, taste aversion, positive contingency

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the visual diagrams and filling out the boxes for the US,CS,UR,US. This helped me understand the topics better and also it was great review from the following week when we were introduced two these topics.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The beginning of this section really confused me with all the vocab being introduced at the very beginning and not all explained once at a time but more all together.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember from this section is that when a positive contingency occurs a CS predicts the US. This is a good thing to remember from this section. I will also remember that Different conditioning procedures may be used for
humans and non-humans. This is good to know because not all test can be used for both. The last thing I will remember from this section is that taste aversion is a conditioning that does not have to be learned in that only one instance of experiencing toxic effects paired with eating or drinking something is enough to make the taste or smell of that food or drink unpleasant

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked about this section was discussing the air bed theory. This idea is very different because the baby is like in a box type thing with its on temp and humidity.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I didn't like about this section was that when it came to filling out the boxes for this section it was a little bit more challenging because of the topics. I wish there would have been more examples with vocab.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things I will remember from this section is that Discrimination training involves differential reinforcement. Some responses are reinforced while others are not. The next thing I will remember from this section is that Type S is classical conditioning where the stimulus generally comes before the response. The third thing I will remember is that systematic desensitization is a way to help reduce fears and phobias through various visualization and relaxation techniques

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =6
Day 2 =5
Day 3 =7
Day 4 =6
Day 5 =5
Day 6 =7
Day 7 =8
Average =6,2

7) US,CS,UR,US.positive contingency,taste aversion,Discrimination training,Type S,systematic desensitization

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked in this section was the part about conditioned taste aversion. I liked this section because it was easy to relate to. There are some foods that I don’t like to eat or drink because they remind me of a time that I got sick after eating them. For example, I used to eat fast food often when I was younger. I liked it and so I continued eating it as an adult. However, a few years ago I ate fast food that was not high quality. The food was soggy with grease and, sparing the details, I got very sick afterward. I associated getting sick with eating at a particular fast food chain, and have since generalized that feeling to all fast food. I have not eaten fast food since, because even seeing TV commercials for that particular place makes my stomach a little queasy. It is interesting that it only takes one time of experiencing an aversive consequence to develop a taste aversion that can last for years.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I didn’t like was the part about negative or inhibitory contingencies, because I didn’t think that they were explained very well. It was difficult to come up with examples because I don’t think I understand the material well. Something I came up with, which could be wrong, might be if someone has proven themselves to be unreliable then you are unlikely to trust them when they say they will do something for you.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) One thing that I will remember from this section is positive or excitatory contingencies. I will remember this because it is what we usually think of when we think about classical conditioning. It is just another set of names for when a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response from an organism.

b) Another thing that I will remember is that discrimination training is when both positive and negative contingencies are used to condition responses. In Pavlov’s experiment he used a circle to designate a positive contingency, and an ellipse to designate a negative contingency. Discrimination training can result in experimental neurosis when an organism can no longer tell the difference between positive and negative stimuli.

c) Finally, I will remember that temporal relationship is important for successful conditioning. For example, in trace conditioning the conditioned stimulus comes before the unconditioned stimulus. This is the most common type of conditioning. There is also simultaneous conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together. Backwards conditioning is when the unconditioned stimulus comes before the conditioned stimulus, but this type of conditioning is not very effective.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked in this section was the video showing Watson’s experiment on Little Albert. Although I agree that the experiment is unethical, it is easy to see why it was an important discovery. It was interesting to actually see how Little Albert became more fearful of the animals over time, it was also interesting to watch knowing that an experiment like this can’t be conducted again.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I didn’t like in this section was how it told that Little Albert was never desensitized to the fear of animals that he was conditioned to. I understand why his mother would pull him out of the experiment, but I think that an effort should have been made to at least try to reduce Albert’s fear of animals. Since it is apparently unknown how long his fear lasted, it is impossible to know how this may have affected the rest of his life. Of course, this is likely one of the reasons why an experiment like this is considered unethical today.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember that the Little Albert experiment showed that it is possible to condition someone to be afraid of something that they were previously not afraid of. Watson used an aversive stimulus, in Albert’s case it was loud noise, and paired it with a pleasant stimulus, for Albert this was furry animals. Little Albert came to associate the presence of an animal with the presence of loud noise, and so he became afraid of the animals. Someone could possibly develop a phobia like this to their basement, for example. If they are not afraid of going down into the basement, but then start hearing strange noises coming from the basement, they may eventually start being scared of the basement and other dark places.

b) I will remember that structuralism is a bottom-up approach to psychology. Structuralists believe that each part of human nature can be broken down into simple concepts. These simple traits can then lead to more complex traits. In contrast, functionalism is a top-down approach. Functionalists believe that human traits develop for survival. They believe that traits that are not useful will disappear.

c) Finally, I will remember that systematic desensitization is a step-by-step method of reducing fear associated with a phobia. This method helps the patient confront their fear by starting with stimuli that elicit a small amount of fear, such as mental images or pictures, and eventually works its way up to stimuli that elicit large amounts of fear, such as the animal or activity that the patient is afraid of. By gradually introducing more aversive stimuli, and teaching the patient techniques for relaxing when the stimuli elicit fear, it is hoped that the patient can overcome their phobia. An example for someone who is afraid of swimming could be to start them in a pool that only has a water level that comes up to their knees. After they have learned to handle that, they could move to a waist level pool, and so on until they can be in a pool deep enough that they have to swim to stay above water.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 0 (10 oz glasses)
Day 2 = 2
Day 3 = 3
Day 4 = 2
Day 5 = 2
Day 6 = 0
Day 7 = 0
Average = 1.3 (10 oz glasses)

Terms: conditioned taste aversion, association, generalize, aversive, consequence, negative contingency, inhibitory contingency, positive contingency, excitatory contingency, classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus, elicit, conditioned response, organism, discrimination training, Pavlov, experimental neurosis, temporal relationship, trace conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, simultaneous conditioning, backwards conditioning, John B. Watson, Little Albert, desensitize, phobia, structuralism, functionalism, trait, systematic desensitization

Section 3.3 Classical Conditioning

1) In this section, I really liked learning about different types of conditioning. Intro to Psych classes do cover Pavlov, but not with the same degree of detail. It’s interesting to learn about his research.
2) I really don’t like learning about the various cruel treatments of animals which were popular at the time of Pavlov’s research. It makes me uncomfortable to think about dogs being made insane and rabbits or rats confined to such small spaces for the purposes of research.
3) From 3.3, I will remember Rescorla’s Contingency Theory. His theory states the conditioned stimulus (CS) must be a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) for an association to emerge. We also know the unconditioned stimulus should not occur if the conditioned stimulus is not present. I will also remember positive and negative contingencies. A positive contingency, also called excitatory conditioning, is where the conditioned stimulus is trained to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (the response IS emitted). A negative contingency, or inhibitory conditioning, is when the conditioned stimulus is associated with a reduced response (the response IS NOT emitted). I will also remember discrimination training from this chapter. Although I think its horrifying, discrimination training is where the animal is trained to associate one shape with the arrival of a stimulus, and the other is associated with the stimulus never arriving. In Pavlov’s research, the circle is associated with food and the oval is not. Once the animal has successfully conditioned, it is presented with shapes that look like each other, causing experimental neurosis, a phenomenon caused by the dog’s confusion at what response to emit, given that he cannot determine whether food will or will not arrive.

Section 3.4 John Watson

4) I liked learning about systematic desensitization in section 3.4. Systematic desensitization is a method for treating fears using relaxation techniques and a very slow process so the individual can confront and overcome their fear, one step at a time. This seems like a very worthwhile process to treat fears without causing the individual stress or anxiety.
5) Again in 3.4 I was distressed reading about the Little Albert study. I’ve read about Watson’s work before, but in greater detail I found it upsetting to learn children were studied and possibly negatively affected as a result of psychology research.
6) In 3.4, I will remember Watson’s beliefs about psychology. Watson believed psychology should be based on objective science, not introspection (structuralism) and on more than Darwin’s work (functionalism). As a behaviorist, Watson believed all animals adapt to the environment through habit and reflex. He also emphasized there was no ‘dividing line’ between humans and non-human animals, such that what was learned from studying animals could be applied to humans as well. I will also remember Mary Cover Jones’ study and her success working with Peter, another child who seemed to be quite emotional and fearful. She methods similar to Watson’s to desensitize Peter. She did this by presenting Peter with food (UCS), then an animal which he was afraid of. He learned to no longer be afraid of the animal because it was associated with the food, which does not elicit fear. Finally, I will remember systematic desensitization is a behavioral method for treating phobias, relying on relaxation and visualization techniques.

7) Daily Water Intake (week 3, # 8OZ glasses)
Day 1 = 10
Day 2 = 8
Day 3 = 11
Day 4 = 8
Day 5 = 8
Day 6 = 8
Day 7 = 8
Average = 8.71429

Terms: Contingency Theory, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, excitatory conditioning, positive contingency, inhibitory conditioning, negative conditioning, experimental neurosis,
systematic desensitization, Little Albert, functionalism, structuralism, dividing line

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Something I really liked from this section is how it explained the new vocabulary words in great detail. I thought at first I was going to have trouble with positive contingency, but I quickly found it was not that bad once it was broken down for me.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Something I liked the least from this section was the devices used to keep a bunny's eye open (as well as a humans). Granted, I know it's important to know this, but I just feel bad that the bunny has to sit there and deal with it. (I'm assuming the human has volunteered.)
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Something I will really remember from this section is how shock and aversive conditions are applied to test hypotheses on reflexes. I will remember this because I think it's really sad how we do this to animals. I will also remember that conditioned emotional response (CER)typically involves the presentation of a stimulus, followed by a shock. Lastly, I will remember that very little conditioning occurs with backwards conditioning. (Backwards conditioning occurs when unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus.)
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Something I liked from this section is right away is how this section used myelinization. I am in biological psychology this semester, and it's nice to see how myleninization is actually relavent in behavior modification and will be a subject of use.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Something I disliked from this section was the Little Albert study. I feel like this is another one of those things that has been drilled into me as a psychology major, and while it was good review, I just felt like I have read through it multiple times.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Something I will remember is what I got from the excerpt of the Behaviorist Manifesto written by Watson. I'll remember this because of the box right after asking what I understood from that section and because the text gave me it in simpler terms after I wrote what I thought it meant. I will also remember that during Watson's time, psychology was divided up into two groups, the structuralists and the functionalists. I found this interesting because there are more areas than just that today. Lastly, I will remember how Watson used a young child (Little Albert) to demonstrate how humans learn to generalize basic reflexes they are born with, and how it was very controversial (and very very wrong.)
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 4-16oz
Day 2 =3-16oz
Day 3 =3-16oz
Day 4 =4-16oz
Day 5 =4-16oz
Day 6 =3-16oz
Day 7 =4-16oz
Average = 57 oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Terminology:positive contingency, aversive, conditioned emotional response, stimulus, conditioning

3.3
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I will really liked from this section was really that it was all about classical conditioning. I wanted to chose this topic for my topical blog last week, but was not sure that I had read enough about it yet. So having this entire section about it was really entertaining for me because I really enjoy learning about classical conditioning and experiments surrounding it.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about this section was reading about the shock chambers that they would put rats in. I mean I would not say that I am a rat enthusiast, but it still upsets me reading about how animals have to go through these type of tests.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from what I read in this section is discrimination training. I had never heard this phrase before, so this interested me a little bit more then other things, which will cause me to remember that discrimination training is the procedure of using two different stimuli to signal different contingencies. Another thing I will remember from this section is that different conditioning procedures may be used for humans and non-human animals. This part of the section disturbed me a little just because I was not really aware of the kind of testing they did on animals, so I feel it will probably stick with me! Lastly, I will remember that there are a variety of types of conditioning such as simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward conditioning. I will remember this because I feel this is an important thing to be aware of when performing any kind of study or experiment regarding conditioning.

3.4
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked about this section was that it was all about John Watson. I learn a lot of quick things about psychologist in other psych classes, but there is never really a section or chapter of assigned reading dedicated primarily to them. I feel that reading sections like this will definitely give me a background in psychologists and their studies that will be helpful to me in future psychology classes.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked that was in this section was, again, that there are all these great boxes to test our knowledge, but I really wish that they were discussed in class or even used at some point in class discussion. Not having them involved anywhere in class discussion makes me not want to do them because there really is no reinforcement for completing them. Even if a quiz question was based on them, I have no clue if I'm doing it right so I may not even get it right not the quiz if I didn't do it right in the reading.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is that Watson used the LIttle Albert study to demonstrate that the three basic emotions fear, rage, and love could be conditioned into something much more. I will remember this because I feel it gave me much more input regarding the outcomes of this study that I had not gotten in other classes. Another thing I will remember from this section, and more importantly from this study, is that today this study would not be ethical. I feel that this tied into the section that we read based on ethics so I really liked how it tied in previous knowledge that I had learned. Lastly, I will remember that systematic desensitization is used in the treatment of phobias. I will remember this because, to be honest, I really did not know that phobias could even be treated. I thought this was really interesting to learn, which is why I believe it is something that I will definitely take away from reading this section.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =24oz
Day 2 =40oz
Day 3 =32oz
Day 4 =40oz
Day 5 =64oz
Day 6 =24oz
Day 7 =16oz
Average =34oz

Terminology:classical conditioning, discrimination training, simultaneous, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, backward conditioning, John Watson, reinforcement, Little Albert study, ethical, systematic desensitization, phobias

Section 3.3

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The part that I liked the most was reading about the different lengths of conditioning. I thought that the examples did a good job explaining what each of them meant and I found it helpful that we were supposed to figure out the UR, US, CR, and CS for each of them. Examples like this are helpful to identify different types of conditioning that I come across in everyday
life.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
As an avid animal enthusiast, I disliked reading the part about the conditioning methods that were performed on animals. Animals cannot give consent to be subjected to being shocked and constrained while their conditioned emotional response is being measured. I understand that animal testing is sometimes necessary and will probably always be a part of research, but I’m not overly supportive of some of the harsh conditions that animals are forced to be in because of it.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that the order of presentation is an important factor in classical conditioning (temporal order). I found this to be very interesting because of how easily outcomes can be changed due to a difference in sequential order. I will remember the different types of conditioning (simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed and backward). At first I thought that these would be hard to differentiate between, but the examples did a great job at keeping them separated and figuring out the differences between each of them. I will also remember the study about taste aversion and how it occurs in one trial of conditioning. There isn’t a specific reason why I will remember this; I just thought it was an interesting example that will stick with me!

Section 3.4

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the section about systematic desensitization. Overcoming fears has always been something that I have taken an interest in. Some people have such strong fears over some of the most outlandish things, and I think that overcoming them can be a real issue. Reading about how to control and overcome fears was a good way to help myself understand how I have overcome some of my own fears in the past.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing that I liked least about this section was how much it talked about the Little Albert Study. I have gone over this study plenty of times in other courses. I think that touching briefly on the study would have been just as beneficial and not so redundant. I would be liked to have more examples instead.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
First and foremost, I will remember that Watson is best known for the Little Albert Study. This is just something that I haven’t gotten to forget since it has been brought up in so many classes. This section goes into a lot of detail about the study, so I don’t think it will be easy to forget. I will also remember the different ‘ism’s – introspectionism, structuralism and functionalism. I think I will remember these because I just took History and Systems of Psych last semester, so the review of these different concepts helped to refresh them in my mind. Last but not least, I will remember that systematic desensitization is used to remove and overcome fear through different techniques such as relaxation and visualization. I will remember this, specifically visualization, because I remember using this technique when I was younger and battling with the fear of tumbling.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 48 oz
Day 2 =48 oz
Day 3 =52 oz
Day 4 =60 oz
Day 5 =68 oz
Day 6 =48 oz
Day 7 =58 oz
Average = 54.5 oz

7) Terms: lengths of conditioning, simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, backward, UR, US, CR, CS, conditioning methods, CER, classical conditioning, temporal order, taste aversion, systematic desensitization, fear, Little Albert, introspection, structuralism, functionalism

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really enjoyed reading about advanced principles of classical conditioning. I had no idea that there could be advanced principles, such as positive and negative contingencies.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There was a lot of diagram use, which can get confusing.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. I will remember the definition of conditioned emotional response, as it described a stimulus followed by a shock. This reminds me of electric fence use on the farm!
b. Inhibitory conditioning was interesting to me. We’ve started using pepper to deter Hope from chewing on the car, which I believe would be considered an inhibitory form of conditioning.
c. As for excitatory conditioning, Hope knows that when we leave, she gets a bone, so she’s no longer upset when we leave. This is excitatory because it is positive conditioning. A bone is a treat, therefore leaving isn’t a punishment.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked Watson’s summarization of behaviorist views. I find it interesting he believes it’s objective, versus subjective.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There was lots of supplemental things to look up on the internet. It just made the weekly blogs more complex.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. The Little Alfred experiment was awesome. I feel bad that the child was taught to be fearful of the animals, but it was very interesting to observe.
b. Functionalism is a neat concept, very similar to an evolutionary theory. I enjoyed reading about it due to natural selection reasons.
c. Systematic desensitization is a very interesting concept. Because we’re training Hope, it’s good to know that if she develops an irrational fear we could eliminate it.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 = 4
Day 2 = 3
Day 3 = 2
Day 4 = 3
Day 5 = 3
Day 6 = 2
Day 7 = 4
Average = 3

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Advanced principles of classical conditioning, positive contingencies, negative contingencies, conditioned emotional response, inhibitory conditioning, excitatory conditioning, positive conditioning, Watson’s summarization of behaviorist views, The Little Alfred experiment, functionalism, and systematic desensitization

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section was learning more on different lengths of conditioning. Like trace conditioning, long-delay conditioning, short-delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and backwards conditioning. It was also nice to keep going over UR, US, CR, & CS because I struggled a little bit on those topics.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
What I didn’t like about this section was the experiment Pavlov used on dogs. Where he used discrimination training on dogs so they’d learn how to tell between a circle that signaled the arrival of food, excitatory conditioning, and an eclipse, which signaled there would be no food, inhibitory conditioning. Pavlov ended up manipulating the circle until they became extremely similar, which elicited the dogs to emit signs of insanity. I thought that was super harsh and not ethical.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. Trace conditioning: The temporal relationship between the neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus. It’s easier to remember because the neutral stimulus comes before the unconditioned stimulus.
b. Conditioned emotional response: Involves a shock versus another kind of unconditioned stimulus. It’s a neutral stimulus that precedes an unconditioned stimulus that results in an unconditioned response. If repeated enough times the neutral stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus. I will remember this because I thought it was really interesting learning about the relationship between the three terms.
c. Taste aversion: I thought this was really interesting because it really has to do with my normal daily life. When I was little I ate way too much brownie batter and ended up getting sick. I still never want to eat any brownie batter because I still have taste aversion from that experience.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked learning about the positive and negative contingencies. They were pretty easy and simple to understand. The examples were helpful too, and it relates to life pretty well. Like a waitress getting good tips which would make them work harder to keep getting good tips, which is positive reinforcement.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
What I didn’t like is the conditioning emotional response because it didn’t really finish in the end. I wasn’t really confident if I grasped that concept well enough.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. Systematic desensitization- I’ll remember this because it was pretty straightforward and easy to remember. I’ve learned about phobias and possible ways to reduce them in previous classes.
b. Method of introspection- People’s perceptions of events can be drastically different compared to our past and outlook on the world. I thought this was really interesting. Especially because you hear about how different stories people come up with when they’re interviewed for being a witness for something.
c. Watson’s experiment. I’ll remember this because I’ve gone over this experiment in a previous class. I thought it was so unethical. I’m sure it helped advance psychology but I will always feel bad for Albert and what they put him through.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 4
Day 2 = 5
Day 3 = 5
Day 4 = 6
Day 5 = 7
Day 6 = 5
Day 7 = 4
Average = 5

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

Terms: Trace conditioning, long-delay conditioning, short-delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, backwards conditioning, UR, US, CR, CS, eliciting, emit, neutral stimulus, classical conditioning, conditioned response, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, taste aversion, systematic desensitization, Watson, positive contingency, negative contingency, discriminating.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
A variety of classical conditioning methods are used for animals in modern day labs. These include, but are not limited to, the eye blink conditioning procedure. Classical conditioning methods involving electrical shock are often used in conjunction with an operant chamber using rats. Conditioning of humans can also include eye blink and mild electrical shock. Other aversive methods of condition with humans might also include immersing their hands in ice water.
I just found it interesting they use similar experiments on humans. I would assume they use safer methods, as it stated in the reading they use low level electrical stimulation to where its only detectable through the skins conduction. Still interesting through.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Positive contingencies are also referred to as Excitatory Conditioning and negative contingencies are referred to as Inhibitory Conditioning. I would have liked a little more in depth elaboration on the terms, buy I googled them.
Excitatory conditioning: CS acquires an ability to “excite” the organism. Procedures used to generate excitatory conditioning include the following: Delay, Inhibition of Delay, ect. Measurement techniques. The CR can be taken as a direct measure of excitatory conditioning.
Inhibitory Conditioning: CS acquires an ability to oppose excitation. Procedures used to produce inhibitory conditioning include Pavlovian conditioned inhibition, Backward Conditioning, ect. Methods of measuring inhibitory conditioning include the summation test, the retardation of learning test, ect.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- In discrimination training, a shape for example could be used as a neutral stimulus. In the presence of one shape the CS is always delivered (S+). In the presence of another shape the CS is never delivered (S-). The S+ would cause excitatory conditioning while the S- would cause inhibitory conditioning. Pavlov would use discrimination training to examine experimental neurosis which occurred when animals could no longer discriminate between distinct stimuli. Some animals would become agitated, while others became very passive. I have this almost memorized. I didn’t quite understand everything that was being said so I had to read and read the section a few times.
- Different conditioning procedures may be used for humans and non-human animals. There are certain procedures that overlap but key things are changed. I go into a little detail about his in the first question. Humans have been used in eye blink studies and in studies using very mild shock. Ice water is also used as an aversive stimulus.
- There are a variety of types of conditioning such as simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward conditioning, ect. Learning new terms and types of conditioning was interesting, I didn’t realize there were that many, and ways to apply all of it to behavioral modification.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In his most famous and controversial experiment, known today as the "Little Albert" experiment, John Watson and an assistant conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. They accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise. They were also able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, furry objects. The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the child's fear was never deconditioned.
This experiment has come up a lot I’ve read into it quite a bit, found out what happened to “Albert” after the experiment, and so on. It’s always been interesting to me.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Systematic desensitization is a behavioral method used today in helping people overcome phobias. I’ve been witness to the process of systematic desensitization, involving spiders, it was quite a process. Depending on how strong the persons phobia is, it can bring up some quite stressful situations.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- Watson is best known for his behaviorist manifesto and his Little Albert study. This was something he was most recognized for, as far as experiments.
- Watson set the stage for behaviorism, which soon rose to dominate psychology. While behaviorism began to lose its hold after 1950, many of the concepts and principles are still widely used today. Conditioning and behavior modification are still widely used in therapy and behavioral training to help clients change problematic behaviors and develop new skills.
- Systematic desensitization uses a combination of relaxation techniques, visualization, and taking small systematic steps towards approaching the object the individual fears. I’m familiar with the process, making it memorable.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =48
Day 2 =64
Day 3 =48
Day 4 =32
Day 5 =20
Day 6 =48
Day 7 =48
Average = 44

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Little Albert, Watson, generalization, discrimination, aversive, trace conditioning, Excitatory conditioning, Inhibitory Conditioning, behaviorism, systematic desensitization

1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that the way in which this section explained conditioning methods. Because it was split up into animals and humans, it seemed like they were going to be different methods, and they are in terms of the intensity, but not in the methodology. I liked that it used examples such as headgear and puffs of air and electric shocks for both animals and humans. I liked this because it seemed odd to me that it was even segregated into animals and humans if the two were really only different in intensity and so it made me giggle. That being said I can see why those are all good examples of methods of classical conditioning.
I also liked the pictures to explain simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning and backwards conditioning. I liked these because they were very effective in helping me learn the differences between the ordering of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the examples that were used for each type of conditioning for filling out the boxes because the examples made it more confusing for me. I found that I really had to think about it with each example to figure out which conditioning type was being demonstrated. This may have been evidence that I did not learn the types as well as I had thought or the fact that the examples could have been better.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
(1) I will remember the ineffectiveness of backwards conditioning because it seems so logical that it wouldn’t work. Presenting the stimulus that you want to condition after the stimulus that will elicit the unconditioned response does not even seem like a good idea. (2) I will remember that one trial learning or taste aversion is the exception to the conditioning rule that it takes multiple pairings of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to turn the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus. I will remember this because I have a taste aversion for anything from Chili’s because one time I got really sick after eating there and now the smell of the restaurant makes me feel queasy, hence the smell of Chili’s has become a conditioned stimulus for me. (3) I will also remember the concept of discrimination training because the image in the textbook of the circular and oblong dishes that Pavlov used with his dogs stuck in my mind for some reason. Along with that, I will also remember what Pavlov did to his dogs in eliciting experimental neurosis in his dogs because the estimate that this lasted for months or even years stuck with me, almost as an example of animal cruelty in the lab.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the use of real research examples such as the Little Albert study to demonstrate these concepts because specific examples of these phenomena help them to stick in my mind as a way to come up with a situation in which this learning has been applied. For example the Little Albert study and generalization of the fear of fluffy animals or the lack of desensitization of the conditioned emotional response.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked Watson’s assertion that there is no dividing line between man and brute because this is insulting to the intelligence of the human mind. We are more than animals. Humans have reasoning and related skills, whereas animals are more basic, though the textbook’s explanation of this made it better. Using introspection to do research seems like a terrible idea as well. I understand Watson’s concern in using introspection to do psychological research.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
(1) I will remember what the structuralists were most concerned with. The reason I will remember this is due to the name. Structuralists broke the psychology of humans down into the building blocks that they used to create more complex structures, mainly the complexity of human psychology. (2) I will remember what the functionalists were most concerned with. They were concerned with the function of behaviors. This will stick with me again because of the name of their branch of behaviorism. It also makes will stick with me because I can connect it to information I have gained from other areas of my education, namely the connection to Darwin and the survivalist and adaptive aspect of behaviors and the thought that those are the behaviors that will be remembered. (3) I will also remember the concept of systematic desensitization because it was the sheer lack of desensitization that made the study with Little Albert stick with me. If Watson had only discovered systematic desensitization sooner, as in before Little Albert’s mother pulled him out of the study, the fear conditioned response to fluffy animals might not have lasted for a month (or longer).
7) Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =70oz
Day 2 =60oz
Day 3 =65oz
Day 4 =70oz
Day 5 =55oz
Day 6 =60oz
Day 7 =60oz
Average =62.3oz

Terms used in this post: conditioning methods, classical conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, backwards conditioning, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, elicit, unconditioned response, condition, stimulus, introspection, one trial learning, taste aversion, neutral stimulus, discrimination training, eliciting, experimental neurosis, generalization, desensitization, conditioned emotional response, structuralists, functionalists, behaviorism, systematic desensitization, conditioned response

1) I enjoyed reading about the conditioned taste aversion and how it affects many people. About 5 years ago I became physically ill after smelling a combination peanut butter and bacon. Since that incident I still feel nauseous whenever I smell bacon or when I think about eating peanut butter.

2) I disliked the work boxes we had to fill out labeling the condition type, US, UR, CS, and CR. The reason I disliked this was because I am unsure of my answers. I wish it would have started prompted with partial fill-in and worked to full fill-in. Also, I would have liked an answer and explanation key at the end for better comprehension.

3) The first thing I will remember is that positive contingency is when the CS is used to predict or signal the arrival of the US. I will remember the definition by thinking of thunder and lightning. When the lightning flashes, it signals to us that the thunder will arrive soon.

The second thing I will remember is that positive contingencies are a part of excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are a part of inhibitory conditioning. I will remember that positive and excitatory are connected by thinking about an addition sign (increasing the likelihood) and action. I will remember that negative and inhibitory are connected by thinking about a negative sign (decreasing the likelihood) and the resistance of action.

The third thing I will remember conditioned emotional response (CER) is when the stimulus is followed by an aversive response, like a shock. Before the CER, the neutral stimulus will elicit a response followed by the unconditioned stimulus, like a shock, that will elicit an unconditioned response. During the CER, we begin to link the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus that will elicit the unconditioned response. Once the CER is complete, the neutral stimulus becomes the controlled stimulus and elicits a controlled response.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4) I really enjoyed reading about the Mary Cover Jones study. I think it was interesting how Watson pioneered the idea that fear is conditioned, but it was a woman who pioneered the idea of reversing the conditioned fear through systematic desensitization. I think this is an essential aspect to psychology and to Watson’s behaviorist manifesto because this helps people adjust to the environment and society through habit and reflex delivered through applications like relaxation and visualization.

5) I understand that Watson is a key figure in the world of behavior modification, but reading about him was my least favorite part of this session. The reason is that I am currently in history and systems of psychology and we have just finished learning about Watson.

6) The first thing I will remember is that introspection is when participants document the subject’s experiences of their perception or behavior. As Watson had discovered, this is very subjective. The participants can easily develop self-fulfilling prophecies and alter the results of the experiments.

The second thing I will remember is that the early ages of psychology were divided into 2 theories, structuralism and functionalism. I will remember structuralism as believing in importance of establishing the basic elements of human development. I can easily associate this as building blocks of human development because it is similar to the foundation of a building, aka structure. I will remember that functionalism is the study of traits/abilities that become essential for survival. I can easily associate this to studying the necessary actions we need as humans to function in society.

The third thing I will remember is the Little Albert Study. Having a huge interest in child psychology, I found it very interesting that Watson discovered how parents could shape the behavior of their infants and children. I also find it sad that Watson might have permanently damaged baby Albert by conditioning him to be afraid of animals.

7)
Day 1 = 48 oz
Day 2 = 24 oz
Day 3 = 48 oz
Day 4 = 48 oz
Day 5 = 24 oz
Day 6 = 56 oz
Day 7 = 64 oz
Average = 44.57 oz

8) conditioned taste aversion, condition type, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, positive contingencies, predict, signal, excitatory conditioning, negative contingencies, inhibitory conditioning, positive, negative, conditioned emotional response, stimulus, aversive response, shock, neutral stimulus, elicit, Jones, Watson, conditioned, systematic desensitization, behaviorist manifesto, relaxation, visualization, behavior modification, introspection, self-fulfilling prophecies, structuralism, functionalism, building blocks, traits/abilities.

Please read sections 3.3 (Classical Conditioning) and 3.4 (Watson).

Please fill out the boxes in the readings you may be quizzed on them in class.

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I like that it describes the contingencies on animals too because i found the topic interesting and fun to read about it being done on animals because I like animals. I also liked the diagrams because I am a visual learner so it helped me understand the concepts better

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I felt like it took me a little longer to fully understand what the section was saying at first and i think it might have been because of the use of abbreviations or maybe the wording, but I just felt like it did not click as fast as other sections did

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- I will remember inhibitory and excitatory conditioning are because i have seen the words before and they are somewhat familiar to me
- I will remember unconditioned vs. conditioned stimuli because I feel like it is self explanatory and I have also used this terminology in other classes
- I will remember that positive contingency is when a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked that the section had alot to do with structuralism and functionalism because that is something I find interesting and relates to anatomy and physiology which I love learning about

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I thought the section was a little boring, because I have learned about Watson before, so there was not a lot new interesting things to read that I have not already heard of before

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- I will remember what UR, US, CR, and CS are because we have been going over them the past few sections now so they are easier to remember now
- I will remember systematic desensitization because the examples were good to help me remember it
- I will remember the little albert study because it would be really controversial now, but it showed what he wanted to prove, that you can an unconditioned stimulus can become conditioned

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 40
Day 2 = 48
Day 3 = 48
Day 4 = 56
Day 5 = 40
Day 6 = 48
Day 7 = 56
Average = 48

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
conditioned response, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, Watson, systematic desensitization, exictatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, neutral stimulus, little albert

1) One thing I really liked about this section is that it was really short. Another thing I really liked about this section is that it had a lot of interesting pictures.
2) One thing I didn’t like about this section is that there are two different names for positive and negative contingencies. Their other names are Excitatory and inhibitory conditioning.
3)One thing I learned in this section is that Pavlov would use a circle and an ellipse in his salivation study. The circle would represent an arrival of a stimulus and the ellipse would represent a stimulus without the arrival of food. This would lead to the next thing I learned in this section which is discrimination training which is the procedure of using two different stimuli to signal different contingencies. Another thing I learned is that Pavlov thought that dogs that went crazy when discrimination training became difficult were showing excitatory behavior and dogs that became helpless were emitting inhibitory behaviors.
4) One thing I liked in this section is when Watson talked about it being okay to experiment on humans and non-humans. I agree with this to an extent. It still needs to be ethical.
5) One thing I didn’t like in this section is that Watson didn’t reverse little Alberts controlled stimulus to loud noises and uncontrolled stimulus to the rat. Its sad to know that Albert became afraid of all furry things and it was not fixed.
6) One thing I learned is that desensitize means to reduce the fear. ( this is what I wanted them to do to little Albert) Another thing I learned is that Watson had an affair with his research assistant. It seems to me that Watson didn’t have many morals. Another thing I learned was things about Mary Cover Jones. I had never heard of her before. I am happy she did studies on systematic desensitization.
Terms: positive contingencies, negative contingencies, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, stimulus, discrimination training, stimuli, emit, controlled stimulus, uncontrolled stimulus, systematic desensitization.
Day 1 =64
Day 2 =64
Day 3 =70
Day 4 =64
Day 5 =64
Day 6 =76
Day 7 =64

1. Positive contingencies were something that I really enjoyed about this section because I understood it and it was interesting. The examples that were associated with this term really held reality to me and that made it easier for me to personally relate and remember better.
2. There seemed to be a lot information in this section which made it confusing at some times! So, the amount of information that was jammed into this one section was what I disliked the most about this section. The abbreviations didn’t help with making it any less confusing either, it made it worse actually.
3. I will remember that both human and nonhuman have different types of conditioning, some that are similar to one another and others completely different. The second thing I will remember will be the definition of discrimination and that it means to tell two things apart. The third thing that I will remember from this section will be what positive contingencies are because of the examples and because of the simplicity of this term.
4. One thing I liked about this section was learning more about systematic desensitization. I liked this the most because I for one have many fears and phobias that have a direct correlation to my OCD, but it was interesting to find out that this behavioral tool is to help people with their fears and phobias. I just never really knew much about this term and I personally have a connection to it.
5. Learning about “Little Albert” was probably my least favorite topic in this section just because I already know so much about it given other psychology classes. Yes, this study played a huge role in behavioral modification, it was just very repetitive to me and out of everything this was the least liked.
6. The first thing I will remember will be the study of “Little Albert,” because like I said before I have already learned so much about this study before, it is imprinted permanently in my brain. The second thing I will remember from this section will be what systematic desensitization is because I find it an important behavioral tool to help people. This is something that could help me with some of my fears and phobias which I find to be extremely interesting and important to BMOD. The last thing I will remember is what the difference between structuralists and functionalist is because it was more of a review from previous chapters and previous chapters.
7.
Day 1 = 52 oz
Day 2 = 60 oz
Day 3 = 60 oz
Day 4 = 64 oz
Day 5 = 60 oz
Day 6 = 50 oz
Day 7 = 54 oz
Average = 57.14 oz
8. “Little Albert” Study, Behavioral Modification, Positive Contingencies, Watson, Psychology, Conditioning, Discrimination, Systematic Desensitization, Functionalist, Structuralist
AS

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I enjoyed learning about taste aversion. I was a crazy freshman once and I had a bad experience with Hawkeye vodka. To this day, I cannot smell it or I will vomit. I have never looked at it from a conditioning perspective before so that is kind of cool.

I also have seen my grandmother go through chemotherapy and had to give up a lot of her favorite foods. She ate these foods prior to her chemo sessions and vomited them up. This caused her taste aversion and could no longer hold the appetite for them.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I didn’t like learning about the cruelty done to the rats and rabbits. I know this is for educational purposes, but I think shocking innocent animals is a little out of line. The unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned responses, conditioned responses and unconditioned stimuli could probably be learned in a less awful way.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I liked learning about systematic desensitization. This helps people get over phobias. I think that is a great thing, because I know some people who are controlled by their phobias and it can be a horrible thing.

I will remember that positive contingency occurs when the conditioned stimulus predicts or signals the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus.

I will remember that excitatory conditioning are another form of positive contingency.

I will remember that inhibitory conditioning is another form of negative contingency.

It will be nice to know the difference and similarities of the terms learned in this section. A lot of them mean the same thing.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I thought it was interesting how survival was taken into account when talking about behaviors. That is true, really. We are all ultimately trying to survive this world.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I didn’t like the fact that Watson did not think there was a difference between humans and animals. I can somewhat see where he is coming from, but we are capable of so much more than animals and I think that is an unfair comparison. He used his method of introspection involving the participant documenting their subject experiences of a perception or behavior. I think a human is more capable of that.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember that structuralists were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements using the method of introspection.

I will remember that functionalists were into that if an ability or trait existed then it must have something to do with enhancing our survival rate.

I will remember that Watson desensitized Albert after the experiment.

It will be helpful to know what these people each stood for and that Watson wasn’t as a terrible of person as he seemed to be.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 = 9
Day 2 = 9
Day 3 = 6
Day 4 = 9
Day 5 = 6
Day 6 = 3
Day 7 = 6

Average = 7
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: Taste Aversion, Conditioned Response, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, positive contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, method of introspection, structuralists, functionalists, systematically desensitized

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the idea of conditioned taste aversion.
I really like the idea of conditioned taste aversion because it is interesting to me how a food/drink can make you so nauseated from getting sick off it once.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I disliked about this section was the unethical issues of conditioned emotional response when a shock and other aversive methods are presented after a presented stimuli. I don’t like this because it is an aversive method.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember positive contingency is when the conditioned stimulus predicts that the unconditioned stimulus will occur.
I will remember this because when a conditioned stimulus occurs then the unconditioned stimulus will most likely occur.
I will remember Pavlov used experimental neurosis when studying the salvation of dogs when discriminating between shapes.
I will remember this because Pavlov used discrimination training between a circle and ellipse to measure the salvation between the changing shapes.
I will remember conditioned taste aversion is when a taste is associated with something toxic enough to make us sick.
I will remember this because this is a learned concept when people do not like a particular food or drink because they previously gotten sick off it before.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the idea of learned phobias. When are conditioned to be afraid of particular things. Watson explains this in his study with “Little Albert.”
I like the idea of this behavior manifesto because I find it interesting most behaviors are learned and not innate. It is curious to me because I like to know how we came to learn these behaviors.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked about this section was the fact that Little Albert was taken out of the study. I dislike this because he wasn’t desensitized from fearing loud noises. This is an ethical issue and he will probably always fear loud noises.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember most behaviors are learned and not innate.
I will remember this by Watson’s study with Little Albert.
I will remember Mary Cover Jones used systematic desensitization to reduce/eliminate phobias.
I will remember this by her study with Peter a 3 year old boy who was easily upset. She presented small animals in front of Peter while he was eating to reduce his fear. In the study Jones did help Peter overcome his phobia.
I will remember Mary Cover Jones systematic desensitization process took small steps to overcome a phobia.
I will remember this because to overcome a phobia it takes steps to get comfortable enough to get over the fear. Fear is a learned behavior and this is a good way to overcome phobias.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 90
Day 2 = 120
Day 3 = 128
Day 4 = 120
Day 5 = 120
Day 6 = 98
Day 7 = 120
Average = 113.71 oz (14.2 cups)

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terminology: conditioned taste aversion, positive contingency, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, Pavlov, experimental neurosis, discriminating, discrimination training, Watson, Little Albert, behavior manifesto, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, phobias

Section 3.3
1. What was one thing you liked about this section? Why?
My favorite part of this section was when you talked about positive contingencies. The example you gave about thunder and lightening really put things into perspective for me, knowing that one thing can lead to something else.

2. What was one thing you disliked about this section? Why?
The part I disliked about this section was the part about conditioning methods where certain experiments had to be performed on animals in labs where they had to be held down and restrained.

3. What are three things you learned from this section?
1. The first thing I learned from this section was what positive contingencies are
2. The second thing I learned was that positive contingencies are also called excitatory conditioning
3. The third thing I learned from this section was that negative contingencies are also called inhibitory conditioning

Section 3.4

4. What was one thing you liked about this section? Why?
My favorite part of this section was how Watson divided psychology into two different parts sturctualist and fuctionalist

5. What was on thing you disliked about this section? Why?
My least favorite part about this section was the section about the Little Albert study. This isn't the first time I have heard about this study. However, I just don't see the point to try and scare a baby.

6. What are three things you learned from this section?
1. The first thing I will remember from this section is the little albert study.
2. The second thing I will remember from this section is what a structuralist is.
3. The third thing I will remember from this sectionis what a fuctionalist is.

7. 7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day one: 6
Day two:5
Day three:7
Day four:6
Day five:7
Day six: 5
Day seven: 6

Average: 5

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement; this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

8. Terms used: positive contingencies, negative contingences, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, Watson, structuralist, fuctionalist, little albert study.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I really enjoyed in this section was the fact that there was a lot of room for examples. Everything seemed very clear cut and easy to follow.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I honestly can’t say I disliked anything. Everything had a very nice flow to it. It was very simple and to the point to understand.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

-One thing I will remember is that a positive contingency signals an increased likelihood that the Unconditioned Stimulus will occur. This is also referred to as excitatory conditioning. A negative contingency signals the likelihood that the Unconditioned Stimulus that occurs is decreased. This is referred to as inhibitory conditioning.
-One thing I will remember is that the conditioned emotional response (CER) typically involves the presentation of a stimulus followed by a shock. During CER training the neutral stimulus is followed by the US which elicits the UR.
-One thing I will remember is that conditioned taste aversion occurs when a taste is associated with something toxic enough to make us sick to the extent that we become nauseated and vomit. An example of this would be drinking too much liquor and throwing up.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I really liked about this section was that it was interesting. It talked about things I have learned in my introduction to psychology course. It has been a while since I’ve taken that class so it was nice to brush up on things. (Like the Little Albert experiment)

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

One thing I disliked about this section was that it was so short! I would have liked to read more about the topics in this section! (Especially the history portion on Watson)

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

-One thing I will remember is that for Watson, psychology was the study of behavior and that humans and animals learned to adjust to the environment through habit and reflex. He felt what was learned from animals could be applied to humans.
-One thing I will remember is that systematic desensitization is a behavioral method used today in helping people overcome their phobias. Some phobias can interrupt day to day life.
-One thing I will remember is that structuralism breaks down the psychological experience into small units, while functionalism believed we possessed traits and ability for survival. Charles Darwin was a believer in functionalism.

7a) Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 = 5 cups
Day 2 = 6 cups
Day 3 = 6 cups
Day 4 = 7 cups
Day 5 = 8 cups
Day 6 = 5 cups
Day 7 = 7 cups
Average = 6.3 cups

7) Terms:
Elicit, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, taste aversion, conditioned emotional response, negative contingency, positive contingency, aversive, stimulus, inhibitory conditioning, structuralism, functionalism, Darwin, phobia, systematic desensitization.

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

My favorite part about this chapter were the pictures shown that help describe the section for example the images of the ellipse where s stands for stimulus and the plus sign stands for the arrival. For some reason, having pictures that describe what the section is talking about, really helps me better understand the concepts and in this section there were a few nice images.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I dislike how there is new information in this chapter that is still based on concepts from the past that happened at the beginning of the class because it is hard for me to try to remember everything I have learned previously and then put it all together, although this is a great way to learn. For example this section talks about how we previously talked about a neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus but I do not remember them entirely therefore I sometimes have to go back to certain sections in order to recall those terms which is more time consuming but in the long run, I believe it helps me learn better.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

Three things I will remember from this section is conditioned stimulus and neural stimulus because I had to look back at the previous section to remember what they were and now that I read about it again, I feel as if I will remember those terms for sure now. I will also remember positive contingency because of the example that was used to explain it dealing with thunder and lightening. The third thing I will remember is the contingency theory because that is based off of positive contingency.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

In this section, I really enjoyed the youtube video of Watson holding the tray of burning paper because it was fun to watch and also gave me a little break from reading.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I really can't think of anything I didn't like, or liked least about this section except for the fact that I had to take the time to read it although it turned out to be interesting so it all worked out.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will for sure remember that Watson used baby Albert to study three emotions which are love, fear, and rage because I remember learning about it in a previous class. I will also remember what systematic desensitization is if I can remember the term because I was very interested in it and how it is possible to try to help overcome fear. The last thing I will remember is how different studying experiments was back then compared to now and how that experiment Watson did with Albert, would probably be illegal in the USA today.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 4 glasess
Day 2 = 3 glasses
Day 3 = 3 glasses
Day 4 = 4 glasses
Day 5 = 5 glasses
Day 6 = 4 glasses
Day 7 = 4 glasses
Average = 4 glasses a day

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

Terms: stimulus, arrival, neural stimulus, conditioned stimulus, positive contingency, contingency theory, love, fear, rage, Albert, Watson, systematic desensitization

1) I liked that this chapter reviewed the discrimination procedure that Pavlov conducted. Before reading this book, I only knew him for the dog salivating to a bell. I needed a review of the excitatory and inhibitory responses because it was pretty new information to me.
2) One thing I did not like about this chapter is the way that this field uses animals in their laboratory. To me, the rabbit restrainer or a operant chamber that uses an electric shock for to elicit a conditioned emotional response is unethical. I know that there isn’t really another way to study these behaviors, but it still makes me uneasy.
3) A. One thing I will remember is the difference between positive and negative contingency. A positive contingency signals an increased likelihood that the US will occur while a negative contingency signals a decreased likelihood that the US will occur. I will remember this by thinking of a weather person. A person who can accurately predict the weather represents a positive contingency while a person who does not accurately predict the weather represents a negative contingency. B. I will remember what happens during experimental neurosis. Experimental neurosis happens when you can no longer discriminate between stimuli. The result is excitatory behavior or inhibitory behavior. In Pavlov’s experiment, the excitatory dog became agitated and more berserk and the inhibitory became helpless and cowering. C. I will also remember the different types of conditioning and what they are. There is simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning. I will remember these because the diagram made these concept much more understandable. The visual aid made it much easier to see how the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus related to each other.
4) I liked learning more about the accomplishment and beliefs of John B. Watson. The only thing I really knew him for was the little Albert study. I know now that he did much more than that. Watson criticized the structuralist and the functionalist and spearheaded the behavioralist. He strongly believed that all behaviors are learned and parents could shape their children into whatever they wanted them to be.
5) I didn’t like getting another review of the little Albert study. As a psychology major, I feel like I have reviewed the little Albert study about 15 times. This time, I did see how it supported Watson’s views that learning is not innate.
6) A. I will remember what systematic desensitization is. I will remember this by think about a fear of flights. First the subject would simply imagine flying in an airplane, then they could be taken to an airport, then they could sit in an airplane’s chair. When they went through several increasing steps they may be able to actually fly on an airplane. B. I will remember that Watson’s view was that psychology should be objective rather than subjective. This differs wildly from the introspectionist. Watson argued a subjective view is not always accurate because of the interpreters biases. I will remember this because I agree with Watson. C. I will also remember that Watson thought that both animal and man could be studied. He believed that there was “no dividing line between man and brute.” I will remember this because I know behaviorist often use animals in their experiments.
7)
Day 1 = 68oz

Day 2 = 64oz

Day 3 = 68oz

Day 4 = 66oz

Day 5 = 64oz

Day 6 = 68oz

Day 7 = 64oz

Average =66oz

Terms: discrimination procedure, Pavlov, excitatory and inhibitory responses, rabbit restrainer, operant chamber, elicit, conditioned emotional response, positive and negative contingency, experimental neurosis, discriminate, excitatory and inhibitory behavior, simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, backward conditioning, conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, John B. Watson, structuralist and functionalist, little Albert, systematic desensitization, and introspectionist.

1) Something I really liked about this section was how much it focused on the Little Albert experiment. I also like how it integrated quotes from Watson about his thoughts on the background of the experiment. I also really likes the part on phobias.

2) There was nothing I disliked about the chapter.

3) Three things I will remember from this chapter are:
A) Psychologists still use systematic desensitization as a way to eliminate phobias by gradually exposing the person to that stimulus that elicits that fear response.
B) Structuralists believe that psychology can be broken down more into simpler parts.
C) On the other hand, functionalists associate more with Darwin in that they believe that the traits we have, we obtained them by means of survival.

4) I really liked reading about how shaping was related to successive approximation. Shaping is slowly changing the desired target behavior. In shaping, you can use successive approximation to reinforce the organism when it becomes close to emitting the behavior, like the clicker.

5) I can't think of anything I disliked about the chapter.

6)Three things I will remember from this section are:
A) The difference between type R conditioning and type S conditioning is that type S is classical conditioning where the stimulus comes before the response. Type R is operant conditioning when the response comes before the stimulus.
B) Shaping and successive approximation are closely related and you can't have one without the other.
C) Skinner invented the operant chamber which is used to observe animals as they emit behaviors. It is also used for monitoring punishment and reinforcement.

7)
Day 1= 8 oz
Day 2= 20 oz
Day 3= 16 oz
Day 4= 8 oz
Day 5= 24 oz
Day 6= 12 oz
Day 7= 16 oz
Average= 14.86 oz

8) Terms: systematic desensitization, stimulus, elicit, response, structuralist, functionalist, shaping, target behavior, reinforce, emit, type R conditioning, type S conditioning, punishment, reinforcement

3.3
1. I liked the example using a weather forecaster and rain to show contingencies. I thought the example was extremely vivid and worked with both excitatory and inhibitory contingencies. I was nice to have a solid example that could then be manipulated according to the terms.
2. I didn’t like the section about the order of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus presentations. I think this was because I had to read it a couple times in order to make sense of the different types and am still confused about how to tell which situation is which type of conditioning it is. The visuals helped with this difficulty but I believe I need some clarification.
3. One thing that I will remember is the picture included of the rabbit restrainer used for classical conditioning methods. I didn’t know that something so intricate but restraining and scary existed for rabbits. It was also a sad mental image watching them have air puffed into their eye while they can’t move their heads. Another thing that I find interesting is how neutral stimulus’ can become associated with the unconditional stimulus to elicit the unconditioned response instead. I also found the component of conditioned taste aversion very interesting. The idea that there are things out there that people have such a strong reaction to that a conditioned stimulus can develop into a neutral stimulus in just one trial or exposure.

3.4
4. I liked the paragraph about Mary Cover Jones’s Study. I have never learned about her endeavor to desensitize participants of fear. I was interested that Jones chose eating to desensitize Peter to certain animals.
5. I do wish that this chapter had expanded on Mary Cover Jones. Similar information about Watson (biography) would have also been interesting about Mary Cover Jones.
6. One thing I found interested about this chapter was the use of quotes and writings from Watson. There were enough to really gain insight into how Watson thought as a behaviorist. I especially liked the 12 infants quote. I also like learning more about systematic desensitization. It seems like many people currently have phobias or at least extreme fears of one thing or another, so it is beneficial to know so ways to make them more comfortable. I also will remember the interesting questions that were in the short answer boxes. They were interesting to respond to and very thought provoking, especially the one about there being no dividing lineup between man or brute.
7. a)Day 1: 12 oz.
Day 2: 64 oz.
Day 3: 64 oz.
Day 4: 36 oz.
Day 5: 64 oz.
Day 6: 64 oz.
Day 7: 24 oz.
Average : 46 oz.
8) Contingencies, excitatory, inhibitory, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, rabbit restrainer, classical conditioning, elicit, unconditioned response, conditioned taste aversion, neutral stimulus, trial, desensitize, behaviorist, systematic desensitization, phobia.

Section 3.3
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?- I really liked all of the diagrams and graphs in this section it was neat to see rabbit restrainers and the methods used on human experiments. The graphics to help explain what conditioned emotional response is were also very helpful.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?- I disliked the abbreviations of CR, CS, UR and US. I know that this will be something that I will have to learn but I am unsure of a good way to remember which one is which and how they all work. Abbreviating them in each section is not really helping to learn them properly.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?- Positive contingency is when the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the unconditioned response. It signals an increased likelihood that the US will occur. Negative contingency signals that the UR will not be present or that the likelihood of the US will decrease. I will also remember that for taste aversion to be effective the taste only has to be associated with the illness. I thought the part about chemotherapy patients not eating their favorite foods before treatment was interesting.

Section 3.4
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?- I liked reading what Watson wrote in his Behaviorist Manifesto and his other records. They were a bit wordy and kind of hard to understand but I think reading them will help me in the future with reading research articles and the kind of language that is typically used.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?- I didn't like the addition of the Mary Cover Jones's Study at the end of the section. I wanted to keep learning about what Watson did in the advertising world but it was just cut off. I get how systematic desensitization ties into the Little Albert experiment but the section could have been organized better

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that structuralists focus on the individual elements of psychology and that they could be used as building blocks to understand the complex nature of humans. Functionalists are different because they believe that if an ability or trait exists it has to enhance our survival, like survival of the fittest. Watson thought that we are born with 3 basic emotions, fear, rage, and love and this was his basis for the Little Albert experiment. Systematic desensitization helps people overcome phobias. To desensitize an individual a psychologist takes them through relaxation techniques and visualization and then helps them confront their fears and this will eventually help them not react in fear to their phobia, I think this is a very useful type of therapy.

7) Day 1 =50
Day 2 =64
Day 3 =40
Day 4 =36
Day 5 =64
Day 6 =64
Day 7 =16
Average =48

8)Terminology: conditioned emotional response, positive contingency, neutral stimulus, elicits, unconditioned response, negative contingency, taste aversion, Watson, Behaviorist Manifesto, systematic desensitization, Little Albert, structuralist, functionalist, visualization,

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

In this section I liked when we were introduced to a new man in psychology, Robert Rescorla, who built on Pavlov’s ideas and pretty much coined the term Contingency theory. I have never heard about Rescorla before in any of my other psychology classes; so it was pretty interesting to learn and read about a new person in the field of psychology.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I could not really find something that I disliked in this chapter but I realize that there is a lot of new or somewhat new vocabulary in this section and I am sure that there will be more to come in the future; so I will have to just buckle down and start understanding these terms a lot better. I just dislike how so many new vocabulary words are being introduced into my life in such a short period of time, but hey it’s life.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember the difference between excitatory conditioning and inhibitory conditioning because of the way that those two words are used in the section. I can use both of these words to help define what they mean in itself. Like for example a negative contingency is also named the inhibitory conditioning, so if you want something to decrease its likelihood of happening we would think about inhibiting that action. Same goes for excitatory conditioning, you want something to happen more often and it is positive. So for example something that is positive is also exciting.

b. I will remember what different lab techniques are used in the labs these days because the section does a very good job of giving examples and photos of what is actually being used, how it is being used, and who or what they are being used on. Like the operant chamber for rats, or the mild electric shock machine/eye air puff machine (picture located under the humans section). It gives us a great idea and mental picture of what is actually being used inside the labs.

c. I will be able to remember the idea of experimental neurosis because of the great detail that the section gives us. I have heard about this idea before in other psychology classes but never have actually sat down and been able to understand it fully to be able to talk about it in class or with friends who are in the same area of study as me.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really liked reading about someone I did my last assignment on for last Wednesday’s Topical blog post. I wrote a little bit about John B. Watson and what contributions he had in the field of psychology. So I guess it was pretty awesome to continue reading about him and other ideas he gave to the field.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There was nothing in this section that I did not like reading about. I love reading about John B. Watson and everything that he had to offer the field of psychology. It is always fascinating to read about him.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. One thing that I will remember from this section about John Watson is the fact that he had so much to do with the psychology field. He brought myelinization to the field so that was kind of interesting to learn and read about. I will remember this because I have never heard about it before so reading about it and getting interested about it makes the idea kind of stick more in my mind.

b. I will remember the idea that psychology during Watson’s time was split into two sections, the functionalists and the structuralists. With being a minor in psychology I feel as if this is a very important aspect to understand. Without understanding these ideas and these two camps we wouldn’t understand psychology as it is today.

c. I will for sure remember the importance of the Little Albert study and what major impact it had on the field of psychology. I have learned about the Little A studies before and I think it is so fascinating. I will never forget this study and how much it impacts how humans learn to generalize the basic reflexes.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =32oz
Day 2 =32oz
Day 3 =160oz
Day 4 =160oz
Day 5 =128oz
Day 6 =160oz
Day 7 =32oz
Average =100.6 oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement; this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Rober Rescorla, Pavlov, Contingency theory, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, negative contingency, operant chamber, experimental neurosis, John B. Watson, myelinization, structuralists, functionalists, Little Albert Studies, psychology

Section 3.3
I liked that this section had a lot of diagrams to help reference what the topic of the section was. I think that having these diagrams available while reading is helpful in remember the main points and drawing conclusions about the topic.

I didn't really like trying to understand the different terms in this section (positive contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning) because I really had to slow down while I was reading and dissect the sentences so that I could wrap my mind around them. I referred to the summary in a lot of instances to try and get the simple version of what the test was trying to say. It ended up turning out fine, and I can remember most of the terms.

I will remember the difference between excitatory and inhibitory conditioning because of Pavlov’s work with his dogs. Excitatory can be compared to being overly excited or eccentric, and inhibitory can be shutting down or giving up. (in few words)

I will remember the significance of taste aversion because this is pretty common for many things other than just alcohol. This is a pretty good thing to remember when you think about why you don't like a specific food or drink. Chances are, its all in your head if something doesn't taste right when you think about eating it or are actually eating it.

I will remember that humans have gone through electric shock training. I feel like that is something that is never really talked about in these classes. We always talk about dog training and rat training, but never as much with humans. This is weird, but I guess it was bound to happen sometime.

Section 3.4
I always like reading about Little Albert and his study because I think that this is such a good example of nature vs nurture. Plus, Watson’s tests showed us all how conditioning can effect people and animals for short or long terms.

I didn't like that Albert’s mom basically ruined the whole research experiment by having an affair with one of the assistants. What the heck was she thinking? Although, I think that Albert did need to stop being a part of the study before the effects turned into long term problems for him. I think that it would have been beneficial for Albert to be desensitized though, just to try and reduce his fear.

I will remember that there is an option of systematic desensitization in case I ever have a phobia that I need to get over. I think that this is pretty cool since phobias are basically life changing to some people. This would be a good skill to learn.

I will remember that the best way to condition someone is to effect one of the three main emotions for them: fear, anger, or love. These will produce the best results and will effect the subject for the longest time.

I will remember that Watson used introspection, but I will always be able to connect that with this class to my other Psych classes that I have been taking. I will remember that introspection is something that happens after someone self-reports their observations.

Day 1= 52oz
Day 2= 59oz
Day 3= 59oz
Day 4= 69 oz
Day 5= 75 oz
Day 6= 49oz
Day 7= 80oz
Average= 63.29 oz

Terms: positive contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, taste aversion, Pavlov, electric shock training, desensitize, synthesize desensitization, introspection

Please read sections 3.3 (Classical Conditioning) and 3.4 (Watson).

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I really liked from this section were the examples to help understand the contingency theory and what example went with what; like bad weather station predictions and Pavlov's experimental nuerosis with inhibitory conditioning and the correct weather station predictions. Made it easier for me to completely get the concept.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

One thing I didn't like from this section was the fact that the answers for the fill in the blank and which one is what type of conditioning response weren't underneath the boxes are at least at the end of the summary section. I would really like to be able to check my work so that I know whether or not I am right or which concept I need to spend more time studying to fully understand it. I think that if you were to add the answers at the end that it would be beneficial for the book and for the future students who will be reading it too.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things that I will remember from this section are that:
1. Contingency theory was built off of Pavlov's research and that it's not so much the number of pairings with the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, but how good of a predictor that the CS was of the US. I will remember this because it is a distinction between the two types of conditioning that both came up with.
2. Conflicts can arise between the inhibitory and excitatory reflexes when the discrimination task becomes impossible. I will remember this because I remember the dogs and salvation in Pavlov's experimental neurosis and this describes what the dogs went through when they could no longer distinguish the circles from ellipses.
3. The conditioned emotional response involves the presentation of a stimulus followed by shock. This is a way that researchers did experiments with rats. I will remember this because it deals with conditioning and lead to many different types of conditionings that are determined on when and where the CS and US are to be presented, such as trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and backwards conditioning.

BONUS!
I will also remember most definitely about taste aversion as I have personally experienced this myself after I drank for the first time. Any time I see or smell UV Blue Vodka I gag and I have yet to touch that stuff again.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I really liked in this section was that you gave us a brief history of different schools of psychology such as the structuralist and functionalists, and then you showed us that Watson was basically a badass and rejected both of them and thought of behaviorism pretty much.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I couldn't really find much I disliked from this section. I found it very interesting. The only thing I disliked possibly was that a child was used in such an unethical way for the experiment so much that he feared furry animals for a month, and who knows how long after as there was no follow up or desensitization it said in the reading.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

Three things that I will remember from this section are:
1. Watson believed that psychology was the study of behavior and humans and animals learned to adjust to the environment through habit and reflex. I will remember this because it is important and completely different from the other schools of thought in psychology that were given in the section also as comparison groups. I will also remember it because he believed that behaviorism could help society in some way, which it has.
2. The Little Albert study. I will remember this study because it is where Watson gave us the three basic reflex emotions, which are; fear, rage, and love.
3. Mary Cover Jone's Study. I will remember that this is about systematic desensitization which is used to help people overcome their fears. I will remember this especially because it is helpful and it was right after the Little Albert Study, in which he was conditioned to fear the rabbit.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =78oz
Day 2 =82oz
Day 3 =39oz
Day 4 =69oz
Day 5 =75oz
Day 6 =68oz
Day 7 =45oz
Average =65.14oz

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Terms:
systematic desensitization, conditioned, Little Albert Study, 3 basic reflex emotions, behaviorism, structuralist, functionalists, taste aversion, simultaneous conditioning, backwards conditioning, trace conditioning, CS, US, conditioned emotional response, excitatory and inhibitory conditioning, excitatory and inhibitory reflexes, contingency theory.

1) From this section I really liked that there was lots of review about the differences between the UR, CR, US, and CS. However, I will always dislike that they are abbreviated rather than spelled out completely, like Unconditioned Stimulus or Conditioned Response.
2) I did not like was that this was an entire section dedicated to classical conditioning. This is a topic that every psychology student knows about classical conditioning. This was a whole 15ish pages dedicated to classical conditioning and it didn’t teach me much that I didn’t already know. The only thing that I did not previously know was the section on experimental neurosis, and that was just because I hadn’t ever heard that phrasing before.
3) One thing I will remember from this section is taste aversion. Taste aversion is when a taste or flavor becomes associated with something bad like vomit. This is the reason that someone might be hesitant to eat Indian food if the last time that they ate it they also had the stomach flu. I will also remember the difference between excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. Excitatory conditioning is connected with positive contingencies, and inhibitory conditioning is connected with negative contingencies. Another thing from this section that I will remember is trace conditioning. It is important to remember that the timing of presented stimuli is important to the successfulness of the conditioning.
4) One thing I really liked was the mention of the Little Albert study. This is something I really like hearing about because it isn’t something that could be done today. According to today’s standards, it would be too unethical. In the Little Albert Study, Watson used a 9 month old child to study the basic reflex emotions: fear, rage, and love. Watson in his experimentation made Little Albert become afraid of a white rat by associating the rat with loud noises which Albert did not like. Because of this experiment, Albert developed a fear of all furry things.
5) From this section I did not like was the introduction. It talked about Watson’s studies with the myelination of the brain. Reading the intro, I thought that I was going to get a different look at Watson other than what I already knew, but it didn’t really connect to the rest of the section about him.
6) I will remember that Mary Cover Jones was the one to do a more ethical version of the Little Albert study. I will also remember that it is because of her that we have the technique of systematic desensitization that is used today in the aid of the removal of phobias. The difference between functionalists and structuralists is also memorable. Structuralists believed in taking about psychology to look at its basic pieces. Functionalists believed that if humans, or animals, had a trait or ability then it must have some value in survival; this is an idea that they adopted from Darwin.

Water
Day 1: 64 oz
Day 2: 64 oz
Day 3: 56 oz
Day 4: 72 oz
Day 5: 64 oz
Day 6: 72 oz
Day 7: 64 oz
Average: 65.2 oz

Terms: classical conditioning, taste aversion, excitatory, inhibitory, contingencies, positive, negative, experimental neurosis, trace conditioning, stimuli, Watson, Little Albert study, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, functionalists, structuralists, Darwin

1. My favorite thing about this section was learning about the excitatory and inhibitory reactions that those in an experiment experience when they reach experimental neurosis. This was my favorite part of the section because when these terms were explained in the text they were in reference to the dogs in Pavlov’s experiments, but I immediately saw how they apply to children when they are trying to learn. Take for example when children are learning how to write their names. Some children when learning to write their names have an excitatory reaction when the task becomes too difficult to them, they get mad, throw the paper and pencil, and yell at the person instructing them. Some children when learning to write their names have an inhibitory reaction when the task becomes too difficult for them, they shut down, they refuse to try or even go near the utensils needed to write their name. These examples of how children emit excitatory and inhibitory behaviors allowed me to really apply the concepts to my life, making it one of my favorite things in the section.

2. My least favorite part of this section was learning about the concepts of negative contingencies, or inhibitory conditioning, and positive contingencies, or excitatory conditioning. A negative contingency signals that likelihood of an unconditioned stimulus occurring decreases while a positive contingency signals that the likelihood of an unconditioned stimulus occurring increases. This was my least favorite part of the section because of the difficulty I had in understanding the concepts. I read the section over and over again, looked at old sections in the book, read information online and I am still struggling to understand the concepts. When I read the information I thought I understood it, but when it came time to come up with examples I realized I didn't understand it very well because I couldn't apply it. I wanted to think of the contingencies as having to do with the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response, but instead it is a relationships when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. To understand this concept I need to keep thinking about it with the example of Pavlov’s dogs: the conditioned stimulus (bell ringing) increased the likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus (food) would occur, it was an excitatory conditioning.

3. The three things I will remember from this section are:
A. the concept of experimental neurosis, when an organism is trying to distinguish something in an experiment but they no longer can so they break down. I will remember this concept because it was not defined in the text, so I went online and looked up the definition so I understood the concept. This extra effort it took to understand the concept allows me to remember it easier. I will also remember this concept because it is connected to my favorite part of the section, excitatory and inhibitory reactions.
B. the concept of short-delayed conditioning, when the distance between the time the conditioned stimulus is presented and the unconditioned stimulus is presented is between 5-10 seconds. I will remember this concept because this concept was not defined in the text so I went online to learn more about it, increasing my likelihood of remembering it because of the extra effort. I will also remember this concept because I spent extra time learning about the difference between short-delayed conditioning and trace conditioning as the two concepts are very similar, just distinguished by seconds.
C. the concept of long-delayed conditioning, the distance between the time the conditioned stimulus is presented and the unconditioned stimulus is presented is greater than 10 seconds, but is generally longer than 30 seconds. I will remember this concept because this concept was not defined in the text so I went online to look it up, with this extra effort increasing my recall of the concept.

4. My favorite part of this section was the Mary Cover Jones study. In this study Mary Cover Jones showed that desensitization is possible, she was able to remove the fear of a three-year-old boy using the process of systematic desensitization, where she slowly exposed the child to the things he was afraid of. This was my favorite part of the section because I love to learn about how psychology helps people. The reason why I am so interested in psychology is because I want to learn how I can apply it in ways that help people. Reading how this study used psychology to help a little boy encouraged my pursuit of psychology as it touched on my motivation for studying it.

5. My least favorite part of this section was learning about Watson’s view of how humans and brutes are one in the same. This was my least favorite part of the section because it stirred up negative emotions in me, as I completely disagree with his statement. I firmly believe that humans are different from brutes because humans are made in the image of God, that we have an eternal soul. This makes us extremely unique and extremely valuable in comparison to brutes, creating a vast difference between humans and brutes.

6. The three things I will remember from this section are:
A. the concept of systematic desensitization, a method to treat phobias that slowly exposes a person to the anxiety producing object or situation. I will remember this concept because it connected directly to my favorite part of this section, the study done by Mary Cover Jones. I will also remember this concept because in one of the examples I had to come up with a way to use systematic desensitization to treat one of my own phobias. Having to think through this treatment on a very personal level made the concept easy to remember.
B. the concept of introspection, the participant documenting his or her subjective experience of a perception or a behavior. I will remember this concept because I read about the concept right after I read the paragraph about Watson’s views on introspection. This paragraph made me really confused while reading it, so reading about the concept of introspection brought great clarity to the paragraph, making the concept easier to remember.
C. the difference between a structuralist and a functionalist. A structuralist breaks things into basic parts and then uses these basic parts to construct the complex nature of humans. A functionalist believes that an ability or trait has to have a function in our survival rate. I will remember the difference between these two groups because reading about these concepts helped to refresh all of the information I learned about the two psychology groups in my history and systems of psychology class. I will also remember the difference between the two groups because of the exercise that required us to write our own definition of the two groups, this personalized definition really made the difference between the two groups drive deep into my mind.

7.
Day 1= 64 oz
Day 2= 64 oz
Day 3= 64 oz
Day 4= 64 oz
Day 5= 64 oz
Day 6= 37 oz
Day 7= 66 oz
Average= 60 oz

Terms: excitatory, inhibitory, experimental neurosis, experiment, emit, behaviors, negative contingency, inhibitory conditioning, positive contingency, excitatory conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, organism, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, desensitization, systematic desensitization, introspection, structuralist, functionalist

1. One thing I really liked in this section was the graph on other types of conditioning. This helped me to understand the difference between each type of conditioning. The display of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditional stimulus and when they occur was very helpful. I am a visual learner, so to see the difference between each was cool. To see that simultaneous conditioning has the CS and the US occurring at the same time, that short-delayed conditioning has the US overlapping the end of the CS, that trace conditioning with the US happening right after the CS, long-delayed conditioning having a longer CS but still the US happening right before the CS is over, and the backward conditioning where the US happens right before the CS all made each one become more clear to me.

2. One thing I least liked was the example of Robert Rescorla’s Contingency Theory. I understand the whole thing on the weather people not being one hundred percent liable, but the explanation of the example got a little wordy and lost me a little towards the end.

3. Three things I will remember from section 3.3 are excitatory behavior, inhibitory behavior, and taste aversion. I will remember excitatory and inhibitory behaviors because they are the results of Experimental Neurosis, and I find them very interesting. I will remember taste aversion because I not only find it interesting, but I find it the answer to why I don’t like certain foods. When I was little, I got sick from eating buttered noodles and vomited up the noodles and all. Ever since then, even if I see buttered noodles, I get sick to my stomach.

4. One thing I really liked about this section was Mary Cover Jones’s study. I liked her study because it is positive. It isn't causing fear, it’s taking it away. I do not like negativity and her study is so positive. I have many fears and I feel like this would be helpful to overcome them. And by looking at her research, it shows productivity.

5. One things I liked least about this section was Watson’s Little Albert study. I enjoyed the fact of learning about how the three basic reflex emotions can be tempered with. But I did not like how Watson did not plan on desensitizing Albert to his new fears. I find this cruel.

6. Three things I will remember from section 3.4 are structuralists, functionalists, and systematic desensitization. I will remember these because they are three things that were not big main points that pointed out to me but three things that I found interesting. I will remember structuralists because it reminds me of how my roommate thinks. She is very basic in her thinking in a way that she looks at the simplicity of everything and bases things off of basic building blocks to describe actions and such. I will remember functionalist because I remember talking about extinction in my intro to psych class last semester. I will remember systematic desensitization because I have attempted to use this method (without knowing it was a real thing) when I was little. I did this with making friends. I met a few friends at my first school and they were mean. I was afraid to be hurt and pushed away by more people so when I moved I didn’t make it my main plan to find friends. As I continued to move I worked closer and closer on having a desire to meet new people. I got involved in sports and activities to help this and now I love to talk to random strangers and meet new people.
7. Week #3:
Day 1= 76 oz.
Day 2= 76 oz.
Day 3= 72 oz.
Day 4= 108 oz.
Day 5= 68 oz.
Day 6= 86 oz.
Day 7= 68 oz.
Average= 79.14 oz.

8. Conditioning, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, backward conditioning, Robert Rescorla’s Contingency Theory, excitatory behavior, inhibitory behavior, taste aversion, Mary Cover Jones’s study, positive, Little Albert study, three basic reflex emotions, desensitizing, structuralists, functionalists, and systematic desensitization.

LMC
1. I was most interest in the topic of conditioning menthod. I do not approve of the testing of animals, but I do like the findings that have come from the research. Both the rabbit and the rat illustrate in the section show the conditions their in, but the experiment is to the ability of the animal in which they to improve their situations so the year don't receive the shock again.
2. I mostly dislike the for of abbreviation in the sections, I had to refer back to the first page to fully understand what I was reading.
3. The review of experimental neurosis in this section made me more aware of Pavlov research in that the two circles represented food or salivation. The dog learn to realized that the circle provided food and the ellipse had nothing. After awhile Pavlov started making the circle more into and ellipse and vice versa, it caused the dog confusion and helpless, he describes this as inhibitory.
The taste aversion is something that we all have been through, we associate ourselves to the idea that if we do taste or smell something that brought us a bad experience I'll happen again if we do it. For example I've eat at HuHot once, and I got really sick. After that anytime someone spoke of HuHot or if I even saw the same the nasusea and sickness came back. The association we have about this place is what makes us sick, not the taste or smell.
This time around I like the example boxes, it made me reread more of the sections and really think through to my answers,
4. The first thing to grab my attention was the statement put up by Watson on psychology. Watson goes on to say " The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation" I feel like he made a good point in saying that we use all of science to get a better understanding of what is psychology.
5. I think it's messed up back in the times of the rise of psychology that the best way to learn behaviors was through the experimental of children.
6. The study on little Albert was very interesting, they found that Albert was not afraid of much except for loud noises. After scaring the child with the loud noise, they produced a rat to associate loud noises to rats which made little Albert afraid of them. Watson showed that we learned our behaviors instead of something that we were just born with them.
The behavior therapy that Mary cover Jones discovered to treat fears would later be known to treat phobias using systematic desensitization. This was through an experiment with a child name Peter, in order to remove fear
7.
Day 1= 72 oz
Day 2= 60 oz
Day 3= 40 oz
Day 4= 64 oz
Day 5= 64 Oz
Day 6= 42 oz
Day 7= 68 oz
Average= 58.6 Oz
7. Systematic Desensitization, psychology, taste adversion, inhibitory, experimental neurosis exoeriment, conditioning method

Section 3.3

1 a&b) I really liked the section concerning excitatory versus inhibitory contingencies because the names are a great reflection of their definition. Excitatory contingencies a being will elicit the response where as in the inhibitory contingency, the being will not elicit a response but will instead try to inhibit the response. I also liked how these two terms were linked with positive and negative. Although it can be confusing because pos. and neg. are used in other instances, excitatory contingencies are positive=behavior occurs/inhibitory contingencies are negative=behavior does not occur.

2) I was not a huge fan of the section about shocking, both animals and humans, but especially humans. I might just be associating my mental thought process of a shock with how they use shocking in this manner, but the idea of it is not settling. I know they use this to get the conditioned emotional response (CER), but there have to be other methods to obtaining the CER such as ice water, a much better choice in my opinion.

3 a,b&c) The first thing I remember from this section is definitely positive and negative contingencies and their alternate terms excitatory and inhibitory contingencies because they make a lot of sense to me. Excitatory=positive and elicits behavior, inhibitory=negative because they inhibit a behavior. The sound of the oven dinging is an excitatory contingency for me because it makes me think of cookies and eat them!

I also will remember experimental neurosis because this has been covered in previous readings. The mention of this procedure once again, strengthens my memory of what it encompasses such as discriminating between a circle and an oval.

Experimental neurosis leads into discrimination training which will be easy to remember as well because it is built off of the procedure of experimental neurosis. Discrimination training has to do with discriminating between two different things/objects/shapes (being able to distinguish which is which).
For example, if you present an animal a square and a rectangle and teach them to distinguish one from the other, then slowly change the shape so the square looks more the like the rectangle and the rectangle more like the square, will the animal still be able to distinguish the two? This is discrimination training, so the two objects can still be distinguished.

Section 3.4

4 a&b) I really like the approach of systematic desensitization because there are many methods to overcoming fears or pathways through systematic desensitization. Methods of seeing the object the person may have a phobia of, touching it, hearing it, smelling it, visualizing it. Different approaches work for various individuals and one is bound to make some sort of impact in desensitizing a person to their phobia. Relaxation is huge too, once you learn how to relax, your brain thinks more clearly/rationally. I know for me visualization is key. If I visualize myself overcoming the fear and then act just as I visualized it, then it is successful, I have overcome my fear.

5) The thing I liked least was John Watson's Little Albert Study because he tested the emotional response to fear on a 9 month old baby. How traumatizing to an infant when they are learning/taking in so much about the world around them. They were trying to evoke the reaction of fear in a variety of unethical manners, one which they finally discovered, loud noises.

6 a,b&c) I will remember that psychologists were broken up into structuralists and functionalists during Watson's time because just like many areas of life, they are eventually broken up and labeled to be able to distinguish one group from the other. Structuralists wanted to break psychology down into basic elements like chemistry or raw scores in statistics and used the method of introspection. On the other hand functionalists were more into survival of the fittest. If a trait or skill was passed on it would increase our survival rate.

I will also remember that Watson thought there were three basic emotions: fear, rage, and love. I found this a bit funny, because they definitely do not cover the wide spectrum of emotions and may not cover all of the basics although it does make sense.

The third thing I will remember from this section is Watson known for his behaviorist manifesto because it was different from others view points. He believed that psychology is objective and deals with the control of behavior. He also believed that humans and animals were on a continuum when it came to behaviors and they were not to be separated.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =7
Day 2 =10
Day 3 =11
Day 4 =9
Day 5 =8
Day 6 =9
Day 7 =6
Average =8.57

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Terms: excitatory contingency, inhibitory contingency, response, elicit, behavior, positive contingency, negative contingency, conditioned emotional response (CER), experimental neurosis, discrimination training, systematic desensitization, Little Albert Study, structuralists, functionalists, method of introspection, behaviorist manifesto

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

The part covering order in CS and US presentation. It illustrates how important timing is in developing contingency between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

Experimental Neurosis. If only because I wonder if the dogs were ever able to discriminate between the circle/ellipse stimuli without experiencing inhibitory or excitatory behavior.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

A positive contingency is when a conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus.

A temporal relationship is the order in which a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented.

Taste aversion can occur after a single trial.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

Mary Cover Jones and her role in systematic desensitization. I appreciate that she developed Watson’s method into one of reversing a person’s fears; her idea is the basis behind modern-day relaxation techniques used in treating anxiety and depression. I don’t recall Jones being mentioned in my previous psychology classes and she appears to be too influential a figure to leave out.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

Watson’s behaviorist perspective. His definition gives the impression that humans operate entirely from stimulus and response to the environment. In reality, humans differ in their perceptions; using methods of introspection helps us to understand their subjective experience.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

Mary Cover Jones pioneered the usage of systematic desensitization.

Structuralists aimed to break down psychology into basic elements while functionalists believed that a trait exists to enhance our survival rate.

Watson’s Little Albert study was unethical mainly because he made no attempt reverse Albert’s learned fear of rats.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 54 oz
Day 2 = 54 oz
Day 3 = 71 oz
Day 4 = 34 oz
Day 5 = 71 oz
Day 6 = 70 oz
Day 7 = 70 oz
Average = 60 oz

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

positive contingency, temporal relationship, inhibitory, excitatory, taste aversion, systematic desensitization, method of introspection,

1) Naturally, the thing I liked the most from this section is the material on classical conditioning methods on animals. One method used on animals is an eye blinking conditioning procedure for rabbits. In this method, rabbits are constrained in a chamber that only allows the head to move. Then, a puff of air is administered through a tube and a recording device records blinks. Another method used is on rats that involves electrical shock in an operant chamber. Like I’ve said in many different previous sections, I really enjoy learning about animal learning and animal testing. These are very strange methods that I hadn’t heard of before. It’s interesting that these are still used today. With the various animal rights activists, I didn’t know if they would have maybe outlawed something like this. Luckily they have not, and we can continue to learn fascinating things about animals.

2) The material in the section I liked the least would be the material on trace conditioning. In trace conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is presented right before the unconditioned stimulus. The simple reasoning for me liking this material the least is that it was kind of confusing to me at first. It was a little different as it was very important to remember the content, along with the order the stimuli presented themselves.

3) One thing I’ll remember from this section is the material on classical conditioning methods on animals. One reason I’ll remember is that I hadn’t ever learned about the two examples that were given, especially the example with the blink testing on the rabbit. I vaguely remember something about the method involving rats in a chamber with electrical shocks, but it was nice to learn more about it. The kinds of things researchers do to animals to learn different things are amazing. I don’t think I’ll ever get bored learning about different animal testing and intelligence. Another thing I’ll remember from this section is the material on classical conditioning methods on humans. One method for conditioning on humans can also include blink and mild electrical shock. The shock that is administered to humans is so mild that it can only be measured through skin conductance. Another method with humans could include immersing one’s hands in ice water. I’ve seen and heard of the first example, but not the second. I will have to look that up to see what that method is like. It’s interesting that a weird machine with the electric shock can help researchers find the different things they’re looking for. The third thing I’ll remember is the material on positive contingencies. I really liked the example given about lightning and thunder. Since light travels faster than sound, the light arrives first and before the thunder. The lightning signals that thunder will arrive very soon. I really like the focus on the association between the different responses and stimulus. The different examples that were used helped it be very easy to learn and remember.

4) The thing I liked the most from this section was the material on the Watson’s Little Albert study. This isn’t new information to me, but I really liked reading and learning more about it. “The Little Albert study was a study done on a 9 month old child to demonstrate how humans learn to generalize the basic reflexes they are born with to a wide range of objects and with a complexity of emotions.” Watson thought people were born with 3 basic reflex emotions. Those three reflex emotions would be fear, rage, and love. The reason Watson chose Albert was because he wasn’t afraid of much. Watson put different animals in front of Albert like a rat, and Albert wasn’t afraid of them. Watson then discovered Albert was afraid of a loud noise. Then, Watson placed a rat with Albert and made the loud noise. After that, Albert quickly became afraid of the rat. This was and remains to be one of the most interesting studies I’ve ever learned about. Doing this study on a 9 month old baby is something that probably couldn’t be done today, but Watson’s results in this study have been very helpful.

5) The thing I liked the least from this section was the material on structuralists and functionalists. Structuralists were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements using the method of introspection. Functionalists believed that if an ability or trait existed, then it must have something to do with enhancing our survival rate. It’s not that the material wasn’t interesting, but there just wasn’t very much content to it. I would have liked to see some examples to make the information easier to understand.

6) One thing I’ll remember from this section is the material on the Little Albert study. Even though the study may be unethical, the results from it are very interesting. At first, Albert wasn’t afraid of the rat or other animals, but when it was combined with the loud noise, Albert quickly became afraid of the animals. Watson was never able to desensitize Albert, so I hope this study didn’t cause any psychological problems up until his death when he was I believe 6 or 7 years old. Another thing I’ll remember from this section is the material on systematic desensitization. This is a behavior method that helps people overcome phobias. Some ways psychologists attempt to help an individual is by teaching them different relaxation techniques like biofeedback or meditation. Then, psychologists might use different visualization techniques. I haven’t learned much about phobias or the desensitization of them, but I found it to be very interesting. I know people with very strange phobias like being deathly afraid of spiders, even if it’s a tiny daddy long leg. I’ve never really known what to say to them to try and help them deal with it, so they don’t freak out every time they see a spider. While I’m obviously not a psychologist (yet), I think I could now give them some tips as to how to better handle their phobias. The third thing I’ll remember is that Watson had an affair with his research assistant Rayner during the Little Albert study. At his point, Watson had a large public following, and affairs were very bad publicity back then. This became front-page news and Watson was asked to resign from his position at Johns Hopkins University. I never knew this about Watson, and it was very interesting to learn about as I didn’t see it coming. This is a good example showing how times have changed over the years. If a popular psychologist has an affair today, I don’t think it would even make the news, and it definitely wouldn’t force an individual to resign from their job.

7) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 = 68 oz
Day 2 = 72 oz.
Day 3 = 56 oz.
Day 4 = 72 oz.
Day 5 = 48 oz.
Day 6 = 64 oz.
Day 7 = 52 oz.
Average = 61.7 oz.

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

8) Classical conditioning, trace conditioning, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, positive contingencies, Little Albert study, structuralists, functionalists, introspection, systematic desensitization, biofeedback, meditation, visualization techniques, relaxation techniques

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that there was so many places to put my own examples because it helps me to remember the material better.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked that many of the terms were new to me because it made it harder to learn all of them.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember that positive contingency occurs when the CS predicts or signals the arrival of the US.
b) I will remember that positive contingencies are also referred to as excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are referred to as inhibitory conditioning.
c) I will remember that conditioned taste aversion happens when a taste is associated with something toxic enough to make us sick to the point of vomitting, because it has happened to me before.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the material about John Watson because I think that what he did as a psychologist is interesting.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn't anything I disliked about the section, I thought that it was interesting and had good examples.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) Structuralists were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements.
b) Functionalists believed that if an ability or trait exists, then it has something to do with enhancing survival.
c) Watson believed that parents could shape the behaviors of infants and children through conditioning.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 58
Day 2 = 68
Day 3 = 54
Day 4 = 64
Day 5 = 72
Day 6 = 66
Day 7 = 72
Average = 64.86

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
positive contingency, negative contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, John Watson, conditioning

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the way unconditioned response, conditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and unconditioned stimulus were explained. They were explained in a way that made it very easy to understand and to apply to real life situations. I also liked that classical conditioning was further explored and new information was presented.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The only thing I didn’t really like about this section was that there was a lot of information. I felt a little overwhelmed with the amount of information, but I did feel that I was able to grasp most of the concepts.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that positive contingencies are referred to as excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are referred to as inhibitory conditioning. I will remember these two terms because I was not aware of these terms until I read this section. I will remember that trace conditioning, which is involved in most conditioning, occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus. I will also remember the concept of taste aversion, meaning when a taste is connected with something toxic enough to make us sick to the extent that we feel nauseous. I will remember this concept because of the example about cancer patients and their favorite foods; I remember my aunt telling me about this when she was going through chemotherapy.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that you included a video about Little Albert in the reading. I found the video to be helpful in reinforcing what I was reading in the section.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked that Little Albert was conditioned to fear furry things including his teddy bear. To make it worse, Albert’ s mother pulled him from the study before Watson could desensitize him from his fear of furry things. I disliked this because the poor kid probably had to live with this fear the rest of his life and he never consented to be part of this study.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that we are believed to be born with three basic reflex emotions: Love, Rage, and Fear. I found this interesting because I thought happiness or joy would be among the emotions we are believed to be born with. I will remember that structuralism breaks down the psychological experience down into steps or pieces of the whole process. While functionalism believes that we have traits and abilities for their use in survival. I found those both to be interesting ways to think about psychological experiences. I will also remember that systematic desensitization is behavioral method used to aid people in getting over their fears and phobias. I remember this because before reading this section I not aware of what method were used to help people get over their phobias and fears.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =60
Day 2 =60
Day 3 =64
Day 4 =80
Day 5 =60
Day 6 =60
Day 7 =60
Average = 63.4 oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Terms: functionalism, structuralism, systematic desensitization, Little Albert, desensitize, unconditioned response, conditioned response, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, classical conditioning, trace conditioning, taste aversion, positive contingencies, negative contingencies, excitatory, inhibitory

Week 8 Reading Assignment
Cassidy Monaco

3.3 (Classical Conditioning)
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the weatherman example for the contingency theory. Rescorla’s contingency theory says that it is less so the number of pairings with the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, rather it was a matter of how good of a predictor the CS was of the US. The example the book used was whether or not you would bring your umbrella if the weatherman said it is going to rain. We do not have enough information to decide because you need to know how many times the weather person said it was going to rain and it didn’t rain.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the example that the text used regarding positive contingency. Positive contingency is when the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus. The example the text used of a positive contingency is lightning and thunder. The light flash signals us that the thunder will soon arrive. I disagree with this because while the lightning often comes first, it does not always precede the thunder. I also disliked that this section was so long!
3 What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) Positive contingencies signal an increased likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will occur. This is also called excitatory conditioning. I will remember this because excitatory sounds like excite, which makes me think of the body getting excited so the unconditioned stimulus will occur.
b) Negative contingencies signal that the unconditioned response will not be present/delivered. This is also called inhibitory conditioning. I will remember this because the word inhibit reminds me that something will be prevented from happening.
c) Conditioning can occur in one trial. While this seems rare to me, it is common with taste aversion of conditioned taste aversion. Taste aversion occurs when a food is associated with the effects of something toxic. I will remember this because taste aversion once happened to me when I ate chicken strips at a restaurant called The Rusty Duck, and threw up from the flu later that night. While the chicken strips and the vomit have no real connection, taste aversion occurred and I no longer like chicken strips after I threw them up.

3.4 (Watson)
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I found it very interesting that Watson thought he could train any infant to become a designated professional through the use of behavior modification techniques. While I am not sure if I agree, I think it is an interesting idea and would like to know more about Watson’s research and experiments on doing so. Did he actually designate an infant as a certain type of professional and turn the infant into this as an adult? Watson believed that Little Albert demonstrated that most all behaviors are learned (not innate) and that parents could shape the behaviors of their infants and children. While I do agree that parents can shape the behaviors of their infants through behavior modification techniques, I do not know that I agree to the extent of Watson’s idea on turning an infant into a designated type of professional.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I dislike that researchers experimented on a small baby, Little Albert. It is very unethical and inhumane to basically torture a young baby by continually trying to scare him in order to learn about human behavior. For example, they learned Little Albert was afraid of loud noises, so they struck a hammer on steel next to his head. While I feel that some historical experiments on animals have also been extremely unethical, experimenting on humans, especially babies who are unable to consent, seems like a terrible idea. This would not be allowed in today’s research studies because it is so unethical.
6 What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember systematic desensitization because I have heard of it before and it is commonly used today. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral method used to help people overcome phobias.
b) I will remember Watson because he unethically used young kids in his research studies, which seems very wrong. By today’s standard the Little Albert study would not be permitted due to ethical concerns.
c) Watson cheated on his wife with his research assistant, was forced to resign from John Hopkins, and then contributed to the advertising field by connecting psychology and advertising. This is easy to remember because it is funny and unique. Things like this don’t happen often.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 =
100
Day 2 =
100
Day 3 =
92
Day 4 =
80
Day 5 =
108
Day 6 =
96
Day 7 = 124

Average = 100 ounces

TERMS: contingency theory, positive contingency, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, positive contingencies, negative contingencies, inhibitory conditioning, excitatory conditioning, taste aversion, behaviors, behavior modification, systematic desensitization, Watson, Little Albert

Section 3.3
1) I liked the boxes/examples listed towards the end of the section that asked us to fill them out depending on each situation. It really helped me to think about the responses and stimulus from a different point of view. As I progressed in the examples, I felt that I was able to better distinguish between unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned responses, and conditioned responses.
2) I felt like when all of the information was being initially presented that it was all kind of running together. I would have liked if the terms were divide up a little bit more at the beginning of the section so I had more time to process and understand them individually.
3) (a) I will remember that there are multiple types of conditioning such as simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward conditioning. I will remember this because I was able to associate each of these types of conditioning with situations I have seen in my life. (b) Positive contingencies are also called excitatory conditioning. This is easier to remember because I associate positive stimulus as eliciting an excitatory response so the connection is easy to make. (c) Lastly, I will remember that conditioning can occur in only one trial because it has happened to me before. Taste aversion, as I’m sure for most people, was the occasion that this occurred for me.
Section 3.4
4) I liked how the section included a video so we were able to know what was being discussed within the section. I felt that it gave the information more depth and was easier to understand after having the information from the video.
5) There wasn’t really anything with the section that I disliked. The topic that bothered me most was learning about how Watson was a pretty big douche bag.
6) (a) I liked that part of the section that stated that Watson believed that behaviorism could be used to help people and society by improving the human condition because psychology is built on stimulus and responses. I will remember this because I feel the same way. (b) I will remember the information about Watson having an affair and ending up in advertising because I never knew this before and found it very interesting and funny that it was involved in the section. (c) Systematic desensitization, a behavioral methods used to help people overcome phobias, is another piece of information I will remember from the section because I can see how it could be relevant to many people and their daily problems.
7) Week #3 Water Consumption:
Day 1 =5 cups
Day 2 =5 cups
Day 3 =6 cups
Day 4 = 7 cups
Day 5 = 4 cups
Day 6 = 6 cups
Day 7 = 5 cups
Average = 5.5 cups
7) Terminology Used: response, stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioning, simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, backward conditioning, positive contingencies, excitatory conditioning, eliciting, taste aversion, systematic desensitization

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked learning about discrimination training because I think it is really fascinating.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? Negative contingencies because they are slightly hard to figure out compared to positive contingencies.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? 1) a positive contingency occurs when an association develops to the extent where the CS predicts the onset of the US. 2) Rescorla’s theory also states that the US should not occur if CS is not present. 3) To discriminate means to tell two things apart.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked learning about structuralism and the fact that it breaks down the psychological experience into small units because it is an interesting way to think about something that happens everyday.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? There was nothing that I particularly disliked in this section.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? 1) The method of introspection was used in other areas of psychology by the structuralists, but was found to be subjective. 2) Watson is best known for his behaviorist manifesto and his Little Albert study. 3) Functionalism believed we possess traits and ability for their survival value.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 =
60oz
Day 2 =
68oz
Day 3 =
64oz
Day 4 =
55oz
Day 5 =
48oz
Day 6 =
56oz
Day 7 =
70oz
Average = 60.14oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Discrimination training
Negative contingencies
Positive contingencies
Association
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Rescorla’s theory
Discriminate
Structuralism
Psychological experience
Introspection
Structuralists
Subjective
Functionalism

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
3.3 Is another chapter that introduces multiple concepts; positive contingencies, excitatory contingencies, inhibitory contingencies, experimental neurosis, discrimination training, conditioned emotional response. These concepts are introduced well with a definition, example and explanation.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Some of the vocabulary from this section that was abbreviated caused some confusion for me while reading.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
• When classicaly conditioning humans puffs of air, mild shocks, and ice water are the most common aversive methods.
• In trace conditioning it is not sufficient that the neutral stimulus is presented within the unconditioned
• Different conditioning procedure may be used for humans and non-human animals
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Watson had large impact on psychology as a science and learning about the time period of stucturalist and functionalist dominating the field. The most interesting part of this chapter was the section dealing with desensitization. Systematic desensitization was used to treat phobias and
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I feel that structuralism vs functionalism could have used more detail. It was an important period of time and I would have loved more information on it.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
• The little albert study demonstrated the three basic emotions; fear, rage and love could be conditioned into something more. This is shown by conditioning Little Albert to loud noises creating fear of small furry animals.
• Structuralist were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements (like chemistry). Functionalist thought that if an ability or trait existed then it would have something to do with enhancing our survival rate.
• The way systematic desensitization works is thought a combination of relaxation techniques, visualization and taking small systematic steps towards approaching the feared object.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =64
Day 2 =64
Day 3 =64
Day 4 =64
Day 5 =56
Day 6 =64
Day 7 =64
Average = 63

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive contingencies, excitatory contingencies, inhibitory contingencies, experimental neurosis, discriminative training, conditioned emotional response, aversive, structuralism, functionalism, desensitization, fear, rage, love

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) I liked in this section the examples that were given to explain the different terms. For example; weather predictions being an example of contingency used to explain Rescorla Contingency Theory. It made it easier to comprehend the new concepts being given.

2) I'm still confused with the CS & US and how they are paired. I couldn't think of examples of positive or negative contingencies because I'm not sure how they are formed, and the section was hard to understand. It went through it really fast at the beginning so I wasn't sure how to do it later on.

3 a,b&c) Three things I will remember are; 1) A positive contingency is when the conditioned stimulus predicts the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus. This has to be done through pairing. 2) Rescorla's Contingency Theory doesn't focus too much about the number of times the CS and US are paired but focuses more on how good the predictor CS is of the US...an example could be weather predictions. 3) A positive contingency (AKA Excitatory Conditioning) is the increased likelihood the US will occur while on the contrary the negative contingency (AKA Inhibitory Conditioning) is the decreased likelihood the US will occur.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) I liked how this section when thoroughly through the history of Watson and his study and interest in behaviorism. It went into depth on the "Little Albert Study" and explained each factor of it and what it represented. I like how it broke it down a lot, because there wasn't a ton of information to take in at once which can get confusing sometimes.

5) One thing I disliked was that it did get a bit repetitive. While I also liked it because it made it easier to understand the concept, I feel like I've heard about this study so many times that it gets a little redundant. But I also learned a lot of concepts about it that I never knew before too.

6 a,b&c) Three things I learned from this section are; 1) Watson made a huge impact in the study of behaviorism. He began in studying rats and their ability to learn, but then shifted to behaviors and how we pair stimuli to elicit things like fear and emit emotional responses to it. 2) I learned the breakdown of the Little Albert study and what each piece represented. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise which elicited an unconditioned response of fear to be emitted. The unconditioned stimulus was a rat which was paired with the loud noise, then creating a conditioned stimulus of fear of the rat. 3) Systematic Desensitization is a method used to help treat phobias using different techniques to relax an individual from things they fear by pairing it with something else to help them calm down.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =1 bottle
Day 2 =1 bottle
Day 3 =1 bottle
Day 4 =1 bottle
Day 5 =2 bottles
Day 6 =2 bottles
Day 7 =2 bottles
Average =240 oz.

7) Contingency, Rescorla Contingency Theory, CS/US/US/UR, positive/negative contingency, predictor, excitatory/inhibitory conditioning, Watson, behaviorism, Little Albert Study, stimuli, fear, elicit/emit, systematic desensitization.

Please fill out the boxes in the readings you may be quizzed on them in class.

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that the section was broken down and explained each little section of classical conditioning so that it reviewed it all. I also liked the section about weather explaining the contingency theory because it helped me understand it better with the diagram.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked from this section was the section on discrimination training because it is hard to understand with the way that it was explained in the section. I think if they would've had a different example, I would've understood it better.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember excitatory contingency and inhibitory contingency because excitatory contingency is positive contingency and inhibitory is negative contingency. I will also remember experimental neurosis because it is review from previous psychology classes.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that it had direct quotes or passages from Watson himself and then asked what we thought it meant, because this helped us sink in the information that we were reading.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I personally did not dislike anything in this section, i think everything was explained well and i understood the majority of it.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that structuralists want to break psychology down into basic elements, and that functionalists think like Darwin, meaning that the trait existed, it must be enhancing our survival. I will also remember the method if introspection because it is self-explainitory.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 65 oz
Day 2 = 72 oz
Day 3 = 54 oz
Day 4 = 83 oz
Day 5 = 80 oz
Day 6 = 97 oz
Day 7 = 110 oz
Average = 80.14 oz

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

TERMS: classical conditioning, contingency theory, discrimination training, excitatory contingency, inhibitory contingency, experimental neurosis , watson, structuralists, functionalists

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the more in-depth explanation of Pavlov's work. It really helped me to understand the process.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked how confusing this section of the chapter was. I'm still quite unsure that I understand all about the advanced conditioning.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember excitatory contingencies because it increases the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus (US) to occur. Excitatory reminds me of increase. If you are excited by something you're more likely to do something again. I will also remember inhibitory contingencies, the likelihood the unconditioned stimulus will not occur. Inhibit means to keep from recurring. I will also remember temporal relationship, where time is important and also order. Temporal = time.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really enjoyed the tidbit about Mary Cover Jones. Her ability to reverse fears through systematic desensitization. I enjoyed this because I feel like it offset Watson's harmful work to Little Albert.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
In the section about Watson, I disliked Watson. He cheated on his wife and performed unethical studies. It's hard to acknowledge that someone so important in the history of psychology and specifically behavior modification was such an unethical person.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that Watson thought fear, love, and rage were the three basic reflex emotions because that's what makes sense for an unethical man to think. I will also remember that he rejected both structuralism and functionalism in favor of behaviorism -- which is what we are studying. I will lastly remember that Watson saw no distinct line between animal and human behavior -- which also coincides with an unethical man.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 24 oz
Day 2 = 48 oz
Day 3 = 48 oz
Day 4 = 48 oz
Day 5 = 48 oz
Day 6 = 72 oz
Day 7 = 48 oz
Average = 48 oz

7) Conditioning, excitatory contingencies, inhibitory contingencies, unconditioned stimulus, temporal relationship, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism, systematic desensitization

1)One thing that I really liked about this section was how it went into more depth on conditioning. I also liked how it explained the different types of conditioning and also had a visual to go along with it. I liked this part of this section because I feel that seeing diagrams and visuals along with reading about the topic will helps one understand the material.
2)One thing that I liked the least about this section was that throughout the reading it used the abbreviations US, CS, UR, CR. I’m not sure why this bothered me so much while reading, but I feel that if the actual words were used that the reading would be easier to understand, or if what the words were standing in for, such as “shock,” were used that it would be easier for the reader to understand.
3)One thing that I will remember from this section is one of the last points that were hit on in the section, taste aversion. Taste aversion is when a taste becomes associated with something toxic enough to cause nausea or vomiting. This can happen with something such as alcohol or even with chemotherapy. I will definitely remember this because this is something that I find very interesting. Another topic that I found memorable from this section was the different types of conditioning that were introduced. These can range from simultaneous conditioning to backward conditioning and all of the types in between. I found these to be memorable because before this chapter I had not been introduced to different kinds of conditioned, most of the classes that I have taken have only discussed one kind of conditioning, most likely trace conditioning. Lastly, I also found conditioned emotional response to be quite memorable because it mostly involves a shock when it is used which is something that I did not know.
4)One thing that I really liked about this section was how it had links and videos to go along with the reading. I found this very interesting because we are then able to gather more information about what we are learning from other outside sources while also still doing the reading from the section.
5)One thing that I did not necessarily like but disagreed with was the behaviorism that John Watson developed. Obviously this is not a type of psychology that is really used anymore. I disagree with this because we now know that our behaviors and traits are not solely based on situations but also genetics.
6)One thing that I will definitely remember from this section was the Little Albert study. I found this study really interesting because it is a different way of considering why we behave the way we do than what we consider now. I also found the idea of structuralists and functionalists very interesting. Structuralists would be those that felt psychology could be broken down into elements like chemistry or any other science while functionalists are those that if a trait or characteristic existed it must have something to do with enhancing our survival rate. Lastly, I also found the Mary Cover Jones study to be very interesting, focusing around the idea of being able to desensitize someone to a fear. I found this interesting because this opened up the doors to the future in being able to help those with phobias better able to handle their extreme fears.
7)Please fill out the information below for week #3
Day 1- 24 oz
Day 2- 24 oz
Day 3- 16 0z
Day 4- 48 oz
Day 5- 72 oz
Day 6- 48 oz
Day 7- 48 0z
Average= 40 0z
8)Little albert study, mary cover jones study, structuralists, functionalists, behaviors, traits, behaviorism, john Watson, conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, trace conditioning, backward conditioning, emotional response conditioning, taste aversion.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the amount of vocabulary used in this section. Reading through it really reiterates the vocabulary, which makes me better able to use it myself

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing I liked least was the graph presented in this section. I think that it was difficult to understand the lines and what they meant so further explanation would have been beneficial.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A = The first thing I will remember from this section is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory conditioning.
B = The second thing I will remember from this section is what discrimination training is and how Pavlov was responsible for its discovery and original use.
C = The third thing I will remember from this section is the difference between positive and negative contingencies

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the explanation of Watson's beliefs and how he did not agree with structuralism or introspection, and I also agree that non-human animal studies are useful and can be applied to humans.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I least liked, which had nothing to do with the content of the chapter, was the ethical issues regarding Watson's little Albert study. He could have given Albert psychological issues, at least for a while if not an extended period of time.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A = I will remember what it means to desensitize someone after a study through systematic desensitization.
B = The second thing I will remember is that the emitted emotions of fear, rage and love can be conditioned into something much more.
C = The third thing I will remember from this section is that Watson is best known for his Behaviorist Manifesto and the Little Albert Study

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 8
Day 2 = 9
Day 3 = 10
Day 4 = 8
Day 5 = 10
Day 6 = 8
Day 7 = 8
Average = 8.71

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: Excitatory conditioning, Inhibitory conditioning, systematic desensitization, discrimination training, positive contingency, negative contingency, structuralism, introspection, desensitize.

1. A. One thing I enjoyed in this section was the information on Conditioned Emotional Responses.
B. I found it interesting because at first I imagined a 1984-esque situation where a person was being adversely conditioned to feel a certain emotion (I love big brother...) when presented with a conditioned stimulus (propaganda?). Instead it talked about rats being conditioned to freeze at a tone. Still possible to use it for sinister things perhaps, but not like my first thoughts.

2. A. I disliked the rapid fire fashion that the information was presented.
B. I really tend to prefer new information to be orderly to make it easy to reference when I'm learning it, and for some reason this section made that hard for me. That said, I doubt that is something everyone would agree with.

3. A. I will remember trace conditioning because it answers a small question that I had about the order of events during conditioning/a beings ability to sense them. The idea of a very slight staggering in the time of presentation makes a lot of sense to me.
B. I will remember that discrimination training is training an organism to tell the difference between two different contingencies. I'll remember this because it gives me a way to describe the conditioning of decision making more clearly.
C. I will remember that excitatory contingencies signal that the US is more likely to occur, and negative contingencies signal that the US is less likely to occur. I will remember this because the wording makes sense when thinking of basic conditioning ideas.

4. A. I really enjoyed the box asking how I feel about there not being a line between man and brute.
B. I liked it because as much as we might try to remove ourselves from that world, we are brutes. Brutes who can understand that we are indeed brutes, and why we are brutes- but still brutes all the same. It's a question involving both science and philosophy, how could I not like it?

5. A. I actually disliked the fact that I'd never have much chance to talk about the answers in the boxes in this section with my classmates.

B. Such discussion might be more fit for a philosophy classroom, but those conversations are always fun if everyone participates and knows how to go about it (debate/conversation and not arguing).

6. A. I will remember the Little Albert study. I'll remember it because I've learned about it in most of my Psychology classes, but here it was presented in clearer behavioral modification terms and so it added something to my understanding of it.
B. I will remember systematic desensitization because it is something that interests me. While here it is presented as a phobia treatment, you often hear of it talked about as a way to keep a population complacent in sci-fi. That it is a real thing is very interesting.
C. I will remember that Watson thought that we are born with 3 basic emotions- fear, rage, and love. I will remember this because it kind of makes sense that he came to that conclusion- those are very powerful, primal, animal feelings when we experience them, and we have a tendency to associate primal/animal things with being old.

7. A. You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 120oz
Day 2 = 150oz
Day 3 = 150oz
Day 4 = 210oz
Day 5 = 210oz
Day 6 = 150oz
Day 7 = 150oz
Average = 162.86oz

TERMS: Conditioned Emotional Responses, adversely conditioned, conditioned stimulus, trace conditioning, discrimination training, contingencies, conditioning, exitatory contingency, inhibitory contingency, Little Albert study, behavioral modification, Watson

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the more in depth detail of classical conditioning. I enjoyed learning about the contingency theory and that there is many different kinds of ways a conditioning can occur, even reverse conditioning.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? Even though the idea that there are many different ways conditioning is performed, I would like to review all these in class to make sure that I completely understand what the charts in the chapter meant
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember positive and negative contingency definitions, I will also remember that there can be reverse conditioning and I will remember the theory of taste aversion by John Garcia
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really enjoyed learning more about John Watson even though he did great work for psychology, he proved most that there is no difference between brutes and humans by having an affair with his assistant.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I do not agree with his statement that he could control the environment and have kids grow up to be whatever he wanted them too. I believe environment plays a big role but there is something that makes this impossible. That is biology of the human brain. If one genetic component is altered in the human brain it could overpower the effects of environment no matter how good the behaviorist is.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that John Watson was a dog himself. I will also remember that he conducted the Little Albert experiment. I will remember that he had to idea how to reverse his phobia he created for Little Albert when it seems obvious. Display the phobia with something pleasurable and teach that the thing is usually harmless.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 4 .5 Liter
Day 2 = 2
Day 3 = 4
Day 4 = 5
Day 5 =3
Day 6 =4
Day 7 =2
Average =3

1. One thing that I liked about this section was the weather examples. I was having a hard time understanding the contingencies and how they were positive, negative, and what it all meant. The weather examples helped it make better sense to me by saying how a negative contingency would be the weather station that was incorrect a lot with their rain prediction and a positive contingency would be the weather station who was usually correct with their rain predictions. This example and other rain and rain and lightening examples helped me understand what this part of the section was trying to describe.

2. One thing that I didn't like about this section was learning about the ways that researchers looked at and still look at animals. The chambers seem small and the electric shock that they use on the rats doesn't seem fair. I know that this research needs to be done somehow and it is better than doing it to humans but some of these things made me uncomfortable.

3. Three things that I will remember from this section: A positive contingency occurs when the CS correctly represents the US, positive contingency is also called excitatory conditioning as well as negative contingency is also called inhibitory conditioning, and electrical shock training is used differently between humans and animals such as rats.

4. What I liked in this section was learning about Watson and what he thought about psychology. I liked learning that he didn't agree with either the functionalist or structuralist view. I knew he studied behavior but it was interesting to read how he rejected both of those and wanted to focus on behavior when adjusting to the environment.

5. What I didn't like about this section was reading about Watson's marriage and affair. I didn't see the point in it and I felt that it was extra information.

6. Three things that I will remember from this section: systematic desensitization is used to help people overcome fears, I will remember the details about the Little Albert Study and how he got him to be afraid of rats and other furry animals by pairing his fear of loud noises with the animals, and I will remember that he was a behaviorist and rejected functionalism and structuralism.

7. Day 1 = 64 oz
Day 2 = 56 oz
Day 3 = 64 oz
Day 4 = 72 oz
Day 5 = 56 oz
Day 6 = 56 oz
Day 7 = 64 oz

Terms: systematic desensitization, Little Albert study, behaviorist, functionalism, structuralism, CS, positive contingency, excitatory condition, negative contingency, inhibitory condition, contingencies, chambers, US

Section 3.3

1) What was on thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I find it interesting how we are conditioned to either listen to a weather service or not listen, depending on how frequently the weather predictions have been accurate in the past. A positive contingency signals an increased likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will occur (accurate weather station) and a negative contingency signals a decreased likelihood the unconditioned stimulus will occur (inaccurate weather station). We resist acting upon a weather station’s report of coming snow when they have reported inaccurate information more than accurate information in the past, whereas, we react and prepare when a weather station repots coming snow when they have reported mostly accurate information in the past.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

The information about rats experiencing electrical shock made me uncomfortable. The rats had no place to escapes – that seems like a mean thing to make a rat endure.

3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

After reading section 3.3 I will remember the difference between positive contingencies (When the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of the unconditioned response) and negative contingencies (Decreased likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus occurring). When I think about the difference, I will remember the weather station example from this section. I will also remember that positive contingencies are also referred to as excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are also referred to as inhibitory conditioning. I will remember this because it makes sense to me. An example of excitatory conditioning would be if an accurate weather station reports a coming snowstorm individuals would prepare for a coming snowstorm. An example of inhibitory conditioning would be if an inaccurate weather station reports a coming tornado individuals may not prepare for the possibility as the weather station mostly reports inaccurate information. In addition, I will remember after reading this section that the onset and the offset of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus determined what type of conditioning is taking place. An example would be the pattern associated with Trace Conditioning (most effective) where time passes we can see the conditioned stimulus onset, the conditioned stimulus offset, the unconditioned stimulus onset, and the unconditioned stimulus offset. Finally, I will remember conditioned taste aversion because I have experience this. When I was younger I loved the taste of beef jerky, but once, I got the flu right after eating a bunch of beef jerky, became nauseated, and vomited. To this day the taste of beef jerky makes me feel nauseated.

Section 3.4

4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

It is interesting to think that we may be able to shape the young into a variety of individual’s and into a variety of careers as Watson suggests. I see this as a possibility, yet, there is a variety of variables that individuals’ involved in child rearing cannot specifically have control over. These variables out of the control of the individuals’ involved also influence and shape a child’s identity and choices throughout their life.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I disliked Watson’s Little Albert study. It seems cruel to me to condition a child to fear furry things. I would argue this study was emotionally damaging to Little Albert. It makes me wonder if little Albert held onto that fear his entire life in some way or another, as he was never desensitized.

6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

After reading this section I will remember systematic desensitization (a behavioral method used to help individuals overcome phobias). I will remember systematic desensitization because I will remember what Mary Cover Jones did with Peter’s to desensitize his fear of animals. She used food (unconditioned stimulus) and she gradually presented him with an animal (conditioned stimulus) that produced fear (unconditioned response). Some phobias are not problematic for some individuals, as those individuals do not typically encounter those phobia, for example, having a phobia of earthquakes and living in the Midwest is not problematic, but having a fear of earthquakes and living in California maybe problematic to that individuals day-to-day life. I will also remember the little Albert study, which reminds me (in a way) of systematic desensitization because little Albert did not get desensitized before or after being withdrawn from the study by his mother. Watson demonstrated in the little Albert study how fear could be conditioned into something more by associating a loud noise with furry things and making little Albert fearful of all furry things. As I remember Watson’s little Albert study, I will also remember that Watson believe that we are born with three basic emotions, fear, rage, and love.

7)

Day 1 = 7.5 cups
Day 2 = 8 cups
Day 3 = 7 cups
Day 4 = 9 cups
Day 5 = 8.5 cups
Day 6 = 8 cups
Day 7 = 9 cups
Average = 8.14 cups

I feel I did well this past week with my water consumption and workout schedule. I was able to get a sufficient amount of sleep, and I was able to decrease my caffeine intake, while increasing my water intake.

TERMS: conditioned, positive contingency, unconditioned stimulus, negative contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, onset, offset, conditioned stimulus, trace conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, desensitized, systematic desensitization, phobia, conditioned

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that the definition of positive contingencies was explained in detail. It is easier to emit remembering when it is thoroughly explained.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found this section to be extremely confusing. It was hard to follow because of all the new concepts and ideas.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the definition of taste aversion for two reasons; the first being that I can relate because I have experienced this and the cancer patient example made sense to me.
I will remember that positive and negative contingencies are also known as excitatory and inhibitory conditioning because of the example of the dogs and it explained how Pavlov used the dogs.
I will remember the definition of discrimination training because it is when you use two different stimuli in order to signal different contingencies.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that this section mentions information about what else was going on during Watson’s time because I can connect some of those ideas to what I am learning in my history and systems class.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not find anything that I disliked in this section, but I am amazed at how the Little Albert study was conducted because ethically it could not be done in today’s society.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember how Watson used a baseline by testing Little Albert because we have previously learned about what a baseline is and this is a good example.
I will remember how Watson paired the neutral stimulus of the rat with the clanging loud noises.
I will remember the definition of systematic desensitization because it is when they use the US and UR and condition it to improve a situation instead of produce fear.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 64 oz
Day 2 = 64 oz
Day 3 = 80 oz.
Day 4 = 72 oz.
Day 5 =56 oz
Day 6 = 48 oz
Day 7 = 64 oz
Average = 64 oz.
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7)
emitted, positive contingencies, condition, UR, US, systematic desensitization, emit, excitatory and inhibitory conditioning, discrimination training, ethically, baseline, neutral stimulus

1 a. I liked the part where I had to come up with examples of negative contingencies because that was a difficult task, but now have a better idea of examples.
b. I liked the example of rats freezing up when after they are shocked as an example of UR, it helps better explain the phenomena.
2. Something I liked the least was the example with predicting the weather. If the weatherman says it’s going to rain, I’m going to bring my umbrella, I don’t think you need to know the statistics on how accurate the prediction is.
3 a. I will remember the difference between positive and negative contingencies. PC signals an increased likelihood that the US will occur, and the NC decreases that likelihood.
b. I will remember that the order of presentation matters in classical conditioning (temporal order).
c. I will remember that it is possible for conditioning to occur in one trial. That is a good thing to know when conducting experiments.
4 a. One thing I liked was that Watson didn’t go with either structuralist’s or functionalist’s views, and chose the route of studying behaviors. We learn through habit and reflex in enviornments.
b. I liked how the Albert study shows that all behaviors are learned and not innate. This shows that parents and guardians play a huge role in how they raise their children.
5. One thing I liked the least was that Watson believed that it was OK to study both humans and non-human animals, as all animals are believed to be part of a continuum. I don’t know how much I agree with Watson on that one.
6 a. I will remember that Albert was not afraid of really anything until loud noises became associated with his un-feared things. This shows that you could basically brain wash anyone into fearing anything if the right steps are taken.
b. I will remember that systematic desensitization is used to treat phobias. It is good to know when attempting to teat someone with a phobia. You use technics of relaxation, visualization, and taking steps towards fixing the issue.
c. I will remember that Watson was the first to come up with the idea of the behavioral approach to survival, as it is a vital piece of history to be remembered.
7a.
Day 1 = 8
Day 2 = 8
Day 3 = 8
Day 4 = 8
Day 5 = 8
Day 6 = 8
Day 7 = 8
Average = 8
7. systematic desensitization, structuralist, functionalist, conditioning, classical conditioning, negative contingencies, positive contingencies

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked about this section were all the images. The visuals help me to better understand the concepts that are being expressed.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing that I disliked about this section, however, were the images of the animals that were being experimented on. I'm a really big animal lover so seeing them being experimented on makes me feel very uncomfortable.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is that to discriminate is to tell two things apart from each other. I will also remember that Pavlov used discrimination training with dogs to determine experimental neurosis that occurred when they could no longer discriminate between shapes that they correlated with feedings. I will remember these two things because the information about Pavlov's dog experiments has stuck with me over my time in psychology classes. Finally, I will remember the different types of conditioning procedures may be needed for animals and humans. I will remember this because it makes sense to me that animals and humans have different ways of processing some things and therefore would need different forms of conditioning.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked from this section was that it asked you to do internet searches or to look up a certain video on YouTube. I liked this because outside resources are helpful to me when it comes to grasping a concept or retaining information that I've read.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I did not like about this section was Watson's Little Albert experiment. In my option, it was unethical and cruel.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from this section was that of Watson's Little Albert study. I will remember this because it seems so crazy to me that something like this would have been allowed to be conducted, even back then. Another thing I will remember is that structuralism breaks the psychological experience into smaller units. I will also remember that functionalism states that the traits that people posses are due to their ability to survive. I will remember these two things because it is repetition from a previous class.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =48
Day 2 =32
Day 3 =48
Day 4 =24
Day 5 =36
Day 6 =24
Day 7 =24
Average =33.7 oz

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Discriminate, Pavlov, experimental neurosis, correlated, conditioning procedures, Watson, Little Albert study, structuralism, functionalism

1 One of the things about this section that I really liked was that is seemed to go really in depth in to conditioning. I thought that it was really nice that it not only explained what conditioning was but gave real world examples as well as context. I thought that this really helped clear up a lot of the questions and issues that I had with conditioning.

2) One thing that I didn't like as much about this section was that it was really wordy. Although there was a lot of information in the section (and that is something that I really liked) it felt like I had to wade through a lot of dialogue and terms in order to get to the actual important information.

3 a,b&c)
a) One of the things that I will remember from this section is the distinction between positive and negative contingencies. I will remember that a positive contingency is something that signals the arrival of the US.
b) A second thing that I will remember is the term taste aversion. This is something that I will remember because it has a direct tie to my own personal life. I have experienced conditioned taste aversion and now even the slightest whiff of Fireball is enough to make me feel sick to my stomach.
c) The third thing that I will remember is that there are different terms for the different contingencies. For example, positive contingencies are also referred to as excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are called inhibitory conditioning.

4 One thing that I really liked about this section was the inclusion of videos. As I have said before, I am an incredibly visual learner. I think that it really helps me not only understand and process but also to remember information when I have a visual representation in front of my face.

5) One thing that I disliked about this section was where it talked about the study done with Little Albert. That study has always freaked me out and reading about it gives me the creeps. I just don't understand why someone would consent to have something like that done to their child or why someone would want to do that in the first place.

6 a,b&c)
a) One thing that I will remember from this section is that the experiment involving Little Albert was ground breaking and that it showed that it was possible for someone to be conditioned to experience fear when exposed to a conditioned stimulus.
b)I will also remember the distinction between structuralism and functionalism. I will remember that structuralism deals with breaking down an experience in to smaller units.
c) Finally, I will remember that systematic desensitization is used today to help people overcome their phobias. I will remember this because I think it's really cool that psychology can be used to help people overcome their problems. Especially when they are problems that could interfere with their everyday lives.

7a)
Day 1 = 64 oz
Day 2 = 72 oz
Day 3 = 50 oz
Day 4 = 64 oz
Day 5 = 64 oz
Day 6 = 64 oz
Day 7 = 75 oz
Average = 64.7
I think that this week it was easier for me to meet my goals because I was doing a lot more physical activity. I worked out every day this week which will obviously make me thirsty and therefore makes me drink more water. I am anxious to see if I have the same results next week.
7) reinforcement, systematic desensitization, conditioning, negative contingencies, positive contingencies, structural, functional, inhibitory conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, taste aversion, excitatory conditioning

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a.I liked the introduction to conditioned emotional response.

b.I liked it because a lot of the things humans respond to are done out of emotion so it gives insight about how to change emotion either by taking away or giving emotionality to the consequence.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

a.The temporal relationship section was confusing just because I’m not quite sure what the outcomes of the different stimuli are.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.I will remember what a conditioned emotional response is because I find it interesting and very relevant in my own life.

b.Temporal relationship refers to time. I will remember this because stimuli can be given at different times to get different reactions.

c.I will remember what conditioned taste aversion is because I have experienced that with cooked green beans and now every time I smell them, I get sick.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a.I like Watson and his experiments.

b. Because he brings emotionality to behavior instead of just stimulus and reaction.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I do not like the fact that they didn’t follow up on little Albert because he was probably afraid of everything fury after that and didn’t know why. He should have been systematically desensitized.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.Watson is best known for his Little Albert study and fear was involved in it. I will remember this because I hate loud percussive sounds too and I can’t imagine having to listen to them over and over again and never having a follow up on how I’m doing and if I’m paranoid or not.

b.Systematic desensitization is a way to reverse fears. I will remember this because being desensitized to bugs while I was de-tasseling.

c.Functionalism is the belief that we have traits and abilities that have survival value. I will remember this because I think this is true to some degree and it brings behavior down to its fundamental properties like why do we do what we do.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 80oz
Day 2 =72oz
Day 3 =64oz
Day 4 =88oz
Day 5 =104oz
Day 6 =64oz
Day 7 =72oz
Average =78oz
7. Terms: conditioned emotional response, temporal relationship, conditioned taste aversion, systematically desensitized, Watson, Little Albert study, functionalism.

1 a&b) One thing I liked about this chapter was taste aversion. Taste aversion is when someone eats something and pairs it with a sickness that follows. This sickness is toxic enough to make them nauseous and vomit. Now whenever they come across that taste they get that same nausea. That resonated with me, my roommate got to intoxicated one night and got really sick. That was three years ago, and she still can’t stand the taste of liquor.
2) One thing in this chapter I didn’t like was the treatment of animals in experiments. I understand it is a critical part in the advancement of the field of psychology, but I just hate how those animals were treated. For example with the rats, there was no desired behavior to emit. Thus they couldn’t avoid the stimulus of the shock.
3 a,b&c) Three thing I will remember from this chapter are Positive contingency, negative contingency, and discrimination training. Positive contingency signals that the likelihood of the delivery of the unconditioned stimulus. Negative contingency signals the likelihood of the delivery of US will decrease. Discrimination training is training using two different stimuli to signal contingencies.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) I honestly enjoyed the section that discussed the main differences between functionalism and structuralism. I took an entire course on these and these few chapters pretty much summed up the course. This section was very simple and easy to understand.
5) The thing I liked least about this chapter is learning about the little albert study. We learn about it in so many courses, and I really don't like it. Its seems completely wrong to me that Watson would plan on scaring the living daylights out of a child and not have a plan to fix it.
6 a,b&c) Three main things I will remember from this chapter are; The Little Albert Study, the Mary Cover Jones’ study/ the Peter study, and the twelve infant quote. I will recall the Little Albert Study for many years, this is due to the amount of time I have spent studying it. As well as, my distaste for it. Once again I understand its necessity, but that doesn’t mean I like it. Along side that I will remember the Peter study. I will remember this, because it is the opposite of the Little Albert Study. Mary Cover Jones thought to find the opposite of Watson. I will also remember the twelve infant quote from Watson. This is his quote about taking twelve children, and raising them to be whatever he wants.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
2/24 Day 1 = 60 oz
2/25 Day 2 = 70 oz
2/26 Day 3 = 60 oz
2/27 Day 4 = 90 oz
2/28 Day 5 = 90 oz
3/1 Day 6 = 60 oz
3/2 Day 7 = 50 oz
Average = 69 oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Terms: Taste aversion, emit, behavior, Positive contingency, negative contingency, discrimination training, functionalism, structuralism, little ablert study, mary cover jones’ study, Watson,

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-one thing that I enjoyed was the Rabbit Restrainer...I feel the desire to purchase one online and test it to see if it works on my roommate's cat.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-One thing that i disliked was the positive and negative contingencies because it's sort of easy to mix up those terms with pos/neg correlations since they sort of deal with and mean the same thing, but not really.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? First, I will remember that conditioning can occur in its first trial, because that's cool. Secondly, I will remember that contingencies are not exactly the same thing as correlations. Lastly, I will remember that electric shocks are used as stimuli to elicit a conditioned emotional response.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-One thing that I liked from tis section was the importance of desensitizing individuals away from aversive stimuli, otherwise it could lead to even greater aversive results.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-One thing that I disliked was the statistic about plane crashes, I feel its a little skewed, because if I were to get into a single person flight I feel that I have an much greater that 52million to 1 chance in dying, since small planes crash very ofter compared to large passenger airliners...plus I wouldn't know how to fly and that'd significantly increase my chances at receiving a very aversive consequence and a punishment.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? -I will remember that a behaviorist recognizes no dividing line between man and brute, which is rather important when looking at things from an evolutionary perspective. I will remember the difference between a structuralist and a functionalist, because this is review from other classes. Lastly, I will remember the mass of information about systematic desensitization, I will remember this because desensitization can deal a great amount with you everyday life and why people are doing the things that they doing.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
1 bottle = ~ 24oz
Day 1 =10
Day 2 =10
Day 3 =8
Day 4 =11
Day 5 =10
Day 6 =11
Day 7 =12
Average =10.2

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

Terms: Positive/ negative contingencies, conditioned, Rabbit Restrainer, elicit, conditioned emotional response, aversive, systematic desensitization, consequence, punishment, structuralist, functionalist, behavioralist.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I found it interesting that when rats are introduced to a shock, their unconditioned response is to freeze up and not move. Many other animals would jump or move.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t like the rabbit holder. It seemed like it was very uncomfortable for the animal and kind of medieval.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
1. After something is introduced to the conditioned stimulus enough times, their unconditioned response becomes their conditioned response. 2. Taste aversion is a stimulus that is presented only once but can be a conditioned stimulus (such as having bad experience with alcohol). 3. Positive contingencies are when the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of the Unconditioned stimulus.
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I found the Little Albert study very interesting, mainly because he say that we are born with only 3 basic instinctive behaviors.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Striking a hammer to make a baby cry or become scared I feel is a bit unethical, however I do think it made a considerable amount of information available on the psychology of babies.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
1. Systematic desensitization is a process used to help overcome fear that people get from a stimulus. 2. Visualization and relaxation techniques help to desensitize people form a fear. 3. Structuralism breaks down the psychological experience into small units.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 45 oz
Day 2 =64 oz
Day 3 = 72 oz
Day 4 = 38 oz
Day 5 =64 oz
Day 6 =65 oz
Day 7 = 54 oz
Average = 51 oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Systematic desensitization, behavior, behaviors, emit, produce, reinforcement, stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response.

After reading section 3.3, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The one thing that I liked learning about in this section was about the conditioning methods used on humans. I found this very interesting that. In the past, we usually only hear about animals being tortured or being the one’s experimented on. It was nice to learn from a different perspective.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found the end of this section very confusing. I didn’t understand the part about conditioned emotional response very well. I found it very hard to comprehend at the time of reading it.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing that I will remember from this section is the part about positive contingency. This is when it signals an increase that the unconditioned stimulus will occur. The next thing that I will remember is a negative contingency. This is when the signals will decrease the likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will decrease. The third and last thing that I will get out of this section is the idea about how a variety of classical conditioning methods are used on animals for experiments. They use the eye blink conditioning and also sometimes electrical shock.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked learning more in depth about Watson and the Little Albert study. This section told us more about Watson as a person and his history. You never learn in class that he eventually resigned from his position, making him not seem so powerful to me. You also learn why Albert was the infant picked in the experiment.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I didn’t like about this section is that Watson compared humans to animals. I don’t believe that we should be compared. I do believe that we can relate but I don’t necessarily like to be compared.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing that I will remember from this section is the definition for a structuralist. This type was interested in breaking psychology into basic elements within introspection. The other side of this would be the second thing I’m going to remember. This type is called the functionalist, which are ones that believed that if an ability existed, then it must have something to do with enhancing our survival rate. The third thing I’m going to remember is about systematic desensitization. I will remember this because the experiment with Peter, the three year old, will help me. This is a behavioral method used today in helping people overcome phobias.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =32 oz
Day 2 =24 oz
Day 3 =48 oz
Day 4 =64 oz
Day 5 =32 oz
Day 6 =48 oz
Day 7 =48 oz
Average =42.29 oz

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Conditioned emotional response, positive contingency, unconditioned stimulus, negative contingency, classical conditioning, structuralist, introspection, functionalist, systematic desensitization

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I thought positive contingency was interesting. The text made it easier to understand. It gave the example of thunder and lightning and that helped me understand better how positive contingency occurs when the CS predicts the arrival of US.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the amount of information that was involved in this section. It became confusing at times. I found that the abbreviations for many of the terms made it more confusing to understand what it all meant. I just found a lot of this section confusing but I hope that it gets clearer with practice and discussion.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between positive and negative contingencies. A positive contingency signals the increased likelihood the US will occur, and a negative contingency signals that the likelihood the US will occur will decrease in frequency. I will remember that a conditioned taste aversion is when the taste of something triggers a nausea feeling within in us, typically from past experiences. The third thing I will remember is all the other types of conditioning such as: stimulus conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning
After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I really liked about this section was it was interesting and my favorite part about having this book online is that I can click on the links and be able to watch videos assigned easily. It was also very short and to the point, which I liked.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing I liked least about this section was reading about the Little Albert study. I hadn’t heard of this study before and I can’t believe that he got away with doing that because it just seems so unethical and wrong to me.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Structuralists, like those who studied introspection, were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements, like a chemist would do. Functionalists believed that if an ability or trait was present, it must play a role in survival. Watson believed psychology to be the study of behavior that people and animals adapt to their environment through habit and reflex. I will remember the Little Albert study, that Watson wanted to prove that fear is a learned behavior, and people are born with a blank slate. Thus, the purpose of his study was to prove that fear could be conditioned because Albert wasn’t afraid of anything. Lastly I will remember that systematic desensitization can be used to treat phobias and that this treatment consists of a combination of relaxation, visualization, and taking small systematic steps towards approaching the object that the individual fears.
7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =64 oz
Day 2 = 48 oz
Day 3 =48 oz
Day 4 =32oz
Day 5 =64oz
Day 6 =72 oz
Day 7 =40 oz
Average = 52.6oz
So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Systematic desensitization, conditioned, functionalists, structuralists, positive contingency, negative contingency, conditioned taste aversion

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I really liked all the detailed examples it gave in this section. I thought i was going to have troubles with some terminology like;Positive contingency and excitatory conditioning but after reading the examples the book provided i understood them a lot better and help make it clear to me.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-The thing i did not like about this section was the classical conditioning actually made it a little confusing from last week and i am now more confused then last week.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-The first thing i will remember is the Positive contingency because how well it was described in great detail in the readings, and it also made sense to me as i read it.
-The next thing i will remember is the excitatory conditioning because of all the examples it gave. I believe the examples were helpful and it made it easy to understand how it works.
-The last thing i will remember is how many variety of types of conditioning such as simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward conditioning. I will remember this because I feel this is an important thing to be aware of when performing any kind of study or experiment regarding conditioning.

After reading section 3.4, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-One thing i really liked was the video in the book about the Little Albert study. This made it easier to understand and how people react to things in certain ways.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-The thing i liked least in this section was how many terminology in this section with how short the passage actually was. I felt it was a little much for this passage, and it was confusing trying to keep each term separate from the other.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-One thing i will remember from this section was the study on Little Albert. I thought it was interesting to watch the video and it made sense to me on why people may act a certain way.
-The next thing i will remember is the systematic desensitization and how it works. I will remember this because i thought it was clear in the passage and the examples given made sense to me.
-The last thing i will remember from this reading is that Watson was the first to come up with the idea of the behavioral approach to survival, as it is a vital piece of history to be remembered.

7a) You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Glasses of 8 oz.
Day 1 =7
Day 2 =6
Day 3 =9
Day 4 =8
Day 5 =5
Day 6 =10
Day 7 =11
Average =8

So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

7) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-Positive Contingency, Excitatory Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Simultaneous Conditioning, Short-Delay Conditioning, Trace Conditioning, Long-delayed Conditioning, Backward Conditioning, Systematic Desensitization

Section 3.3

1a&b) The one thing I liked about this section is the part about conditioned taste aversion. I really liked this theory by John Garcia because it shows that you don't need the classical conditioning pairing to get a response. An example would be a person eating a burger that would generally be considered tasty by other but instead of liking it, he throws up. This does not mean the burger does not taste nice, but it can be attributed to him having a bad experience with any burger and the memory of puking from a burger causes him to puke again.

2) The one thing I didn't like from this section is the difference of classical conditioning method between humans and animals. The reason why I disliked this is because in my opinion the animals are treated very inhumanely in these experiments because we cannot conduct such experiments on human beings. An example would be rats in the operant chamber and the rabbit restrainer.

3a,b&c) The three things I really liked about this section are positive contingency produces higher possibility of UR that elicits higher possibility of US, predicting weather through classical conditioning, and CR is reflexive. The reason why I will remember the positive contingency is because with what I learned I can differentiate positive and negative contingency better. As for predicting the weather through classical conditioning, it is a good example of applying the theory to real life because it happens everyday and I can relate to it. Finally, the reason why I will remember that CR is reflexive is because a dog only has a brain and not a mind. This reminds me that the dog has little conscious control over the CR.

Section 3.4

4a&b) The one thing I really liked about this section is the Little Albert Study. I liked this a lot because it showed that a simple reflex often could be conditioned into something else. I like this because he took Pavlov’s theory even further by applying it to a little kid by combining a neutral stimulus, which was a rat and an unconditioned stimulus which was a loud clang to produce a conditioned response which was the kid being scared of furry animals.

5) The one thing I liked least was how after the Little Albert Study was done, Albert was not desensitized which in a way I find it inhumane because Albert developed a fear of furry animals that he would not have had otherwise.

6a,b&c) The three things I will remember from this section would be the difference between structuralists and functunalists, systematic desensitization and the part about phobia of flying. Firstly, I will remember the difference between structuralists and functionalists because of how these two views divided psychology into two camps until Watson came around and rejected both camps. As for the systematic desensitization, I will remember this because I’ve learned this technique of overcoming phobias in my Abnormal Psychology class. Finally, I will remember the part about phobia of flying because the technique of comparing the statistics of a plane crash to car crashes does not actually work compared to other techniques.

7a) Day 1 = 9 glasses
Day 2 = 8 glasses
Day 3 = 10 glasses
Day 4 = 10 glasses
Day 5 = 10 glasses
Day 6 = 7 glasses
Day 7 = 6 glasses
Average = 8.57 glasses of water per day

7) Conditioned taste aversion, classical conditioning, operant chamber, rabbit restrainer, positive contingency, unconditioned response (UR), elicit, unconditioned stimuli (US), conditioned response (CR), reflexive, negative contingency, Little Albert Study, neutral stimulus, desensitized, structuralists, functionalists, systematic desensitization, phobia

RA 8
1. One thing I really liked in this chapter was discrimination training. This involved the dogs ability to recognize and differentiate the difference between a circle and ellipse. I liked this part because the text related the new material back to material we have already studied. This made it a lot easier to understand. Taste aversion was also interesting to read over, it seems like every psychology class touches on taste aversion at least once. I have learned this before in my intro to psychology class but this section cleared it up a lot better.

2. What I didn't like about this chapter was how the chapter explained conditioned emotional response. This was simply the hardest part for me to understand. At first i tried to focus on the pictures presented but it was much easier to just read about this topic. This is another way to condition an animal or person really, to respond a certain way.

3. I will remember taste aversion, how we relate food to a negative experience immediately following what food we ate. This happened to me with mushrooms, I had the flu before I tried eating some kind of mushroom soup and I remember throwing my meal up and seeing a mushroom in the mess I made created the aversion I have for mushrooms.
Remembering discrimination training will be easy for me because this section related it back to what we have already learned which is Pavlov's dogs and how they could tell the difference between a circle and ellipse.
Lastly I will remember conditioned emotional response because it was frustrating trying to relate the pictures to the text. For some reason I just couldn't relate the two. As simple as it was to do I for some reason struggled with it. Just reading the text and ignoring the pictures was the easiest thing for me to do.

4. What i enjoyed most about this section was systematic desensitization. Again the text related the new material to what I have already learned in the past. This is a method of making people unafraid of certain stimuli and get over their phobias. In my intro to psychology class we covered this, again this section did a much better job of explaining it.

5. If I had to pick something i didn't like or what i liked least, i would have to say the part about structuralist and functionalists. These two groups had two different thoughts about the nature of humans. The structuralists believed psychology could be broken down into basic elements using the introspection method. The introspection method is the examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings. Functionalists believed that any ability or trait learned is specifically learned to increase our survival rate. This goes back to Darwin and his theory of evolution.

6. I will remember systematic desensitization, structuralists vs functionalists and Watson's belief that animals and humans simply learn from experience. Systematic desensitization was easiest to learn about, Jones's study about Peter and his naturally conditioned fear instead of an experimental conditioned response. This was a short chapter in my opinion, The only reason I will remember structuralists vs functionalists is because it seemed like that's all that was left in the chapter.

7a.
day 1- 6
day 2- 9
day 3- 8
day 4- 7
day 5- 8
day 6- 9
day 7- 6
average 7.5

Terms-
Short-delay conditioning, trace conditioning, long-delay conditioning, taste aversion, systematic desensitization, backward conditioning, discrimination training.

Please read sections 3.3 (Classical Conditioning) and 3.4 (Watson).
After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
-I found Racola’s research about the CS and US to be interesting because I feel like it is kind of common sense but it is stated in a way that could confused people. Pavlov’s experimental neurosis was also interesting because animals were not able to discriminate between a round and ellipse object. They still associated the round shape with salivating which means they didn’t salivate when they found out that the ellipse did not contain food as a reinforcement. I really enjoyed the images that you have in the readings. It helped me visualize the experiments.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
-It was difficult to come up with examples for the contingencies because they are closely related to aversive and pleasurable reinforcements and punishments. I did not like how Pavlov agitated animals while doing his experimental neurosis experiment. It could of really messed with the dogs and they might have not been able to learn how to discriminate between objects after. I do like that animals and humans are used in experiments to understand our behaviors but some of the things that they do to the animals is kind of sad. For example the rabbit restraint and the shocks they gave to rats in the Operant Chamber. The experiments on humans is also sad but not as bad.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
-I have learned about US, UR, CS, and CR but I still to this day can not grasp the meanings of them because I get them all confused
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
-I experienced taste aversion with alcohol
-I experienced taste aversion with seafood

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
-I really enjoyed learning about Watson and his Little Albert experiment. I believe that Watson is correct, that we learn from our environments. I really enjoy when you attach youtube videos because they are perfect lengths of time and I am able to learn from listening and able to retain the information. It’s also interesting how Watson was confident enough to say that he could raise any child to be anything you ever wanted. This may be a part of self-fulling prophecy. I was also surprised how Watson was kicked out of school because of his own affair. That’s crazy. I also really liked that you had us research different relaxing techniques for those with different phobias. I am going to see if I can get my boyfriend to use them while we are traveling to see if they will work on him. Like the reading says, it will probably be a good idea to have him imagine the trip first before we start getting on planes. Since his fear is flying on planes. I believe the only phobia that I have are needle phobias. I have a huge phobia of needles and I have exposed myself with them often enough to finally be able to tolerate them. Before I used to check in at the doctor for a flu shot and I would be the only 20 year old crying in the waiting room because I was so scared!
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
-Nothing, I really enjoyed this section
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
-I have heard of the Watson study during my intro to psych class but I could not remember what the experiment was. I was glad to be able to learn more about it
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
-I learn efficiently from my environments
-My boyfriend has a fear of flying on planes, although he never has even tried it. I think desensitization may be helpful for him to learn that he won’t die on a plane on our way to Puerto Rico next year
-I had a strong phobia of needles, it has now died down due to exposure
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
-I know strongly believe that environments shape who we are. Before I thought different!
10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 49oz
Day 2 =32oz
Day 3 =41oz
Day 4 =44oz
Day 5 =52oz
Day 6 =45oz
Day 7 =38oz
Average = 43 oz

11) Terminology: Racola, CS, US, aversive, pleasurable, reinforcement, punishments, Pavlov, experimental neurosis, salivation, ellipse, discriminate, rabbit restraint, shock in rats, Operant Chamber, taste aversion, CR, UR, Watson, environment, Little Albert, self-fulfilling prophecy, phobia, relaxation techniques

3.3
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What I found most interesting in this section was experimental neurosis. I thought this was interesting because when the dogs were shone the circle they salivated because they were conditioned they would receive food. But when shown the ellipse this inhibited salivation. What I really found interesting was when Pavlov made it hard for the dogs to discriminate between a circle and a ellipse through discriminative training. The dogs would either become really agitated and bark while other dogs would act helpless and cower.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I found the least interesting in this section was when the book explained the other types of conditioning, like the simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, backward conditioning, and ect. I found this least interesting because the book didn’t really explain what these types of conditioning included. When looking at the diagram of these types it was very difficult for me to understand why they were different.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
From previous sections in the book I already knew what classical conditioning was and also from previous psych classes I learned about the different experiments done on animals to study conditioning. But I have not learned in depth about other types of conditioning.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life is conditioned taste aversion. This is when taste is associated with something toxic enough that makes you really sick. This relates to my life because when I ate shrimp for the first time a little while later I became really sick. It may not have been the shrimp I ate that made me sick but now every single time I see shrimp I become nauseated because of the first time I ate it. A second thing that relates to my life from this section is excitatory conditioning. This relates to my life because when I click the power button on the remote for my T.V. this increases the likelihood the T.V. will turn on because I pushed the power button.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

3.4
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What I found interesting in this section is Mary Cover Jone’s Study where she used systematic desensitization to remove a fear from Peter who was afraid of animals. I thought this was interesting because this was the first time a study demonstrated how to desensitize a fear and this technique now is used for people with phobias.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
In this section I didn’t really find anything that wasn’t interesting to me. Both the Little Albert Study and the Mary Cover Jone’s Study were very interesting and enjoyable to read. I also thought the section about phobias was really interesting. This chapter is probably the most interesting chapter so far.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
From previous psych classes I already learned about the Little Albert Study and what results was found in the study. But I didn’t know about systematic desensitization or the study that was involved in coming up with the topic nor did I know that this is used in treating people with phobias.
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life from this section is systematic desensitization. I wouldn’t say I have a phobia of spiders but definitely a huge fear. I can use systematic desensitization to help overcome my fear of spiders. A second thing that relates to my life is using the relaxation techniques. To overcome a fear of mine I need to relax and breath and this can help me overcome my fear.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Before reading these sections I didn’t know there was many forms of classical conditioning. I only learned about classical conditioning in broad terms. I wasn’t aware it could be that complicated.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 32 oz
Day 2 = 48 oz
Day 3 = 24 oz
Day 4 = 32 oz
Day 5 = 32 oz
Day 6 = 48 oz
Day 7 = 36 oz
Average = 36 oz

10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

11) Terms: experimental neurosis, inhibit, discriminative training, classical conditioning, taste aversion, excitatory conditioning, systematic desensitization

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found it interesting that, even though I have heard this story numerous times, that Pavlov could train dogs using experimental neurosis. The salvation and food could teach the dogs what to expect. It is interesting that negative contingency while using the ellipse can teach the dog when to expect food or not. This is interesting to me because I have a cat with my roommates and I think it would be neat to teach her things or just to even experiment with her and see what I can train her to do. I find that discrimination training can be very useful on humans and animals.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The section I found least interesting was the conditioned emotional response because I have learned about this in previous classes so it was sort of repetitive. However, there were a few new things I learned in this portion of the section but things like the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response are something I knew from a lot of my previous classes. That is the only reason I found this uninteresting was because it was repeating what I already knew.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Like I said in the previous question, I have learned about unconditioned and conditioned responses in previous classes like into to psychology as well as discussion in behavior modification. I also had heard of conditioned taste aversion however I did not know the specific details. This was interesting to me to learn what taste aversion actually was because in developmental psychology the professor had just mentioned the term.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The conditioned taste aversion was interesting to me because not only do I have these feelings after a fun night out with my friends but my grandpa underwent chemotherapy like this section stated. He had the same reaction that the example said and can no longer eat roast that my grandma would always make for him after working in the fields during harvest. This was one of my grandma's most cooked meals and he still, because of the side effects of chemo and getting sick all of the time, he thinks that the roast is what is making him sick. Another way this section relates to me is unconditioned and conditioned responses. When I sneeze because I randomly have to, I have an unconditioned response however when I walk past the grass after being mowed and I sneeze because I have bad allergies, this would be a conditioned stimulus.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I find it interesting that Watson rejected both the functionalist and the structuralist perspectives to say that psychology is the study of behaviors. It was interesting that he said there was no dividing line between animals and humans. The study of Little Albert is well known to everyone but I had never heard the background details about structuralists and functionalists. I have heard this story numerous times and I also think that it is interesting that Little Albert was not scared of the monkey, dogs and the masks. I don't understand why the loud noises would make him scared but seeing the things visually would not scare him. I don't understand why this is and that's why it interests me.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The only thing from this section that I would say was least interesting was reading the section over little Albert that I had already read in many of my other psychology classes. However I thought it was interesting because there was were some background information about the little Albert case that I had never heard about. The only thing I didn't like about this article was the repetitiveness of the little Albert case even though I figured this would be included in the book because it is a psychology class.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Like in the previous question I stated that I had heard the little Albert story just like many of the other people in the class has. I had also heard of systematic desensitization during my clinical psychology class when we learned about different types of therapies and how to get people to overcome phobias. We discussed this in class about how a fear of sharks is not a big issue in Iowa but like the example said, being terrified of flying may be an issue.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
This relates to me because I used to be terrified of butterflies because when I was younger we went to the Omaha Zoo and went into the butterfly room. I was overwhelmed by all the butterflies surrounding me and ever since then I have had this silly fear of butterflies. One day my friends, knowing about my fear, put a butterfly near me and basically made me overcome my fear. This relates to systematic desensitization. I am now totally fine with butterflies and I know that mine may be not as severe or even a phobia but I can see how systematic desensitization would work. Unconditioned and conditioned stimulus is also relevant in my life as well as everyone else.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
This taught me what every other week did because it showed me that even more of my other psychology classes relates to behavior modification and that there are many aspects to behavior modification.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 =45 oz
Day 2 =37 oz
Day 3 =49 oz
Day 4 =45 oz
Day 5 =41oz
Day 6 =38 oz
Day 7 =43 oz
Average = 43 oz

10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
negative contingency, discrimination training, conditioned emotional response, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned taste aversion, systematic desensitization, structuralists, functionalist, behavior modification

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found this section pretty interesting because it went more in depth with classical conditioning. I really thought that the conditioned taste aversion was one of the most interesting parts because it is something that most people experience and I for one definitely have experienced this a lot. I also found it interesting that we can develop positive and negative contingencies. I found the conditioning methods interesting because there are some very unique ways that they presented to condition people and animals. I know that I would be extremely uncomfortable if I had to use the air puff helmet because I hate when objects are near my eyes which is probably because of classical conditioning. I did feel bad for the rats with the electrical cage however or even those people who were getting electrical shocks.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I did find this section a little less interesting because it does seem pretty repetitive on the previous section yet I do understand that there is a lot more information about classical conditioning presented in this section. One thing that I wish was different about this section was that of where they talked about the order of CS and US presentations. I was a little confused about the different types and wanted a little more clarification on each type instead of trying to just answer the example questions.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section related to the previous section that we just read about before this one concerning classical conditioning. We also previously learned about some types of conditioning methods as well but they went more in depth with how they were used and shown pictures of the different types. Also we previously discussed excitatory and inhibitory neurons and now we are discussing excitatory and inhibitory conditioning which along the same basis as before.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One way that I can relate this section to my life is that of conditioned taste aversion. I do not know how many times that I have went through this experience in my life. Many times with alcohol because of the fact that the smell can be so potent that when you get just a small stench of it, it could physically make you get ill. Regardless of alcohol however this has happened with certain types of food, like when I found a bone in my chicken from McDonalds whenever I saw or smelled their chicken nuggets I would get physically sick. Another way that I can relate this section to my life is from the conditioning methods that they used with the air puff to the eyeball reminded me of how much fear I have when anything comes close to my eye. I related this because I have a CR because every time something would touch my eye I would get hurt or feel pain so I automatically will react to any US.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
As a psychology major we have almost all heard of Little Albert, however I did not know that Watson was trying to study that we were born with three basic reflexes, love, rage, and fear. I think it is really interesting that he never had the chance to help Little Albert after the study, also I do not know how that there was no ethical concerns when they even thought of the study! I am surprised that even though Watson made these contributions to psychology that he having an affair basically lost him his job and he had to go into advertising. I have heard of Mary Cover Jones’s study on peter but I did not know that is where systematic desensitization came from. I also find the whole concept of systematic desensitization really interesting that you can slowly get over phobias with the right therapy.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I thought that this section was really interesting but I would say that the only part of the section that I found least interesting was a lot of text boxes and I actually wanted to read more about different types of phobias and how systematic desensitization.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section relates to what I already knew from actually another psychology class that I had. The Little Albert study is a pretty well-known study in psychology and one of my psychology classes we actually talked about how unethical the whole experiment was and the fact that when Little Albert grew up he had some major issues. Along with systematic desensitization I also have learned about this previously from other psych courses but I thought that this therapy could also be kind of controversial with making individuals face their phobias, but I know that they slowly lead up to actually engaging in that phobia regardless flying or holding a spider. I would like to know if this is always the best way to treat phobias.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The first way that I can relate this section to my life is that I was conditioned by myself to be scared of lighters. I saw the car lighter plugged-in in my dad’s truck so I popped it out and put my thumb in it and then burned my thumb really bad. So the lighter was the US and then the burning was the CR. The next way that I can relate this section to my life is that of systematic desensitization. I have this fear of grasshoppers because they just creep me out when they jump at me I wouldn’t necessarily considerate a phobia like I have with spiders but I had a big fear of them. When I run I like to run outside usually on trails when it gets colder out the grasshoppers like to lie on the pavement in the sun. With this I kind of jumped to the last stage of the systematic desensitization and I would run by them and freak out possibly scream a bit or sprint by them but eventually going by them every day I became more desensitized to them and now I am at the point where they hit me all the time when I run by them and it does not bother me at all!
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have helped me understand classical conditioning by explaining positive and negative contingencies and actually the conditioning methods helped me understand conditioning better by showing me the devices used and I could picture it more in my mind of how it would work. I realized how much ethics could come into play with experiments especially Little Albert at least with Peter he was systematically desensitized.
10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention).
Day 1 = 4 x16oz water bottle
Day 2 = 4
Day 3 = 4
Day 4 = 4
Day 5 = 3
Day 6 = 3
Day 7 = 4
Average =3.7 x 16 oz water bottle
Terminology: Classical conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, positive and negative contingencies, conditioning methods, excitatory and inhibitory conditioning, CR, US, Little Albert, Watson, Mary Cover Jones's, Peter, systematic desensitization

AAW
Reading Activity Week 8
Please read sections 3.3 (Classical Conditioning) and 3.4 (Watson).
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting part in the section was the part of positive contingency. The example of the lightning and thunder was a great example in explaining the concept. It is amazing to know that the conditioned stimulus can predict the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus. It is amazing to know what the conditioned stimulus is capable of doing. Along with the idea that I found interesting was the fact that further research was done that showed that there does not need to be a number of occurrences between the US and the neutral stimulus before conditioning results. I think this is interesting because it is the complete opposite of what was taught in the previous chapter.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting part was when the author talked about positive and negative contingencies because I do not understand what it truly means. Even after doing research on the topic I was very confused so for me this seemed to be the least interesting area due to just not understanding what the topic was.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The section related to what I already knew based on the last chapters of conditioned response, unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, and conditioned stimulus. This section though focused more on adding advanced principles such as positive contingency. However, to learn the more complicated areas you must know the basics before you add more. The last chapter and this one have done that.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The two things that relate to my life are conditioned emotional response and conditioned taste aversion. I have noticed that there are people in my life that would purposely state things or do things to get me to respond a certain way each time. Mostly that was in their favor. The other thing of conditioned taste aversion is when I went to a Mexican restaurant once and I got extremely sick from the experience and I never have returned to that restaurant nor will I ever. The experience was too extreme for me to even consider doing it again.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting part was the part of the study with Little Albert and Watson’s idea that a person is born with 3 basic reflex emotions of fear, rage, and love. I think this is interesting because a baby’s development is just beginning and they already have the feelings of fear, rage and love is an amazing thing that a human brain can do. I agree with his discovery and clearly it was supported. I think of babies I know that will stay away from dangerous places and show love to their care givers. It is amazing what a baby can do. I think there are more mysteries to our brain that we have not discovered yet. I also found it interesting that Mary found that people are not scared while they eat.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting part was unfortunately the beginning of the chapter due to the fact they are talking about science. That area is not the most interesting to me. I do not care to learn about the biology side of psychology, but I know that it is very important to know when studying psychology. As explained by Watson though “psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science.” Science is an important factor in behavior psychology.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The section related to what I already knew based on the main ideas of Watson’s studies. In other classes we discussed his experiment with Little Albert. In my introduction classes we cover Watson’s theories and then when we get to more specific classes in psychology they focus on the certain areas that are relevant. The part that I remember the most is the white rat and the loud noises scaring Albert and I always felt bad for Albert and still do.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The two things that relate to my life are phobias and systematic desensitization. As most of us all have some sort of phobia and at different levels. I have a phobia of spiders like probably most people do. However, this phobia does not control my life, but spiders are not my friends. My parents, more specifically my mother, wants to use systematic desensitization to get rid of my phobia. The only problem is she has not started it in a relaxing environment and there is no way I am going near a spider.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
The readings have changed my thought of behavior in a sense of that research that was done previously in behavior along with other areas of psychology is the researchers did not have to worry about damage to their participants. It is amazing how the research studies have changed so much from then to now. The research seemed to be the biggest thing that changed my thoughts about behavior. Along with the amazing things that can be studied with behavior in humans and other beings.
10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 64oz
Day 2 =64oz
Day 3 =64oz
Day 4 =64oz
Day 5 =64oz
Day 6 =64oz
Day 7 =64oz
Average =64oz
10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: Little Albert, phobias, systematic desensitization, positive contingency, negative contingency, conditioned response, unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, and conditioned stimulus, conditioned emotional response, and conditioned taste aversion.

1. In this section I found that Pavlov’s continuation on his classical conditioning experiment involving the dogs. His study helped define and describe what experimental neurosis is and how it relates to the world. Pavlov conducted an experiment where he used different shapes to elicit different behaviors. He would show the dogs a circle to signal to the dogs that food is coming. Then when the food arrived he paired the food with an oval. This activity when using two different stimuli to signal different contingencies is called discrimination training. Once the dogs became familiar with the shapes and what it was going to be paired with, Pavlov started gradually changing the circle to look more and more like the oval. Eventually the shapes were too similar for the dogs to differentiate.
2. I say this all the time, but I mean it. I found all of this information to be interesting and to me because most of it is new concepts. Even though some of these terms I have already gone over in another class I understand and can apply it to my personal life. I feel like I get a better grasp on what each concept means and how to answer the questions included in the text.
3. This whole class is related to classical and operant conditioning, and this section talked about Pavlov and how classical conditioning can manipulate a behavior. Each section we read is related to the previous section because it’s going off of what we learned before. Say that I joined this class three or four weeks in and started reading the same sections as the rest of the class and not reading the previous sections, I would be very confused. Reading the sections as assigned is the best way to understand the concepts and allow me to retain the information.
4. Actual occurrence relates to my life, looking back at the example the text gave about the weather channel, I was told that the weatherman was normally wrong. My parents drilled this idea in my head because they probably took the weatherman’s predication on the weather a few too many times and it was wrong. Classical conditioning also connects to my life because it relates to everyone life. This can be trying to change a roommate’s behavior by asking them to help you clean every Friday, and eventually they will clean every Friday on their own because they are conditioned to do so.
5. I thought the little Albert experiment was very interesting to read about. I have talked about this experiment in a lot of my other classes, but I thought the video was pretty cool to watch. I always learn better when there is a video involved because I can see what exactly happened in the experiment and it is easier to remember what exactly happened in the experiment.
6. I didn’t dislike anything in this section, I just found the part about myelinization somewhat confusing. I think the reason why I was getting confused about this term was because I kept relating it to the myelin sheath. The text did say that it is like the myelin sheath, but I couldn’t understand what the difference was between the two.
7. I have talked about the little Albert study in most of my psychology classes and we have gone over the ethical standpoint on the study. It is said that this is not exactly the most accurate study because the world now would change the way Albert would have reacted. I think Watson’s experiment was definitely on the right track. I do believe we are born with predisposed reactions to certain experiences.
8. The section that talked about the little Albert experiment reminds me of an experiment we did on my younger brother. Well, I guess we didn’t know we were conducting an experiment at the time. He was about three months old and it was Halloween time, my older brother put on a scary mask and ran toward our younger brother. His immediate reaction was to scream in terror. This relates to the experiment Watson conducted. Another example that connects to my life is during the Albert experiment when they produced loud noises and recorded Albert’s reaction.
9. After reading these sections I have a better grasp on how behavior modification connects to my own life and everyone around me. Whether we are aware or not changing and manipulating individual’s behaviors is happening all around us. The first example that comes to mind is an episode of the Big Bang Theory where Sheldon wants to change Penny’s behavior. The target behavior he is attempting to get at is for her to talk less and get her volume to be lowered. Every time she does the target behavior he rewards her with a chocolate, which is an example of positive reinforcement.
10. Day 1= 64oz
Day 2= 56oz
Day 3= 56oz
Day 4= 64oz
Day 5= 64oz
Day 6= 48oz
Day 7= 64oz
Average= 59.4oz
Terms: classical conditioning, experimental neurosis, elicit, discrimination training, operant conditioning, actual occurrence, target behavior, positive reinforcement, myelinization.

1) I found a lot of things interesting in this section about classical conditioning. The information I found most interesting however was conditioned emotional response. Even though in the section it had to do with shocking animals and I am not too fond of that, I thought it was interesting how they used it to make the once neutral stimulus and make it a conditioned stimulus. It helped me understand the relationship between the two stimuli.

2) I thought the little bit about taste aversion towards the end of the section was least interesting. The reason I thought this was because there was so much useful and helpful information in the beginning of the section that went more in depth about classical conditioning and information I did not know and then it went back to taste aversion which is commonly known.

3) This section builds a lot on what I already knew about classical conditioning because it went more in depth of explaining why certain stimuli are the way they are and how exactly they fit together. It’s helped build my understanding of different methods that are used to find conclusions.

4) Two things from this section that relate to my life are positive contingencies and taste aversion. Positive contingencies relate to my life because they are kind of like reinforcement because they pair with a stimulus to create a response that will occur more often and almost everything in my daily life has something to do with some form of reinforcement. An example of this would be when the microwave beeps when your food is done and you salivate because you know the food is ready. Taste aversion relates to my life because I will not eat Burger King because I once got sick after eating it. Even the sight of Burger King makes me nauseas.

5) In this section I thought learning about Mary Cover Jone’s systematic desensitization was most interesting. I liked reading about how actual scientists and researchers can combat certain phobias so the individual does not elicit a frightened response anymore. I like how they explain it one step at a time.

6) I found the part of Little Albert to be least interesting in this section. I really enjoy the study and the idea that came from Watson about behavior modification and different stimuli but when reading it over and over again in many different classes I catch myself wanting to wander while reading it.

7) This section builds on what I knew previously with Little Albert and Watson being a behaviorist. Almost all psychology classes talk about Watson and his little Albert study but I don’t think I have ever learned about Mary Cover Jone’s work with Peter to see about desensitivity to different stimuli. I knew that desensitization was a thing but I like how the section explained how it became a used idea. I also knew that Watson was a behaviorist but I didn’t know that Watson completely rejected the structuralist and functionalist views.

8) Two things that relate to my life from this second section are having a phobia of heights and being kind of desensitized to it and being scared of something from a certain stimuli. Just like Albert was scared of animals from the loud banging, when I was little I was up on a ledge and fell and sprained my arm and ever since then when I think of heights I am anxious and scared. A couple years ago my mom had had enough so she took me and tried to get me desensitized. It worked a little bit and I am not as anxious anymore to it but she does not really have a psychology background so according to the text she did it completely wrong.

9) Reading these two sections have influenced my original idea about behavior modification only slightly. The first chapter had the most influence on my ideas because it explained how behaviors fit in the spectrum of conditioning and how easy it is for people to change other’s behaviors.

10a)
Day 1 = 36 oz
Day 2 =76 oz
Day 3 =64 oz
Day 4 = 76 oz
Day 5 = 12 oz
Day 6 = 24 oz
Day 7 = 12 oz
Average = 42.8 oz

11) Terms: classical conditioning, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, stimuli, conditioned emotional response, taste aversion, positive contingencies, systematic desensitization, Watson, behavior modification, little albert, structuralist, behaviorist, functionalist

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What i found interesting in this section was classical conditioning and what it had to do with conditioned taste aversion. With taste aversion you don't even need to taste the food to get sick, you could just smell it or see it. I think this is the most interesting because everyone goes through this more then 1 time in there life. i especially do. Almost everyday probably. Now that i understand it more i know what is happening when i taste something. Conditioning can cause you like something or hate something before you even try because of a bad or good experience you had with something just like it in the past.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I found least interesting section was pretty when I was reading about Contingency Theory. Negative and Positive Contingencies was really confusing to me. I didn't really understand the whole concept in the section. I also thought when it made the example with weather i didn't understand that either and it was boring.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This sections relates to what we learned previously because in the last section it kind of talked about classical conditioning, but not in depth like this section did. I feel like the last section gave us like a intro into what it is and now we are really figuring it, and how we can use it more. We have also learned different ways to condition people from our intro to psychology.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
From this section i found that there are 2 things that relate to my life. The first thing that relates to my life is Conditioned taste aversion. I think i only have one taste aversion food that i get sick from. I experience it every time i see or smell this food. The food is tuna. The first time i ate tuna was at a friends house and when i took one bite i immediately started throwing up. Now when i see or smell tuna i get a little sick in my mouth, and have to leave immediately. Since i had a bad experience with tuna the first time its ruined for me forever now.
The second thing that relates to my life from this section is with contingency theory with weather. I watched the news every morning before i leave the house. And when the weather guy says it probably going to rain i grab a extra jacket with a hood. Also if they do the construction for the roads and one road is slow, i will take a different route.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What i found most interesting from this section was the part that talked about systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique commonly used to treat fear, anxiety disorders and phobias. I found this interesting because the method they use works almost all of the time for psychologist. This method takes time to work because they take it slow.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I found least interesting in this section the little Albert experiment. I have been learning about this since high school, Yeah i know it is really important in the field of psychology, but it was boring having to read about it all over again.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section relates what i already knew with the little Albert experiment. I learned about this experiment my other psych classes and from a class i had in high school. The study we talked about it because everyone felt the experiment was unethical.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
From this section i read and found that 2 things from this section relates to my life. The first thing that relates to me from this section is system demonetization. I am scared of big open water. So i am terrified of open water. I have gotten less scared of it from going out into bigger forms of water almost every year. and learning how to swim better. the second thing that relates to my life from this section was that i have kind of done the little Albert experiment on my younger siblings before. I have scared so much during Halloween with the Chuck doll, that now that they are older they hate the doll and cant even watch the movies.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
This section has influenced what i thought about behavior modification in the way that i now know how most psychologist get people to get over fears. I also know that you can change peoples fear along with their behavior with different techniques. I also behavior modification has a lot of ethics involved since its changing people.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 24
Day 2 = 32
Day 3 = 24
Day 4 = 16
Day 5 = 34
Day 6 = 24
Day 7 = 20
Average = 24.8

terms: classical conditioning, systematic densitization, contingency, taste aversion

Section 3.3
1. What did you find interesting in this section? Why?
I thought learning about positive and negative contingencies was really interesting because it was new, but it still made a lot of sense. I also felt that the example with the weather channel really helped to make these concepts clear and easy to understand.

2. What did you find least interesting in this section? Why?
I found some of the information in this section uninteresting because it was pretty repetitive. The information on conditioned/unconditioned response/stimuli was all pretty much review because we've talked about these concepts in more recent, previous sections. I wouldn't necessarily say it was uninteresting, but I just felt that a good deal of it was review.

3.) How does this section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
I've read this text before since I've taken the class before, plus much of the information in this section is review from recent sections. So, all the information was the same as what I already knew about these concepts and behavior modification.

4.) Based on what you ready from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I felt that the example discussing positive/negative contingencies was really relatable, specifically in regards to the weather channel example. For example, I have a weather app on my iphone that I don't trust. I've had several experiences with the app being off and incorrect, so now I don't even pay attention to what that app says is going to be the upcoming weather. This would be an example of how there's a negative contingency between my weather app and whether or not it will elicit me to emit behaviors based off my expectancy of the weather. However, when I watch the news and they do the weather, I've found this to be much more accurate and reliable. Therefore, this has developed a positive contingency in that if the weather man were to say it's going to be cold and windy tomorrow, I would dress accordingly.

Another way this section relates to my life because of conditioned taste aversion because this has happened to be with a couple of things. For example, when I was younger, I was sick and had to take NyQuil. This was the first time (at least the first time I remember) that my mom gave me liquid NyQuil and I thought it tasted so horribly that I threw up. My mom told me I was being dramatic, but the taste was awful to me. And it lingered. Now, at 21 years old, I can finally bring myself to take NyQuil, but I have to feel like it's absolutely necessary and I have to have something to drink/eat immediately after drinking it. I refuse to breathe out of my nose until the taste is gone. I've actually taken NyQuil recently, and I smelled it before I swallowed it and I couldn't stop gagging.

Section 3.4
5. What did you find interesting in this section? Why?
I found reading about systematic desensitization to be very interesting. I've actually learned about this in a few different classes before, but I always find it interesting because it's pretty cool seeing how much research there is to support the effectiveness in helping people overcome phobias. It's also just interesting because it's something I can apply to things I've learned in other classes. Last week, we just learned about this in Abnormal Psychology and watched a video of three different individuals undergoing systematic desensitization to overcome their different phobias.

6. What did you find least interesting in this section? Why?
I think learning about Little Albert was least interesting because I've learned about it so many times in different psychology classes so I just don't have as much of an interest in it.

7. How does this section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
I've learned most of this information in other classes. I learned about phobias and behavior therapy to help treat these recently in abnormal psychology and I've learned about this in clinical psychology. I've learned about Little Albert and Watson's work in many different psychology classes, so much of this information was the exact same as information I've learned previously.

8.) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate to this in that I have a phobia myself. I have a horrible phobia of worms. I get pretty anxious even just talking about it. I wouldn't say that this has been really debilitating in my life because I'm not around worms a great deal. However, I have issues after a rainfall because a lot of them are out. When I'm walking around campus after a rainfall, I will look at the ground the whole time and make sure I'm walking around them and aware of where they're at. To make it worse, when I was in middle school, my best friends knew of my fear of worms. When we were walking home from school one day, they called my name from behind me and when I went to turn my head, my friend tossed a worm at me and it landed in my mouth. I was really upset, and this made my fear of them worse because of what it felt like in my mouth. However, because I'm not around worms a lot, I don't feel it necessary to undergo any sort of treatment.

Another way this relates to my life is that my grandma used to be agoraphobic. She has undergone therapy and received the help she needed to overcome it. However, in recent years I've developed some similar issues my grandma had and that is that I get super anxious when I'm out in public because of crowds and the amount of people. When I go grocery shopping, for example, I look at the amount of cars in the lot before I decide to park. If it looks like there are too many cars, I won't even park. I will drive away and decide to go back a different time.

9.) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections haven't really changed how I think of behavior modification. I've taken this class before and a lot of the information in these two sections, I've also learned in other psychology classes.

10.) Day 1= 32oz
Day 2= 97 oz
Day 3 = 17 oz
Day 4= 32 oz
Day 5 = 32 oz
Day 6 = 64 oz
Day 7 = 64 oz
Average = 48.29 oz

11.) TERMS: Behavior modification, elicit, emit, positive/negative contingency, conditioned/unconditioned response/stimuli, phobias, systematic desensitization, conditioned taste aversion

Section 3.3—Classical Conditioning
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the topic of conditioned taste aversion really interesting. I have experienced this before (I still can’t eat salmon), but never knew what it was called. Nor had I thought that maybe I had managed to condition myself without realizing it. This is a really cool concept, because I think a majority of people has experienced this at some point, but most of us just don’t realize exactly what it is actually called.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found the refresher about unconditioned stimuli and unconditioned responses really kind of boring. I feel like this is something that we cover in all of our psychology classes, because it is the main part of classical conditioning. I feel like this is just the beginning, and going over it again elicits the behavior of yawning.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to my other classes that I have taken, because this is covered in a majority of psychology classes. It also relates to last week’s reading, since last week we looked at Pavlov, and this section was branching off of his work in classical conditioning. We also talked about using conditioning with animals last week, so this was a little bit of a refresher.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Like I said above, I can relate to conditioned taste aversion, because of a bad experience I had with salmon. My cat also seems to have taste aversion, because after eating the same brand of food for a month, he decides that he doesn’t like it anymore and stops eating. Another way that this section relates to my life is positive contingency and negative contingency. Like the section said, positive contingencies increase the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus happening, whereas negative contingencies decrease the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus happening. If I have caffeine, I am more likely to have motivation to get stuff done. But, if I don’t get caffeine in the morning, I am likely to have no motivation.

Section 3.4—Watson
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
Honestly, I found the fact that Watson had an affair really interesting. I feel like that probably ruined a lot of opportunities for him, but he is still a really prominent figure today. We see sometimes that an affair can ruin their career. I also found the idea that he had any plans to desensitize Little Albert; I feel like that is really awful and something that would definitely be an issue today!

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The only thing that I found maybe a little uninteresting was the section about the structuralists and functionalists, because this is something that we went over extensively during History and Systems of Psychology. I guess instead of conditioned taste aversion, I have conditioned structuralist/functionalist aversion.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Like I said, in previous classes we have discussed structuralism and functionalism, as well as Watson. The Little Albert study is a prominent research study in psychology, even if it is controversial. This also relates to previous reading, because it builds on our discussion of Pavlov and Thorndike, as well as explaining the first few sections that we read. This, along with last week’s reading, kind of laid the groundwork for earlier sections.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate to the Little Albert study. Not because loud noises made me afraid of furry animals, but because I watch a lot of horror movies. And somewhere in my sixteen years of watching these movies (yes, I started watching them when I was five) I learned to associate certain background music with something scary about to happen. This is the point of the background music, of course, but it is almost the same thing. I am scared (conditioned response) before anything ever happens because the music (conditioned stimulus) tells me something scary is coming. I can also relate to introspection. For my cognitive psychology class, he makes us interview ourselves and describe how we think we are perceiving things. It is really strange to do.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Every week there is more and more information than there was before. I am beginning to see that behavior modification is a much deeper subject than what I have been taught in my previous courses. I am also growing more interested in behavior as a whole, which is strange for something that had never even really crossed my mind before.

Behavioral Project
10) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:

Day 1 =
8oz
Day 2 =
42oz
Day 3 =
40oz
Day 4 =
20oz
Day 5 =
17oz
Day 6 =
17oz
Day 7 =
28oz
Average = 24.6oz

Terms: conditioned taste aversion, elicit, behavior, Pavlov, unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, classical conditioning, positive contingency, negative contingency, structuralists, functionalists, Watson, Little Albert study, introspection, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
In the section I found the excitatory and inhibitory responses to be the most interesting. I found these to be interesting because in all the classes that cover classical conditioning I have never once heard of these. I find it interesting that there are things that can determine whether the unconditioned response will be shown (excitatory) or decrease in likelihood (inhibitory). I do not however like how a positive contingency is also referred to as an excitatory conditioning, and negative contingencies are called inhibitory conditioning solely because of the newness of these two things and now there are four terms to intermingle and mix as opposed to two.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The part of the section that I found least interesting was the section on Experimental Neurosis. It was still interesting to relearn how the dogs would get confused once the positive and negative contingencies would become so similar that they are not easily distinguishable and this led to the dogs becoming internally confused on which behavior was supposed to be emitted. I found it least interesting because seeing dogs struggle with circles and ellipses is one thing, but a human example would potentially bring this idea to a better light and shed more understanding on it.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section builds on everything we have previously learned in behavior modification on classical conditioning. It adds the specifics of excitatory and inhibitory contingencies, and it also shows the multiple timelines of conditioning that are present when working with behaviors. It also builds on the depth of the class as a whole instead of focusing on a couple minor things, the same theme of reinforcers, behaviors, how to affect them, how to change them, it is all being built on.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life is taste aversion and the one stop shop to not drinking certain liquor. The example given in the book is exactly what happened to me; I had a few too many shots of Fireball and ended up passing out and vomiting. Since that experience I have not drank it, and the smell of cinnamon on any substance is difficult for me to smell without dry heaving.
A second thing that relates to my life is the inhibitory contingencies. Negative contingencies or inhibitory contingencies signal that the likelihood of an unconditioned stimulus will occur is decreased. The example in the book is a bad weather station that can’t predict rain very well. If they cannot predict well, the behavior of using an umbrella will not necessarily be associated with them. In life a naturally occurring response to people speaking is to listen, so a person talking in this example is the US. The response would be to listen, it occurs naturally so it will be the UR. With someone who rambles, others are less likely to speak, and with people who ramble others are less likely to listening. So this rambling decreases the pairing of that person speaking and others listening to him.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The part of the section I found interesting was how Watson rejected two major cornerstones of psychology in his time in Structuralism and Functionalism. Structuralism broke things down into their base principles, much like how we have taken the approach to this class. Functionalism states that if we have an ability or trait, it must exist for a reason. Watson rejects both of these ideas and states that we learn to adjust to environments, through habits and reflexes. It’s interesting to see someone break so hard from the given norm of their day.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
In the section I found Systematic Desensitization to be the least interesting because I thought, and confirmed, that I had a solid understanding of what it was. I knew the concept well, much better than others throughout the sections, and it was refreshing to see, but also less entertaining to read about.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section builds on the classes in depth knowledge of all things around behavior as others. However, it is related much more to the philosophy classes with the idea of structuralism that is presented in it as most classes in that field wish to understand the core problems presented.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life that I hit on previously was how structuralism is incredibly present in my philosophy courses. In innumerable cases, my classes in philosophy want to break down knowledge or virtues to their fundamental bases to grasp the smallest most basic concept of the idea. This is nothing new to me, and is very familiar territory.
Another thing that is related to me is systematic desensitization. It is related to me because like most people I have an irrational fear of something in my life. With all phobia’s this is something that could be done to rid myself of the problems that are present with such a thing. I’m sure if I worked on it I could quickly work this to get rid of the phobia’s in my life.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
My thoughts on behavior modification have not changed much after reading this section. Throughout this class I have the same realization that it is much more in depth and practical than I previously came in thinking, and this section just affirms that thought.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention).
Day 1 = 4 32oz
Day 2 = 3 24oz
Day 3 = 4 32 oz
Day 4 = 5 32oz
Day 5 = 2 16oz
Day 6 = 3 24 oz
Day 7 = 3 24oz
Average = 3.4 or 27.2oz
About 5oz per day less than my goal of the 32.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Excitatory contingency, inhibitory contingency, positive contingency, negative contingency, classical conditioning, unconditioned response, experimental neurosis, behavior, emit, unconditioned stimulus, response, structuralism, functionalism, systematic desensitization

3.3

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
- I thought is whole section was very interesting because it was all relatively new to me. The part discussing conditioned emotional response and one trial conditioning were pretty cool to learn about. I think we've all experienced conditioned taste aversion at least once in our life. I also thought the importance of the relationship between the CS and the US was interesting because it's something so simple yet I had forgotten about it.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
- I didn't find anything uninteresting. Almost everything was new to me and took me some rereading to fully understand the terms. The pictures were helpful too.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
- This sectioned relate to my first psychology class because we briefly talked about Pavlov's dog experiment. It also related to our last reading because it explained the stimuli and responses used in 3.2 in depth. This sectioned explained those concepts by giving specific terms for each stimuli and response. It explained Pavlov's experiment more as well.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
- One thing I can relate to is one trial conditioning. When I was younger, I had gotten sick and had to take some bubblegum flavored medicine. Before I got sick I loved bubblegum flavored anything and requested it often. When I heard my medicine was that flavor I was excited to take it. When it was given to me, I took it slowly of course (to really savor the flavor). I was suddenly disgusted when I realized it tasted nothing like sweet goodness and I hated taking any medicine shortly after that. When I would smell the medicine, my stomach would already get upset before I even tasted it. I also related to conditioned emotional responses when I get out of cars. I'm not sure why this happens but whenever I get out of a vehicle and shut the door, I get shocked almost every time. I hate the shock feeling so much that I think about it as I'm getting out and I will close the door with my elbow or cover my hand to avoid the shock. The shock changed my behavior every time I leave a vehicle.

3.4

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
- Again I found everything interesting because I didn’t know much about Watson. I liked how his thought was psychology was different from the two main ideas and although he didn’t become a big time psychologist, his theories were still well known. I’ve always thought the Little Albert experiment was interesting but it is sad because I feel bad for the baby. He never got the chance, whether or not he was going to, to desensitize Albert. Phobias are very intriguing especially since I have my own. It’s funny because I know they’re irrational but they’re still terrifying to me. It would be cool to learn more about systematic desensitization because I think it would be really helpful.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
- There wasn’t anything uninteresting but the concept of Watson’s behaviorist manifesto was difficult for me to grasp and the method of introspection was also difficult.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
- I had previously heard about Little Albert in other psychology classes. How the concepts relate to the other sections is by explaining different methods that are used to change behaviors.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
- One thing I can relate to is the section discussing phobias and systematic desensitization. I’ve gone to a few therapy sessions to overcome a fear of standing up for myself and dealing with confrontation. My therapist had me explain my fear and why they upset me so much. She taught me relaxation techniques to do when I’m home to build my strength. An example was to feel grounded with the earth and to put all my anxieties and worries from my head all the way down and let the earth take them away. Then we used visualization techniques. She had me imagine my fear and dealing with it. Although this was very emotional and difficult to do at first I did eventually build my courage and have been standing up for myself. Another thing I related to was the Little Albert experiment about fear. I never use to be scared of the dark, loud noises or small rooms until I started watching paranormal shows with my best friend when we were 13. At first the shows were creepy but fun to watch because I felt the adrenaline. But then I would go home and sleep alone in my small, dark room. I went all day not thinking about anything creepy until I found myself in a similar set up as the people in those shows and that instantly raised my anxiety. To this day I still hate sleeping in the dark (doesn’t help that I continue to watch paranormal shows). In behavioral terms: I’m scared for the dark (CS) whenever I go into a small and dark room (US).

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
- I have a lot more knowledge about the theorists and their backgrounds. I’ve also learned more methods of changing behaviors. At the beginning I thought that changing behaviors would be relatively easy. But I’ve come to know that it’s very technical and there are many routes I could go in changing a behavior. There are right and wrong choices I could make when manipulating a behavior.

10) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 17 oz
Day 2 = 39 oz
Day 3 = 48 oz
Day 4 = 39 oz
Day 5 = 39 oz
Day 6 = 39 oz
Day 7 = 17 oz
Average = 34 oz

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
- conditioned emotional response, one trial conditioning, taste aversion, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, Pavlov, responses, Watson, Little Albert, desensitize, systematic desensitization, behaviorist manifesto, introspection

Section 3.3

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the section about the types of conditioning interesting (short-delayed, long-delayed, backward conditioning, etc.). I had not realized that there were so many varieties. I also found the part about taste aversion interesting because I have had (unintentional) experience with this concept.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
This was a difficult question to answer because I found a majority of the material interesting. The one part that was a bit boring was the description of the eye blink phenomenon. It was mentioned in previous chapters—I would rather have a brand new topic introduced (although, I did appreciate the refresher on CER).

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In my biopsychology course last year, my professor discussed many animal lab trials. The rabbit eye blink test was discussed in-depth, so I would rather not learn too much more about this specific scientific study. Classical conditioning has also been discussed in previous classes, just in varying degrees of specificity.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I have experienced a taste aversion incident. I remember that I went to an ice skating show at the U.S. Cellular Center when I was younger. While I was there I ate a ton of junk food. The last food I had was my favorite treat, cotton candy. Long story short, I got sick and now cannot stand the taste or scent of cotton candy (it only took the one time to evade it; I have not had cotton candy in about 12 years).
The example about the meteorologist was fascinating. I usually do not watch the weather channel, instead I pull up my weather app on my iPod. I find it interesting how the accuracy of the weather person is contingent on how the week of weather occurs. I think it would be interesting to see how accurate each weather channel forecast is over a long time period; I wonder what the results would be.

Section 3.4

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found it interesting that this section had so much content on John Watson and then a sliver about Mary Cover Jones’s work. I find it ridiculous that her work has not been as widely publicized as her counterpart, Watson. I had no idea that she was the first researcher to desensitize a child. It seems all that Watson demonstrated was how to manipulate and terrorize a child, without considering how to take the loud noise fear away (I understand that his mother pulled him from the study, but it still begs the question—why didn’t Watson attempt to desensitize Little Albert’s fear first; the more beneficial option).

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Out of everything in this chapter I would have to say the least interesting bit was about the section that mentioned how Watson carried out his Little Albert studies. I do not like the idea of potentially scarring a child (Watson was experimenting on him, so Albert could have potentially remained afraid of everything Watson exposed him to).

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In my developmental psychology course, the professor discussed the Little Albert study. The professor also mentioned what knowledge Watson learned from observing and manipulating Little Albert, such as enhancing the three basic emotions.
In previous sections, conditioning, stimuli and responses have been discussed. One of the main differences, though, is that this section had content on classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. There was no mention of reinforcement or punishment in this section.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I am interested in how women’s contributions are measured by society. Essentially, I am interested in how women in the past were so successful with the limited means that they possessed. That is why I mentioned that I was interested in Mary Cover Jones’s work with desensitization. I have a great amount of respect for these women pioneers.
When I read the piece on introspection I could relate to not fearing much. Coincidentally I am also easily startled by unexpected noises. I could relate to Little Albert in the way he reacted. I wonder if this trait continued to affect Little Albert or if his environmental influence in the future changed how he reacted to the noises.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Every time I read a section I feel that I absorb new information. I like the fact that each section build upon the previous but also like when new ideas/theories/researchers are incorporated. I especially enjoy learning new terminology that I can use in my other classes or incorporate in to my own behavior.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 9
Day 2 = 8
Day 3 = 10
Day 4 = 9
Day 5 = 9
Day 6 = 8
Day 7 = 8
Average = 8.74 cups

Terms: conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, long-delayed conditioning, backward conditioning, taste aversion, CER, James Watson, Mary Cover Jones,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the concept of food aversion interesting because I’ve experienced this phenomenon before. I had also heard that doctors tell you not to eat foods you enjoy before chemo but had no clue as to why. This section brought some insight to how classical conditioning functions.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting part was the review section on experimental neurosis from Pavlov’s experiments. This section was of no interest because of the previous reading we had on this subject still being fresh in my mind.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have had experiences with food aversion before due to being forced to eat a food too often till to this day I cannot be in the same room as it without being sick. I had also known of the operant chambers used on rats from previous sections we have read and research for our topical blog.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
As stated before I have experienced food aversion in my life and also know family and friends that emit the same behaviors with their own foods. My girlfriend also has and emotional conditioned response to any flying insect like bees or wasps from being stung as a girl and being allergic to them.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the little Albert and the desensitization experiments interesting. I have heard of the little Albert experiments but not the desensitization experiments that helped the child be calm around rabbits. These are interesting because they involve actual human subjects and make me wonder what the lasting consequences would be for these experiments. Did little albert continue to be afraid of furry animals?

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
This section was all interesting to me, I found no aspect lacking.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have had previous experience with the little Albert experiments in an ethics class I have previously taken. This also ties in with the past several readings on classical conditioning.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I myself have used some of the techniques to overcome fears. I was afraid of tornados for most of my childhood even though I had never experienced one. After a particularly storm filled summer I which I experienced several tornados my fear is gone due to being acquainted with the phenomenon. I also can notice how some environmental factors of how I was raised could have affected the behaviors I emit now.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I am more intrigued by the idea of being a blank slate when born and how this can be used to help mold a child and steer them in a specific direction like Watson spoke of.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
As an alternative to water intake I used a pedometer to record my steps taken with a goal of 10,000 steps a day.
Day 1 = 9542 steps
Day 2 = 10002 steps
Day 3 = 9890 steps
Day 4 = 11287 steps
Day 5 = 13484 steps
Day 6 = 6123 steps
Day 7 = 9759 steps
Average = 10012 steps

10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms/ emit, behavior, classical conditioning, food aversion, desensitization, operant chamber, environment

1) The most interesting thing I found in this section was about taste aversion. I think it is interesting to find out that some unconditioned stimuli can take only one time to be a conditioned response which was discovered by John Garcia. Taste aversion, to me is when you create an aversive conditioned response to a food because of a bad situation. For example when I was sick and didn’t know it yet, I ate an egg roll and then threw that up later. Ever since than I feel sick even smelling an egg roll.
2) The least interesting thing I found in section 3.3 was about the experimental neurosis because I have learned that many times before. Only because I already knew about it the most it made me not very interested because the story is pretty basic. Experimental neurosis is with Ivan Pavlov and with testing his dogs knowing the difference between a circle and an oval.
3) This section related to what I have already known from the definitions of excitatory and inhibitory from another class and also learning about more of it in the last reading assignment. These two are reactions to confusion to what the conditioned stimulus is. Excitatory is the aggressive behavior while inhibitory is the helpless behavior.
4) Two things that can relate to my life from this section would be temporal relationship and trace condition understandings. Temporal relationship is the meaning that it matters when the stimuli are presented and in what order they are in. This can relate to my life by understating this help let me remember you can just to the CS whenever you want without getting a different reaction. Just like the Trace condition helps me know what might help to best in my situations would be the CS being slightly before the US.
5) What I thought what was most interesting in this section would be about little albert. It crazy that Watson was able to condition a fear of bunnies towards the child from aversive stimulations around him. I don’t think I would like my child to be in this experiment.
6) The least interesting thing in section 3.4 was about Systematic desensitization. I think it was good to learn about but I wasn’t really interested in the topic because I was boring to me. Systematic desensitization is a method to help people overcome phobias
7) Something that have already learned about before in a different class would be about the type of sections that dived psychology. This is structuralist and functionalist which stucturalist is where there focused was breaking mental processes into basic elements. While functionalist were trying to explain the mental aspects with the focus of consciousness and behavior.
8) From this section the two things that could relate to my life would be systematic dispensation and how important it is that you can’t do a condition like Watson. Like I said before I may not be interesting in this method but it is really important for me to realize if someone close in my life like my sister with the fear of spiders can be treated. It very important for me and others to understand that it is not allowed to condition a phobia on someone because it is very aversive to them, and honestly not kind to them.
9) This reading changed my idea of behavior modification realizing that you can really change a behavior in anything if you condition it.
10a)
Day 1 = 54oz
Day 2 =72oz
Day 3 =54oz
Day 4 =54oz
Day 5 =72oz
Day 6 =36oz
Day 7 =36oz
Average =54oz
11) Terms: taste aversion, unconditioned stimuli, John Garcia, conditioned response, experimental neurosis, Ivan Pavlov, excitatory, inhibitory, CER, temporal relationship, Systematic desensitization,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
This chapter was very interesting because it discussed new concepts pertaining to behavior such as contingency’s, both positive and negative. The positive contingency is where the UR and the CS have formed a correlation and the neutral stimulus ultimately becomes the CS. The negative contingency or inhibitory conditioning is where the likelihood of the US will occur is decreased. I honestly found it fascinating how you could essentially predict behavior.

As such, there was a lot of information in this reading that I had never heard of before, different methods of conditioning that were very new to me. Short delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, backward conditioning, all new, exciting, and sometimes confusing terminology. I will admit I did google some of these in order to get a better understanding of how the CS and the US interact during these types of conditioning. The diagram offered in the reading was indeed useful in understanding these concepts, but having more visual aids benefitted me greatly.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
This was quite difficult because this section was chock full of new information. However, I did struggle a bit with the topic of contingencies at first because they did remind me quite a bit of what we learned with positive and negative punishment/reinforcement in previous chapters.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In previous sections we had discussed experimental neurosis and discrimination training with Pavlov and his dogs. As defined in both articles, experimental neurosis occurs when the test subject, such as a dog, is forced to identify the difference between two things that are very similar. This will lead to a mental break down in the test subject as they are unable to determine which response they should use. Discrimination training is where the test subject has learned the difference between the two items and is able to respond accordingly
.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
My first example is based off of the example of excitatory and inhibitory contingencies with the weatherman scenario. In my home town we always laugh because whatever the weatherman predicts, it is usually the opposite. This means that we have a negative contingency, since is predictions are incorrect, therefore decreasing the US.

My next example pertains to taste aversion. I feel as though it is safe to say that almost everyone in some way shape or another can relate to the conditioned taste aversion. When I read the example I immediately thought of my daycare experience with ranch dressing. As a child I attended daycare, and they were really big on providing you with all the basic food groups. Well, one day I went to daycare and my stomach was feeling a little weird. During lunch we were served salad and ranch as a little side dish. I took one bite and the moment the ranch hit my tongue I bolted for the bathroom to throw up. Ever since then I cannot stand the smell of ranch or the taste.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The little Albert Study took me by surprise. So often we read about behavior studies that pertain to animals as the test subject so I was really shocked than an innocent and helpless child was used in this experiment. I was not too pleased with the results of the study, as the child was now afraid of anything fluffy. This bothered me quite a bit because I felt that one child was potentially scarred for life simply for the sake of science. It was interesting that the study was out to determine whether or not fear, love, and rage were learned and clearly they are. The fact that little Albert was not even afraid of fire near him was quite remarkable. However, I suppose that this is due to that fact that Albert hadn’t had any terrible experiences with fire to make him afraid.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
My only criticism was the lack of information pertaining to phobias and how they affect behavior. I understand that behaviors and reactions to behaviors is quite unique to the person but I would have enjoyed more discussion on ways to treat phobias, how it impacts their stress levels, impact on everyday life, etc.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Well, I honestly wasn’t very familiar with much of the information covered in this reading so I was able to learn quite a bit. Mostly, the section on systematic desensitization was quite useful because I always knew there was a way you could treat phobias, but I was unsure of the correct terminology. This reading however, went into more depth than what I knew previously, and the process of visualizing yourself in a different place in order to relax yourself, to condition yourself in the presence of your phobia was really interesting.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The first area in which it relates to my life is the systematic desensitization. I do have a phobia of spiders that I am keenly aware of and I could potentially use this method of conditioning in order to help overcome my fear. Also, in terms of the relaxation techniques, I already employ several of them in my daily life as I find it helps me cope with the stresses of college and daily life.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I have to say that these two sections really tied together some previously learned information and brought in a whole bunch of new information to digest. It is fascinating to see just how complex the process of behavior modification really is and the mental processes that coincide with it.

10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 72 oz
Day 2 =77 oz
Day 3 =68 oz
Day 4 =56 oz
Day 5 =68 oz
Day 6 =68 oz
Day 7 = 92 oz
Average = 71.57 oz

10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
11) Terms:
Systematic desensitization, negative contingency,, conditioned stimulus, excitatory and inhibitory contingencies, short-delayed, trace, long delayed, and backward conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, associated, neutral stimulus, experimental neurosis, discrimination training, unconditioned stimulus, simultaneous conditioning, positive contingency

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the section on Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) the most interesting. I find this interesting because it demonstrates the differences between the processes of a neutral stimulus eliciting a response like a startle, and an unconditioned stimulus such as a shock eliciting an unconditioned response such as freezing up. I think it is interesting to see the difference in different stimuli and what responses they elicit.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The section on Experimental Neurosis was probably the least interesting section for me as we had already touched on this somewhat in the previous chapter. I do find Pavlov interesting, but not this specific topic. Experimental neurosis is demonstrated by Pavlov’s studies with dogs in that dogs can discriminate between a circle and an ellipse.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The section on Experimental Neurosis and Pavlov relate to the previous chapter. The section on unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and unconditioned stimulus also relates to previous chapters.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The section related on contingencies relates to my life in many ways, a direct example would be the chart related to weather. Positive contingencies and negative contingencies are in everyday life. Conditioned responses are also a part of my life. I have come to learn that when a particular stimulus is provided such as the RA on-call ring tone is presented, my heart rate increases and I have a feeling of dread every time the stimulus is presented. This is the conditioned response.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the first section, focusing on Watson’s various studies the most interesting. I have always been particularly interested in the Little Albert Study. The Behaviorist Manifesto is also interesting, especially how it explains the relationship between animal behavior and human behavior.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found the section on systematic desensitization the least interesting. I find the whole concept of phobias somewhat interesting, but it has never been something that really triggers much interest or excitement. Therefore, the method for treating phobias (systematic desensitization) isn’t all that interesting to me.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I had previously learned much about Watson. In History and Systems we focused heavily on Watson’s studies, such as Little Albert, myelination in rats, the Behaviorist Manifesto, etc. In this class (as well as previous courses), we have learned about conditioned responses and the entire process of developing a conditioned response. We also have learned about systematic desensitization in History and Systems.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The Little Albert study relates to my life in that when I was a child, I also learned to have conditioned responses after a series of unconditioned responses. All babies (including myself) were exposed to certain stimuli that we didn’t like that created an unconditioned response, much like Little Albert, cry when there were loud noises. Desensitization is also something that we can apply to my life. For example, I watch a lot of horror movies. Blood and gore on the television doesn’t really bother my like it used to. This would be an example of desensitization.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

10a) #3
Day 1 =
6
Day 2 =
7
Day 3 =
6
Day 4 =
5
Day 5 =
4
Day 6 =
3
Day 7 =
5
Average = 5.142

10b) No reinforcement next week

11) Terms:
Conditioned emotional response (CER), neutral stimulus, elicit, response, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, experimental neurosis, conditioned response, positive contingency, negative contingency, systematic desensitization

1)I enjoyed the whole section, I found really nice that it was an extension of the last section going into more depth in some terms such us experimental neurosis and inhibitory and excitatory contingencies. I especially like the concepts of taste aversion and trace conditioning. From taste aversion I found amazing the relationship between feelings and pleasurable or aversive responses to them. In the case of trace conditioning I found amazing the fact of how order matters for the different stimulus and responses to take place.

2)I did not find anything that I did not like from this section; I found it really interesting and useful.

3)An important part of the section was an extension of the last section so I already knew something about most of the section. Also classical conditioning and its stimulus and responses is something I have done in other classes before, it is a popular topic in Psychology.

4)From this section the two things that relate to my life are taste aversion and excitatory and inhibitory contingencies. I had a really bad experience when I was young with pineapple and cheesecake, I got really sick, since then I haven’t been able to eat any of those two foods anymore because I get sick and I have a really hard time so when I saw the concept of taste aversion, that moment and the feelings I felt then came to my mind. I feel like the example from the book about the weather station is a really accurate one and it actually have both responses on me, when I am back in Spain and I go to visit my aunt in the north where the predominant weather is the rainy one, every time the weather station is going to rain we take the umbrella because it usually rains. However, when I am at my hometown and the weather station says it is going to rain it does not necessarily happen so every time the weather station announces rain I do not usually take an umbrella.

5)I enjoyed the section from the Little Albert example until the end, I felt engaged with the reading. I especially like the concept of systematic desensitization because I feel that we are not really aware of how phobias can affect us and how little steps can lead us to overcome that phobia, it is amazing how our brain works.

6)I did not like the part of the section before the Little Albert example because I found it not interesting. I did not feel engage with that part at all. This is the first time I do not really like a part of a section.

7)I was already familiar with the experiment that Watson conducted and the concept of systematic desensitization; I saw those two things in other classes that I have taken before.

8)From this section the two things that relate to my life are systematic desensitization and the Little Albert experiment. For systematic desensitization, I used to be kind of scare of flying because I was scare that the plane may crush or something. I talked to a friend and we made a list of what could happen when you fly and we got to the conclusion that it was really hard that anything would happen but that if it would happen there was nothing I could do. I needed to enjoy my life and stop worrying about those things so I started to repeat that to myself every day and now I am fine with flying, not scare anymore. The Little Albert experiment is something that happened to me this summer, I do not really like spiders and I worked at a summer camp surrounded by forests so there were a ton of wild animals and insects. We used to leave the shoes outside so it will not smell inside the bunk and we would not get it dirty. One morning I was cleaning my shoes and I put my hand inside the shoe and I felt something and when I took it off it was a spider. From that moment I did not put my hand inside any of my shoes that I left outside for the rest of the summer.

9)I would not say that the readings are changing my perception of behavior modification but they are definitely giving me a broader knowledge of concepts I already knew and putting me in contact with new areas of behavior modification which is awesome.

10)Day 1= 64 oz
Day 2= 64 oz
Day 3= 64 oz
Day 4= 64 oz
Day 5= 64 oz
Day 6= 64 oz
Day 7= 64 oz
Average= 64 oz

11)Terms and terminology used: systematic desensitization, classical conditioning, stimulus, response, pleasurable, aversive, taste aversion, experimental neurosis, inhibitory and excitatory contingencies, phobias, behavior modification.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the part about discrimination training the most interesting of this section. I really thought it was interesting how Pavlov pointed out that conflict is found between the excitatory and inhibitory reflexes when the discrimination task becomes impossible, which seems too make a lot of sense in everyday difficult tasks.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I think I found the first part concerning the sort of review on Pavlov and classical conditioning kind of boring because I felt that the basis had already been covered so well. However, it did add new information regarding positive and negative contingencies.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The information regarding experimental neurosis, Pavlov, classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response all related to the information that we learned about in last week’s readings.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Taste aversion relates to my own life as I’m sure it does too many others. I hate the smell and taste of sauerkraut. I remember when I was younger my dad used to always eat it and I hated the smell and then he had me try it and I threw up. The smell of it now can make me gag. The other thing that relates to my life is the discrimination stimulus and how when you can’t discriminate between the inhibitory and excitatory reflexes, it seems that things become impossible for me and I can’t make a decision.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I think that the part about Little Albert was the most interesting because I had forgotten all about this from intro to psychology three years ago. I think that I found this part the most interesting because he showed how fear is learned, and behaviors are learned. He almost went as far as to say we are a blank slate at birth. I also think its interesting because there is no way that this study could be done in the current times because of potential ethical issues and violations of the study
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I thought that the little section about life in advertising was the least interesting because I didn’t feel that it really added anything to the field of psychology.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I remember somewhat learning about Little Albert in my intro to psychology class but I had almost forgotten everything about that study. Systematic desensitization was also discussed in my intro to psychology class. The structuralist and functionalist perspectives I am currently learning in my history and systems of psychology course.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The parts that relate to my own life in this section are Watson belief that you can basically mold people in what you want them to be and systematic desensitization. I agree with Watson for the most part that we can mold people the way we want, and I try to mold people around me the way that I want them, and once I have a child someday I would like to mold him/her to not have any irrational fears that society puts upon them. With systematic desensitization, I need to use this as a relaxation technique to deal with my phobia of planes.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I think that these sections have both reaffirmed what I believe the concept of behavior modification really is. I think these sections specifically are very important to behavior modification because we are specifically talking about classical conditioning and almost molding behaviors shown by Watson, which are both types of behavior modification. I liked these sections more because they have gotten away from the basic concepts of punishment and reinforcement, because it seemed at first that the only type of behavior modification was through punishment and reinforcement, but now I see that there are other ways as well.
10) Behavioral Project (Intervention).
Day 1 = 16
Day 2 = 16
Day 3 = 32
Day 4 = 24
Day 5 = 16
Day 6 = 32
Day 7 = 32
Average = 24oz
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Systematic desensitization, Watson, Behavior modification, punishment, reinforcement, contingency, phobia, structuralist, functionalist, little albert, classical conditioning, behavior, discrimination training, discrimination task, discrimination stimulus, Pavlov, US, CS, UR, CR, neutral stimulus, taste aversion

After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found taste aversions interesting because I have heard of it happening to people who I know, and it’s interesting to understand the psychology of it.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found the relations of the US, UR, CS, CR the least interesting because I have already learned about them in previous chapters and also in previous psychology classes.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Last week , I wrote about taste aversion for my topical blog. Also, in my previous classes, I had learned about classical conditioning. In behavior modification, we learned about Pavlov’s experiment where he changed the shape of the dog dishes.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
As I said above, I have known people who have had taste aversions and also the one time that I have become sick from drinking alcohol was when I was drinking a mixed drink with Mountain Dew, and to this day the taste of Mountain Dew makes me queasy. I experience classical conditioning in my life, as well. For instance, last year I lived in the dorms, so every morning when I would shower, someone would flush the toilet making the water turn hot. When I first moved in, I would jump back after the water turned hot, but eventually, after I would hear the toilet flush, I would automatically jump back.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I liked learning about the difference between structuralist and functionalist psychology. I find the history of psychology interesting, and it’s important to look at ideas from different perspectives to completely understand them and structural and functional psychology were primary perspectives in early psychology.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found learning about Watson and the Little Albert experiment the least interesting because I have learned about him in all of my previous psychology classes. (Though I had never heard of the Mary Cover Jones’s Study, which I found very interesting.)
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
I was reminded by functionalist psychology about when I learned about evolutionary psychology. Also, I have learned about Watson and his Little Albert Experiment.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I use systematic desensitization when I am watching young children and they get scared. For instance, my cousin that I sometimes babysit is very scared of storms, so when it is storming loudly, I will bring her her baby doll that she loves and tell her a story, which she also likes. Also, learning about things like the types of psychology and Watson’s experiments is extremely interesting, but also important to me. Learning about different ways things have been done and different angles to look at a question lead to a better understanding of what you are doing, and as a future psychologist, understanding the way that psychology used to be and the way that previous psychologists thought and experimented will help me be successful in the field.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
The more chapters that I read, the more I learn of ways to modify a person’s behavior to help them or protect the people that they are around which makes the term seem less like it should be a controversial subject.
10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 66
Day 2 = 66
Day 3 = 88
Day 4 = 66
Day 5 = 50
Day 6 = 66
Day 7 = 35
Average = 62.4
10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Behavior, Structuralist, Functionalist, Modify, Watson, Little Albert experiment, Pavlov, Systematic Desensitization, US, UR, CS, CR, Taste Aversion, Classical Conditioning, Mary Cover Jones’s Study

RA 8

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked in this chapter was discrimination training. This involved the dog’s ability to recognize and differentiate the difference between a circle and ellipse. I liked this part because the text related the new material back to material we have already studied. This made it a lot easier to understand. I read about this topic when Pavlov was experimenting with a condition he called “experimental Neurosis”. Experimental Neurosis is a behavior disorder emitted in an experimental environment when an organism is required to make a discrimination of extreme difficulty and “breaks down” in the process. In the reading this happened when Pavlov made his dogs tell the difference between a circle and an oval. The circle meant that food would be given to the dog causing it to salivate, the oval meant that nothing would happen. Once the process became too hard for the dog it would experience experimental neurosis. Some dogs would become agitated, bark, salivate, lash at the harness and go berserk while others would simply cower and become docile. Taste aversion was also interesting to read over, it seems like every psychology class touches on taste aversion at least once. I have learned this before in my intro to psychology class but this section cleared it up a lot better.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I didn't like about this chapter was how the chapter explained conditioned emotional response. This was simply the hardest part for me to understand. At first I tried to focus on the pictures presented but it was much easier to just read about this topic. This is another way to condition an animal or person really, to respond a certain way.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Classical conditioning has is a very popular subject in all of my previous psychology classes. While this class certainly covered this topic a lot more in depth I had already known the basics. Taste aversion is a common subject as well. I believe everyone has some kind of experience with taste aversion.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Taste aversion is very common, I myself have experienced taste aversion. When i was younger i used to love orange juice, so much so that i drank way too much of it on a plane ride and threw up during the flight. I now have a taste aversion of orange juice and flying also makes my stomach rather upset.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What i enjoyed most about this section was systematic desensitization. Again the text related the new material to what I have already learned in the past. This is a method of making people unafraid of certain stimuli and get over their phobias. In my intro to psychology class we covered this, again this section did a much better job of explaining it. In my intro to psych class he gave us an example of a girl afraid of driving on the highway. To help her he would talk about driving and slowly bring the conversation towards driving on the highway, as soon as she became uncomfortable with the situation the therapist would redirect the conversation. I think this was a great example, after all i remembered it after all this time.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
If I had to pick something I didn't like or what i liked least, i would have to say the part about structuralist and functionalists. These two groups had two different thoughts about the nature of humans. The structuralists believed psychology could be broken down into basic elements using the introspection method. The introspection method is the examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings. Functionalists believed that any ability or trait learned is specifically learned to increase our survival rate. This goes back to Darwin and his theory of evolution.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section feeds off of the last section, Watson used the process of learning through association to experiment on baby Albert. This classic psychology experiment has been discussed in all of my previous psychology classes.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate to learning through association, I can recall countless times I have been conditioned. As a child i’m sure all i did at one point was learn through association. Other than learning through association I’m not sure i can relate to much from this section.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
It’s always interesting to learn more about famous cases like little albert and experiments like Pavlov and his dogs. I have come to a better understanding about how these famous researchers discovered what they did. I hope to one day make some kind of contribution to the world like they have.

10
day 1- 6
day 2- 9
day 3- 8
day 4- 7
day 5- 8
day 6- 9
day 7- 6
average 7.5

Terms-

Reinforcement, punishment, emit, classical conditioning, learning through association, structuralist and functionalist.

1) I thought that conditioned taste eversion was very interesting. The sectioned used information gained from cancer patients. Patients were encouraged not eat there favorite meals before being treated for their cancer. The reasoning behind this was to keep patients from conditioning themselves to form a distaste for these foods, once it comes back up in the form of vomit.
2) Experimental neurosis, because I already learned about it in our last reading and chose to skip through it.
3)This section fathered my knowledge of conditioning procedures.
4) Food eversion: One time I ate so many deviled eggs that I puked. I wasn’t able to eat deviled eggs for like a year. It’s ok now though, because I got over it. I eat deviled eggs all the time.
Conditioned emotional response: Growing up I was conditioned to not get emotional with my sister when she is arguing with me, because then she will expose me and win the argument. It was usually me who got in trouble for our argument.

5) Little Albert: I never get tired of hearing of this study and thinking about what they did to that little baby. I find it crazy they thought it was alright to terrify that kid.
6) I thought Systematic Desensitization was least interesting, because we’ve been talking about phobias in my abnormal psych class for a while now.
7) I’ve read through Pavlov and Watson studies in many times, as well as the Little Albert study. We talked about Pavlov’s dogs last week, and more information about Pavlov’s other studies.
8) I used be scared of heights, but then I started climbing up a lot of tall things, exposing myself to heights and creating systematic desensitization with myself.
9) Provided me with good vocabulary, as well as better understanding of what we will discuss in class.

10a)
Day 2 =64
Day 3 =64
Day 4 =64
Day 5 =64
Day 6 =64
Day 7 =64
Average =64

11) Phobia, systematic desensitization, conditioning, food eversion, condition

Section 3.3
1.) The thing that caught my attention the most was the description of Pavlov’s experimental Neurosis. More specifically, how they treated the dogs to figure out that when confusing the brain, neurosis can last months to years. In today’s society that would be considered animal cruelty. I rationally know that this is an important discovery made for psychology and that at the time, this was not thought of as animal cruelty.
2.) It was hard for me to read through the graphs, technical jargon, and abbreviations. I kept having to go back and reread what the abbreviations stood for, and then study what I thought the graphs were saying and try to follow them. Kind of confusing.
3.) This section retouches and expounds on excitatory and inhibitory stimulus, and experimental neurosis.
4.) Taste aversion directly relates to me as I can just think about anything jalapeno popper like, and feel instantly nauseated. Another thing that I can relate to is that the weather is often wrong or spot on about the weather.
Section 3.4
5.) I was interested to find that Watson rejected both the structuralists and functionalists outlooks on psychology, but viewed it as a behavioral based subject. To me, psychology is more than just about behaviors. I feel it is a mixture of the basic elements, study of behaviors, and competition of survival.
6.) This is not the least interesting thing in the section, but it raises some moral questions, as stated. An infant was conditioned to fear all furry animals. This proved that yes, parents to mold their children’s fears, judgments’, and criticisms. But what happened to Young Albert in the long run? What was his quality of life? Was he traumatized by the experiment? If he was, how could someone go to sleep at night knowing that they had done that to a child.
7.) The experiments used classical conditioning to enforce or emit certain responses.
8.) I am both comforted and completely freaked out that I can have such a big impact on how my child turns out. This is a given; I am her mother. But it is a large weight on my shoulders and not a role to be taken into lightly.
9.) I have never enjoyed a semester of school as much as I have this one. I have learned so much about psychology in general, but behaviors are not what they seem. So much goes in to something that seems fairly straight forward.
10.) I have tried hard to increase my water consumption, but I am not up to 8 glasses a day. Iam holding steady at no more than 6.
- Day 1 =5
- Day 2=6
- Day 3= 4
- Day 4 =4
- Day 5= 9
- Day 6= 5
- Day 7 = 6
Average =5.57 glasses/day
11.) Experimental neurosis
Functionalist
Structuralists
Classical conditioning
Taste aversion
excitatory
inhibitory

Section 3.3
1)
I thought it was interesting how in discrimination training, in the presence of one shape, the conditioned stimulus is always delivered, which can be written as S+. In the presence of another shape the conditioned stimulus is never delivered, which can be written as S-. The S+ would cause excitatory conditioning whereas the S- would cause inhibitory conditioning. This actually makes a lot of sense to me, which is probably why I find it so interesting.

2)
I thought this section was very interesting, so I didn't find anything disinteresting.

3)
We learned about conditioning in earlier sections, such as conditioned stimuli and excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. We also learned about discrimination, which is the distinction of two things. Pavlov was another subject that we learned in earlier sections as well as in other psych classes, like intro to psych.

4)
Something that I can relate to is taste aversion. There are some foods and drinks that even if I think about them, I feel sick to my stomach. For example, when I was very young, I got food poisoning from taco salad. If I smell or taste taco salad, I instantly feel sick. Another thing I can relate to is Pavlov's experimental neurosis. I have actually done something similar (without knowing this experiment) with my cat. My cat made an aversive correlation with a fake mouse that made a really loud, scary noise, and made an enthusiastic correlation with a mouse that looked very similar, but made a fun, squeaky noise. There was a small difference and sometimes my cat couldn't tell the difference so she didn't know how to respond to either mouse and would just run away from both of them and avoid them.

Section 3.4
5)
I thought the Little Albert study was interesting. It just showed that the 9 month old made an association between the sight of a white rat and a loud noise which is what he was scared of. He wasn't scared of the rat at first, but when associated with the loud noise, he then was scared of the rat. I thought this was interesting because in a way, we were manipulating Albert's behavior.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I didn't find anything that didn't interest me. I thought everything was pretty interesting and relevant to what we are learning.
7)
In other classes, I have learned about the Little Albert Study. It is a very popular study done. I have also learned about systematic desensitization in another class as well.
8)
Systematic desensitization relates to my life in that I used to be deathly afraid of heights when I was a lot younger. I felt safe when I had my stuffed bear with me. So they used this method to help me overcome my fear by having the stuffed bear with me as we gradually increased the height. It took me almost 5 hours of gradually going up with my bear to become unafraid. Eventually, they took my bear away, and I was fine with heights. Another way I can relate to this section is the simplicity of the Little Albert study. Simply making an association of two things can alter the way you look at the original item. For example, I used to hate Christmas music. But just recently, I was listening to Christmas music, while also eating my favorite kind of pie, and for some reason, I now like Christmas music. I think it was the positive association I made with the pie that made me enjoy the music more.

9)
I am starting to realize more and more that changing your or someone/something else's behavior isn't so simple. There are some complex things you have to consider and think about and different approaches you can use.

10a)
Day 1 = 3
Day 2 = 3
Day 3 = 1
Day 4 = 5
Day 5 = 5
Day 6 = 7
Day 7 = 4
Average = 67.6 oz of water

10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.

11)
Terms: discrimination training, conditioned stimuli, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, taste aversion, systematic desensitization, Little Albert study

1. One thing I really enjoyed about this particular reading section was the abundance of diagrams, charts, and pictures about classical conditioning. It was nice to have the review of examples about the UR, CR, US, and CS which helped me to write much better examples. It was interesting to read about the taste aversion because it is so easily relatable to everyone, like my sister who threw up pancakes once and will now never eat them again because she associates throwing up with the pancakes.

2. One of the things I did not like about this section was the material on trace conditioning because there were not a lot of examples that followed to help better explain the concept. At times it was a little difficult to separate the differences between the different types of conditioning like simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward. It was just tricky to keep them in order and to remember which ones are which.

3. One of the things I will remember from this reading section is that a positive contingency will occur when a conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus. It is pretty much just set of names to explain how a conditioned stimulus will elicit a conditioned response from an organism. Another thing I will remember is that there are different conditioning procedures that can be used for humans and non-humans. Some of the procedures can overlap but important aspects are altered. The last thing I remember from this section is when conditioned taste aversion occurs. It was so interesting to find out that this is the only type of conditioning that requires only one trial. Once a taste is associated with something that makes an organism sick it will from then on just get sick from the smell of that food.

4. I liked reading more about Watson because he is one of the primary characters within psychology and his studies and research I find very interesting to read about. I also liked reading about systematic desensitization where you incorporate relaxation techniques and then slowly expose someone to the thing they fear. It is a common practice within therapy and I think it is a very effective form of therapy.

5. I found all of the information in this section to be very interesting and I liked reading about all of it. If anything I thought this section could’ve been longer and provide even more information but even so I couldn’t find anything to dislike about this section, one of the better sections I have read.

6. I will most definitely remember reading the material on Watson and the Little Albert study because it is such a famous study that I have read in several psychology courses and it will stick in my mind. He uses little Albert in order to study love, fear, and rage. I will also definitely remember the information about systematic desensitization because I personally like that type of therapy and have read a lot about it through various psychology courses and therefore I find it to be a great approach to helping people get over their phobias in a safe and effective manner. The last thing I will take away from this reading is the difference between the structuralism and functionalism viewpoints in psychology. Structuralists emphasize on the individual aspects of psychology and that those aspects are used as sort of building blocks to gain a complete picture about human nature. Functionalists are very different and emphasize the importance on the abilities and traits we have as they help us survive and serve only as a function for our survival.

7. Day 1= 36 fluid ounces
Day 2= 52 fluid ounces
Day 3= 104 fluid ounces
Day 4= 48 fluid ounces
Day 5= 90 fluid ounces
Day 6= 112 fluid ounces
Day 7= 98 fluid ounces
Average= 77 fluid ounces

8. Terms: Functionalist, Structuralist, Classical Conditioning, Watson, Little Albert, Taste Aversion, Systematic Desensitization, Trace Conditioning, Simultaneous Conditioning, Short-Delayed Conditioning, Long-Delayed Conditioning, Backward Conditioning, Positive Contingency, Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response

bnc
Please read sections 3.3 (Classical Conditioning) and 3.4 (Watson).
After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1)What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought the variety of types of conditioning such as simultaneous, long-delayed, and backward conditioning were interesting to read about. I didn’t realize there was such a variety and I enjoyed learning about the different types and what varied between them and the results that played out with time.
2)What did you find least interesting? Why?
The review section on Pavlov was not very interesting. It was all a review and nothing really stood out to me. It wasn’t exciting to read about again.
3)How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Right away in this chapter it states how we have previously learned in the last chapter how once neutral stimulus can eventually become a conditioned stimulus that has the ability to elicit an unconditioned response by pairing the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. It’s important to get your understanding down of different vocabulary because it will continue to build and grow in chapters to come, this is a great example of that. Lots of material has been discussed in not only previous chapters in this class but also in previous courses as well.
4)Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
It amazes me how so much of what we learn in psychology relate to not only our world around us but to our everyday life. For example weather, is a great example for the contingency theory and helps us predict when to use an umbrella with the information provided. This is very helpful while walking to class I always keep my little umbrella with me. Conditioned taste aversion also can relate to my life because when I was little I ate cauliflower and proceeded to get ill and vomit, now when I even smell cauliflower it causes me to want to vomit and gag.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5)What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I love how Watson stuck with his research and discovered knew things after he started off with a failure. I thought that was interesting because I love learning about where people come from and their backgrounds and how they got to where they are today. It’s neat how he started off his career with a failure to find a relationship between his studies to becoming a major figure in psychology and now known for his Little Albert study which is something I also find interesting.
6)What did you find least interesting? Why?
I wasn’t that thrilled about reading about the method of introspection and how it was used in other areas of psychology by structurialsts yet was found subjective. This wasn’t very interesting because it didn’t have any examples that grabbed my attention as the reader.
7)How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Again, right off the bat this section discusses the previous chapters with Thorndike and Pavlov and what they used to study. Watson and his Little Albert study have been brought up and discussed in my previous courses as well. US, UR, US, CS, are all again brought up in this chapter like the previous during the Little Albert and Peter research.
8)Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I find it so cool how psychology can be used in so many ways and in this section it is discussed by helping people overcome phobias, systematic desensitization. I hope to someday become a school counselor and help people with their life difficulties and feel as though this could very much come into place and relate to others. Another tool that relates to my life is visualization, I used this all the time in sports and I am now using it with the kids I nanny for, it’s a great technique that can be used towards approaching many things.
9)How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
It still amazes me how relative this course and this field is with our everyday lives. I knew psychology was like that but behavior modification is really interesting. It covers a lot of terms and I am learning more about the different varieties of such things. Everything, almost everything, has a million behaviors, it blows my mind if you actually take the time to examine them.
10a) Behavioral Project (Intervention). You should now have an additional week's (week #3) worth of data collected while under reinforcement on how much water you drank each day for a week as you attempt to maintain your target behavior of 64 oz per day. Please fill out the information below for week #3:
Day 1 = 2 glasses ( 64 oz)
Day 2 =2 glasses
Day 3 =1 glass
Day 4 =2 glasses
Day 5 =2 glasses
Day 6 =1 glass
Day 7 =2 glasses
Average =1.7 glasses
10b) So far you have completed week#1 without reinforcement, this is called baseline. You went two weeks using reinforcement, this is your behavioral intervention, now we will do one more week WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT. This is called 'return to baseline.' So keep monitoring your water drinking but do not reinforce yourself at the end of the week.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Conditioning types: simultaneous, long-delayed, and backward conditioning. Pavlov. US. UR. CS. Contingency Theory. Watson. Systematic Desensitization. Structurialsts