Reading Activity Week #8 (Due Tuesday)

For Section 3.3

Prior to reading this section, I believed that behavior modification was all about the ABCs (antecedent, behavior, context), reinforcement, punishment, and the language of behavior that involves many different concepts and terms that describe behavior. I also knew that there were important people who did work in the field of behavior modification such as Pavlov and Thorndike. I thought that all of these things made up behavior modification because that is all that we have learned thus far. This is what our reading has covered.

After reading this section, though, there are definitely many things that I will remember. One piece of information that I will remember is that a positive contingency happens when an association develops to the extent where the conditioned stimulus predicts the onset of the unconditioned stimulus. These positive contingencies can also be referred to as excitatory conditioning. The section also talked about Rescorla’s contingency theory, stating that the conditioned stimulus must be a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus for the association to occur and that the unconditioned stimulus shouldn’t happen is the conditioned stimulus isn’t present. I know I will remember this information because when I read it, it just made sense. I am able to apply it to different examples in every day life.

Another thing that I will remember from reading this section is that Pavlov used discrimination training to look at what is known as experimental neurosis, which happened when the dogs could no longer tell the difference between two distinct stimuli. Some of the dogs would emit an agitated behavior, whereas other dogs would emit a passive behavior. I know that I will remember this because of the fact that we also went over it during last week’s class and I found it to be very interesting information.

A final piece of information that I will definitely remember from this section is that humans, too, have been involved in studies using aversive stimuli. I believed that we only used animals because of the fact that using humans would not be ethical, but the section discussed how humans have been used in eye blink studies, studies using very mild electric shock, and studies where you have to dunk your hand in ice water. I will remember this information because I was surprised to hear the different kind of aversive studies that humans participated in.

One thing that I especially enjoyed from this section was when it discussed taste aversion. It said that taste aversion occurs when something we ingest is associated with the effects of something toxic. I liked this part because I have developed taste aversions in my life because of getting sick after eating or drinking something, so it was cool to be able to apply this concept to my own life.

Something that I did not particularly like in this section was how many different terms were thrown in there. It was confusing for me at times to be able to comprehend what I was reading because of the fact that I felt unsure about word meanings. I know that this is something that I will have to work on, but it just made it difficult for me to get through some of the paragraphs within the section.

An idea that came to mind while I was reading the section included thoughts about the different kinds of animals that have been studied during discrimination training. I find it to be fascinating that the discrimination training can elicit different responses (experimental neurosis).

For Section 3.4

There are many things that I will remember from reading this section of the textbook. One thing in particular is that during Watson’s time, there were two different groups in the field of psychology. Structuralists focused on breaking down the psychological experience into small units, whereas functionalists believed that we possess traits and ability for their survival value. Functionalists looked to Darwin for a lot of their ideas. Watson, though, did not side with either of the groups. I know that I will remember this information because I have heard it before outside of this class and this reading.

Another piece of information that I will remember is that Watson and Rayner worked together to create a conditioned emotional response in a baby (Little Albert) by making a loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) to make the baby afraid (unconditioned response) when a small, furry animal was presented (conditioned stimulus). In today’s day and age, this study would not be considered ethical, especially because of the fact that Watson did not work toward removing the child’s fear at all, therefore never knowing how long Little Albert’s fear lasted. I will definitely remember this information because Watson’s work with Little Albert is something that is always discussed in psychology courses, so this is not the first time that I have covered this material. It is interesting stuff.

A final bit that I know I will remember from reading this section is the concept of systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization uses a combination of relaxation techniques, visualization, and taking small, systematic steps towards approaching whatever it is that the individual fears in the hopes that it will treat the phobia and help the person be comfortable. I know that I will remember what systematic desensitization is because it made a lot of sense. Slowly approaching a fear step-by-step is definitely the route I would choose to take if I had the option to do so.

One thing that I really liked from this section is the fact that we got to go to different websites to view video clips and learn outside information. I enjoyed this because of the fact that it gave me a sense of freedom and allowed me to search for things that I wanted to search for and read what I wanted to read. I hope that there are more activities like this throughout sections to come.

One thing that I did not particularly like from this section was when we had to break down the language of behavior at the beginning of the reading. I did not like it because I was not totally comfortable with translating it into language that you and I would use today. It is tough to do!

Ideas that came to mind while I was reading this section were that Mary Cover Jones is a very smart woman for coming up with the process of systematic desensitization, Watson was stupid for having an affair with Rayner while he was still married, the method of introspection is kind of confusing, and I hope that Little Albert grew up to be a normal person.

Terms: behavior modification, antecedent, behavior, consequence, reinforcement, punishment, language of behavior, Pavlov, Thorndike, positive contingency, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, excitatory conditioning, Rescorla, contingency theory, conditioned stimulus, discrimination training, experimental neurosis, emit, aversive, taste aversion, elicit, Watson, structuralists, functionalists, Darwin, Rayner, conditioned emotional response, Little Albert, systematic desensitization, Mary Cover Jones, method of introspection

Section 3.3
Prior to reading this chapter I thought behavior modification revolved around the ABC's, the antecedent, behavior, and consequence. Also another thing that comes to mind all the time when I think about behavior modification is reinforcement, reinforcers, punishment, and punishers. Through previous chapters I have learned more about classical conditioning, language of behavior, and several other key ideas that tie to behavior modification.

3 things I'll remember from this chapter:

1.) One of the things that stuck out to me and seemed to be really easy to understand was the example of positive contingency. This example used lightning and thunder as example, stating that the lightning arrives before the thunder making us aware of what will come. Another example could be the tornado warning alarm going off before the tornado arrives. This lets us know what is to come.

2.) Another thing I will remember is Robert Rescorla idea of Pavlov’s research and how he built on to that concept and developed it into what he referred to as Contingency Theory. I think his way of explaining became easier to understand after the statement of knowing how good of a predictor the conditioned stimulus was of the unconditioned stimulus.

3.) The third thing I'll remember id the difference between positive and negative contingencies. A positive contingency signals an increased likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will occur. A negative contingency signals that the unconditioned stimulus will not occur. The positive contingencies are also called Excitatory Conditioning and
negative contingencies are called Inhibitory Conditioning. I think these were easy to understand because excitatory the behavior being emmitted will happen and inhibitory the behavior being emitted will not occur.

One thing I really liked from this section was the explanation of all the new terminology. I feel that this section made it better to understand classical conditioning along with conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and unconditioned response.
I didn't dislike anything from this chapter. I feel this chapter helped me understand classical conditioning and all the important terms that come with it. While I was reading this section the Little Albert experiment came to mind because if I'm right I believe there was classical conditioning involved.

Section 3.4

3 things I'll remember from this section:

1.) One thing I find interesting and memorable is knowing Watson feels that what we learned from animals (brutes) could be applied to humans as there
was no ‘dividing line’ between the two. I feel as if this can not be true in my own opinion because animal and humans make-up are somewhat different, along with brain structures and size. I feel there should be a dividing line between the two.

2.) I'll remember after reading that Mary Cover Jones was the person that used the method of systematic
desensitization to treat phobia. Systematic
desensitization is the meaning of removing a certain feeling or emotion towards something. To desensitize someone you simply need to elicit a behavior to reduce the fear or anxiety towards the phobia.

3.) I will remember that structuralism breaks down
the psychological experience into small units. And Functionalism posses traits and ability for
their survival value.

One thing I really appreciated from this section was the video of the material. It did help a lot with the videos because I was able to put images to what I was picturing while I was reading.
I didn't dislike anything front his section. I can only appreciate the new material your teaching me. I try my best to understand and comprehend the material that is given.

Terminology: Behavior Modification, Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence, reinforcement, punishment, reinforcer, punisher, classical conditioning, language of behavior, positive contingency, negative contingency, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response, contingency theory, Robert Rescorla, emitted, elicit, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, Excitatory, Inhibitory , Pavlov, structuralism,Functionalism, Watson, brutes

Prior to reading this chapter I thought of behavior modification as a way of using different techniques like reinforcement, punishment, and extinction in order to manipulate a person’s behavior into being desirable. Being in this class has really thought we what behavior modification means because I honestly didn’t know when I signed up for the course.
I will remember what a positive contingency and a negative contingency are, mostly because they are also called inhibitory conditioning and excitatory conditioning. I have been learning about excitatory and inhibitory in my biopsychology class, so it corresponds with something else I am learning about right now. I will also remember when the chapter talked about conditioning methods. The methods of electric shock and eye blink stuck with me mostly because we discussed them a little bit in class on Thursday. We do both of these methods of animals and humans, but at different levels of intensity. I really liked the example that was used for positive contingency, thunder and lightning. Lightning happens first and then after the thunder comes. So the lightning signals to us that thunder is coming. I didn’t enjoy trying to figure out the condition types for the scenarios at the end of the chapter. I felt that I could argue some of them as a different one, so would really like to discuss this more in class. This chapter made me start to think about what things I am conditioned by and how much we depend on some things to give us a conditioned response. Like technology we expect it to work, so when it does not we get upset.
One thing that I will remember from 3.4 is Watson’s Little Albert study. It is something I have heard about because of introductory psychology. It deals with emotions and whether or not we can condition someone’s simple reflex of fear. Which led me to find something else very interesting out; Watson had an affair with his research assistant. He was asked to leave John Hopkin’s University because of it. I didn’t know that and just seemed like an interesting fact to learn about Watson. I really liked reading about systematic desensitization. It reminded me of a video I watched in Abnormal Psychology about it where a woman was extremely afraid of feathers. I found the video intense and it really stuck with me. I didn’t like reading Watson’s manifesto. It was a little wordy and hard to understand. Some ideas that came to my mind while reading this were that most people have at least one fear for some type of thing. It seems silly that we get so scared like everything in this world was created to hurt us. Most things if we are careful won’t hurt us. For instance, just because some snakes are poisonous does not mean I need to be afraid of all snakes.
Terms: reinforcement, punishment, extinction, conditioned, negative contingency, positive contingency, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, systematic desensitization

Sec 3.3

Before reading this section I did not know that there was a different way to refer to a CS and CR. This came as an unwanted surprise because getting the US, UR, CS, and CR all straight was difficult enough. I was also unaware that these scientific terms were so widely used in beaver modification.

I really like the examples were we had to sort out the US, UR, CS, and CR. Although I found these difficult in the beginning, and most likely got them wrong, I think by the end I have a better understanding. I disliked the complexity of this chapter, I found it extremely confusing, and had to read it multiple times, but I still felt uncertain.

Three things I will remember from this section.
1) Positive Contingencies: When a conditions stimulus elicits the conditions response, this is known as a positive contingence. This is important because we want the CS to elicit the CR.
Negative Contingencies: This is when the subject avoided emitting the CR, after the CS is emitted. The subject openly defines the desired production of the CS
2) CER (Conditioned Emotional Response) this is produced by the US, it is often the UR. If a person turns their finger (US) they may elicit to putting that finger in their mouth to subconsciously sooth the pain (UR).
3) Conditioned Taste Aversion: This is a CR, produced by a previous US. If someone eats bad granola, the sight or smell of granola might elicit them to feeling sick (CR).

Sec 3.4

In this section we learn about Watson and the contributions he made to the psychological field. We also learn about phobias, and desensitization.

I really like the information about Watson, I find the history of psychology particularly interesting, I didn't dislike anything in this section, except for maybe all the opinion based questions

Three things I will remember from this section.
1) Watson thought all behavior was learnt behavior. Watson did not think that our environment had any influence on our behavior. He also believed that we were born as blank slates. He believed that he could make a child into anything he wanted to.
2) Systematic Desensitization: A behavior method to get someone to stop fearing a particular phobia.
3) Phobias are irrational fears, that people suffer from, they are categorized as anxiety disorders.

Terms: Elicit, Emit, Positive / Negative Contingencies, Conditioned Emotional Response, Conditioned Tate Aversion, Desensitization, Phobias, Anxiety Disorders.

3.3
Prior to this chapter I had a pretty good understanding of the conditioned/unconditioned stimulus/response terms involved with classical conditioning. I also knew what the term discriminate means. This chapter dives into the relationships between these terms. A CS and US gain association through each other and the two terms are said to have positive contingency. That is they go together and have some type of correlation in that if one happens, the other will happen. Positive contingencies are also referred to as excitatory conditioning, in that they elicit us to do something. It can also be said that negative contingencies are referred to as inhibitory conditioning, in that they elicit us to stop doing something. I was also familiar with experimental neurosis because I choose to learn more about it during last weeks assignment. A conditioned emotional response refer's to the freezing up that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.We also learned that there are different temporal orders to conditioning that refer to the time it takes for the conditioned stimulus to happen in relation to the unconditioned stimulus. We also learned that sometimes conditioning can happen through only one trial, most notably in aversive food conditioning. I really like this chapters content in that it helps you to understand why we can be conditioned and not just how. I didn't like the addition of excitatory and inhibitory because I already use them a lot in other classes and it kind of was confusing at first.

3.4
This chapter was about John Watson and his behavioral studies. This chapter was mostly a review for me. I already knew about the little ablbert study and how he conditioned the baby to be afraid of animals via accompanying them with an aversive noise. I knew that he liked to do behavioral tests on rat subjects. I already knew the focus' of structural and functional psychology. I will remember the introduction of Mary Cover Jones and her work with systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is the slight but consistent addition of a conditioned stimulus in hopes to reverse the conditioned valence of it. It can be used in helping people get over phobias by associating the phobia with posive outcomes so that when you think of your phobia, it elicits you to think of happy things. One way they go about this is using certain relaxation techniques in the presence of the stimulus. I really like this chapter because I think that John Watson is very interesting to study. The whole idea of systematic desensitization is interesting to me because I have an intense fear of airplanes yet a remarkable urge to travel. The only thing I didn't like was the review but It helped me to refresh my memory.

conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response, classical conditioning, discriminate, association, positive/negative contingency, excitatory/inhibitory conditioning, elicit/emit, aversive, systematic desensitization

3.3

Prior to the section, I still thought behavior modification revolved around the ABC's, reinforcement, and punishment because when I think of behavior modification I associate it with reinforcing the pleasant behavior or punishing the aversive behavior.
One thing I will remember was the example given of positive contingency. I struggle to remember terms and their meanings sometimes, so the example of the lightening and thunder really helped. The example talked about how lightening comes before the thunder, so you know that after the lightening arrives, there will be thunder. In comparison, we talked about the tornado warning siren, alerting the public of the weather that is approaching.
The way the section discussed electric shock methods will be remembered also. We discussed this a little bit in class, but seeing the comparison of methods used on animals was memorable. It was also memorable to see that it is possible to use these techniques on humans as well.
The last thing I found memorable was the conditioned taste aversion. This is when a taste is associated with something toxic and makes us sick. I have this a lot with Ramon Noodles. I ate these noodles all the time when I was a freshman and loved them. However, these noodles now make my stomach turn with the though of ever eating those noodles again.
One thing I liked in the chapter was the comparison between conditioning methods. It was interesting to see that some of the methods used on animals, such as the air puff, could also be used and performed on humans.
One thing I didn't like was the abbreviations of the conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, etc. Because these concepts are still difficult to remember and keep straight it sometimes gets difficult to distinguish which is which when they are abbreviated.

3.4

The first thing I will remember from the chapter is humans, along side animals, have been used in studying aversive stimuli. I found this interesting because thought doing a few of these studies would be found unethical, due to human rights. I also thought it would be difficult to find those willing to participate.
Second, I will remember is that Watson and Rayner worked side by side with Little Albert to create a conditioned emotional response. In many classes we have discussed Little Albert and that became afriad, or unconditioned response, by a loud noise, or an unconditioned stimulus. This study has been reviewed in many classes, but in this class it was easier to understand the responses after an explanation of the unconditioned and conditioned.
Third, the systematic desensitization will be remembered. We just finished learning about phobias in my Abnormal Psychology class so learning about the ways to overcome them through systematic desensitization was interesting.
One thing I liked in the chapter was learning about systematic desensitization and being able to link it with something else I have learned in another class. It just interests me how some many things can connect that way.
The one thing I didn't like about the section was learning about Little Albert. Although it is memorable, it seemed to repeat of what we had talked about in class Thursday and what I have read in other books.
When reading this chapter, I was thinking about teaching children, and if it was possible to teach them anything at a young age. I also was thinking about if the research Watson did on Little Albert would apply to those of an older age.

Terms Used: ABC's, reinforcement, punishment, reinforcing, pleasant, punishing, aversive, positive contingency, conditioned taste aversion, conditioning method, aversive stimuli, conditioned emotional response, unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus,

3.3

1. The first concept I will try to remember and grasp is the positive and negative contingencies. Contingencies sprung up from Robert Rescorla’s Contingency Theory, which stated that the likelihood of a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus did not necessarily rely on how many times it was associated with the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response, but actually on how reliable of a predictor it was that the two would occur together. If the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus occurring was high it was considered a positive contingency; if the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus occurring was low it was considered a negative contingency.

2. I will also remember excitatory conditioning and inhibitory conditioning because they are the same thing as positive and negative contingencies. Excitatory conditioning being the positive contingencies and inhibitory conditioning being negative contingencies. An example the book gave of each of these is if the rabbit blinks when just a tone is presented it is considered excitatory conditioning and if the rabbit doesn’t blink to the tone it is inhibitory conditioning.

3. The last main concept I will try to remember is conditioned emotional response. This usually involves a neutral stimulus being followed by a shock, which is an aversive unconditioned stimulus. This is also called aversive conditioning. The shock elicits the animal to freeze up so when the neutral stimulus is placed with the aversive shock they quickly become associated and the animal will emit the freeze up behavior to the neutral stimulus alone.

I liked when the section talked about the order the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli needed to be presented in to be effective. It talked about trace conditioning, which is when the conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus, and how this is one of the most effective way for the two to become associated with each other.

The only thing I didn’t like about the section was that it was about classical conditioning and we’ve been talking about that for a while now it seems. Although, there still was a lot of new terms and stuff to wright about.

The thing that came to mind after reading this section was a memory of my mother. A few years back we had some mice, which she is absolutely terrified of. We had set out some traps right after she saw some and then later that night we went into the kitchen and turned on the light to see if we caught any and just as I turned on the light we heard the trap go off. For the rest of the night my mom had me periodically turn on and off the kitchen light to help us catch another one because she thought it confused and scared the mice so they would run into the trap. Of course this system did not work but now looking back I can see how just that one time of catching a mouse had classically conditioned her to think turning on the lights would help us catch the rest.

3.4

1. The first vocabulary word I will remember is the method of introspection. This is when the participants of a study document his or her own experience. This method was used by the stucturalists of Watson’s time. These were the people who believed that the complex nature of humans could be broken down into basic elements.

2. The main guy I’ll remember from this section was Watson himself. He was responsible for the behaviorist manifesto, which basically stated that psychology should be objective and that humans and animals were similar and that they adjusted to their environment through habit and reflex. He was also famous for the Little Albert experiment. This is where he conditioned a little boy to be afraid of a white rabbit by associating the animal’s presence with a loud noise.

3. The second person I’ll remember was Mary Cover Jones. She was the one who unconditioned Little Albert (Peter) to not be afraid of little white animals. She did this using food. This technique was called systematic desensitization. This is where you gradually expose the subject to what they are afraid of. This technique was later used to help treat phobias.

The thing I liked about this section is how they related the past into the present. More specifically Mary Cover Jones’s systematic desensitization technique on phobias today and how they use visualization and relaxation techniques.

I disliked how Watson experimented with conditioning on a baby and used aversive associations to make the child afraid of something.

The thing this chapter made me think about was also related to what I didn’t like. I’m glad we now have more rules in psychology to help regulate the lab and make it so we can’t experiment on humans the way they used to.

Terms: positive contingency, negative contingency, Robert Rescorla, Contingency Theory, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, conditioned emotional response, aversive unconditioned stimulus, aversive conditioning, elicit, emit, behavior, trace conditioning, classical conditioning, introspection, structuralists, Watson, behaviorist manifesto, Little Albert, conditioned, Mary Cover Jones, systematic desensitization, visualization

Section 3.3

Prior to reading this chapter, I understood little about Conditional Stimulus (CS) and Unconditional Stimulus (US) but now, I am starting to understand their concepts really well through experiments. The three things that I will remember are as followed: I will remember Positive contingency and the reason for that is, I like the scenario of the lighting and the thunder. I like how the light travels before the sound of the thunder itself. I’m trying to compare this with seeing the sunlight before you start actually feeling the heat of the sun. I still like the example given. The second thing I will remember is Robert Rescorla talking about the CS and US. I can compare this to us in that information is useful if it benefit us. Like the weather person telling us in advance that it will rain or your parent telling you in advance that the car you are about to drive stops and go after a while. This information benefits us and gets us ready for that situation. This reinforces us to pay attention to either the weather person or our parents. But if the information given occurs after the event, it punishes or I will say it becomes an inhibitory situation. The third thing I will remember is that, excitatory conditioning is the same as positive contingencies in behaviors reoccurring if positive. I like how these terms are helping me better understand behavior modification in much detail. One thing I dislike is that, the example given for each word or phrases are hard to understand and you barely relate that example to another example. Some ideas that came to mind while reading this section are that, humans tends to like what benefits them, which I think is basically part of life.

Section3.4

The three things that I will remember are as followed: I will remember behaviorist manifesto because, it reminds me of Little Albert. I liked how this was used to show the fear factors in humans in that, when you are exposed to a stimulus that you did not have fear for, you become attached to that thing but if someone scared you, that behavior becomes extinct. I will remember Watson’s time psychology which was divided into two camps, the structuralists and the functionalists. The structuralists were interested in breaking psychology into basic elements using the method of introspection. The structuralists also believe if you understood the basic elements, these elements could then be used as basic building blocks to construct the complex nature of humans. Functionalists on the other hand believed that, we posse’s traits and ability for our survival value. I will remember Mary Cover Jones demonstration of fear, arguing that fear could be removed through the use of systematic desensitization. One thing that I really liked was how the terms were explained in much detail. I understood it well and there is nothing that I dislike. While reading this, some ideas that came to mine was the development of womanhood in psychology. Mary Jones was a very intelligent woman to develop the systematic desensitization which is now helping a lot of people. It is intriguing to hear about a development that is beneficial to others.

Terms Used:

Conditional Stimulus (CS)
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
Positive contingency
Robert Rescorla
Punishes
Inhibitory
Excitatory conditioning
Positive contingencies
Behavior modification
Behaviorist manifesto
Attached
Extinct
Watson
Structuralists
Mary Cover Jones
Systematic desensitization
Womanhood
Intriguing

3.3
Before reading this chapter, I though that when Pavlov’s dogs started being really aggressive when they could distinguish the difference of the two shapes that elicited whether or not food would come out was only a short, temporary response to the experiment. After reading this chapter, I was shocked when it said the symptoms lasted for months and sometimes over a year.
3 Things I Will Remember From Reading This Chapter:
1.) A positive contingency is increases the likelihood that an unconditioned stimuli will occur. The example given in the book is the weather forecaster predicting rain and being correct most of the time. On the other hand, a negative contingency is decreases the likelihood that an unconditioned stimuli will occur.
2.) Another concept I will learn is conditioned taste aversion. Condition taste aversion is when the taste is associated with something that makes you sick to the extent of becoming nauseated and vomit. The reason I will remember this is because it has happened to me. Whenever I drink peppermint schnapps, it causes me to vomit instantly.
3.) The order of the presentation in classical conditioning matters. If the conditioned stimuli happens at the same time or even after it will have much less of an effect or even none at all.
I really liked how positive and negative contingencies were explained although could really do without the trick question. One thing that I disliked or struggled with was the difference between US, UR, CS, and CR. Maybe if it were presented different and broken down more in a graph it would be easier to understand. While reading this chapter the video we watched in class of Pavlov definitely came to mind since it showed many of the concepts in the chapter.

3.4
3 Things I Will Remember From Reading This Chapter:
1.) Structuralism is the belief that you can break all behaviors down and if you could understand the basics you could use them as a reference point or building blocks to understand the nature of humans. Functionalists believed that if an ability or trait exist it is because it enhanced our survival rate.
2.) Since Watson could teach baby Albert to be fearful of anything fury, he thought he could conclude that most fears as well as behavior was learned and not natural. His study was very controversial and Albert was taken out of the study before Watson could desensitize him.
3.) Often times phobias are treated by systematic desensitization. Often times relaxation methods are used to take away anxieties of phobias.
I really liked how this chapter was put together. It was very informative and yet easy reading. While reading this chapter, I was thinking about my fear of heights. It would be great to be able to get rid of it as this chapter suggests.

Terms: Positive Contingency, Negative Contingency, Unconditioned Stimuli, Elicited, Conditioned Taste Aversion, Conditioned Stimuli, Structuralism, Functionalists, Desensitize, Systematic Desensitization, Phobias.

3.3

Before reading the chapter I didn’t think of contingencies as actually being conditioning procedures. I thought of contingencies as conditions needed in order to condition, but reading about Contingency Theory it made me think of it more as a conditioning procedure that is equally important.

I will emit a remembering response for the terms Positive Contingency or Excitatory Conditioning and Negative Contingency or Inhibitory Conditioning. Positive Contingency serves to signal that the unconditioned stimulus will likely occur; while, negative contingency serves to signal that the likelihood of its occurrence is decreased. I will also remember the connection between positive and excitatory by remembering that both describe the occurrence of the response happening. It also made sense to me to think of negative contingency as being inhibitory as the response is inhibited. I will remember this because of the examples that I did and by linking the works positive and excite.

I will emit the response of remembering the explanation of Conditioned Emotional Response. From what I understand by pairing the US (the tone) with a shock and then presenting the US it causes the same response, with rats it is freezing up. So basically the animals have an emotional response from a conditioned stimulus. I will remember this because I thought of how this happens a lot with humans and the way our minds pair a stimulus with a certain aversive stimulus and give us the same response.

I will emit a remembering response for the concept of ‘Conditioned taste aversion’ because I can pair this with the experience of this term. Taste aversion that is conditioned is taste that is associated with something that makes us sick and elicits a physical response. I had this fun conditioning experience at a sub shop with my favorite sub sandwich Chicken Teriyaki. I ate the sub and later felt the effect of the thing that was paired with the taste…aka food poisoning. After enjoying 24 hours of the…effects…I have been unable to eat the chicken teriyaki sandwich again thus Conditioned Taste Aversion.

I liked the diagrams in the reading it helped me to pair the readings with a visual, especially with the time diagram and the conditioning timeline. I dislike that operant chambers are electrified, I understand the purpose and the helpful benefits but I think there might be more creative ways to find out about punishment.

3.4

This chapter was one of the most interesting to me, also disturbing in the use of an infant in a maladaptive experiment. I will remember John Watson as being a man who went against the grain and against the accepted thinking of his time to create a new viewpoint of psychology called Behaviorism. (I do think he went way too far to prove his theory to the point of causing harm to an infant that was still developing.)

I will also remember in relation to Watson the theories purported at the time: structuralism and functionalism. Structuralist divided the human psyche into basic parts via the ‘method of introspection,’ thinking that if the basic parts could be understood we would be able to understand the complexity of humans. Functionalists on the other hand looked at the human psyche in the framework of Darwin and Survival of the Fittest/Evolution saying that all living beings adjust to their environment based on ‘habit and reflex,’ thus understanding the human complexities to be that of needing to survive and adapting to that need.

The thing I will most remember is about the Mary Cover Jones’s Study. This study did basically the reverse of what Watson did and took a child who had developed maladaptive responses/fears and was able to condition these fears out of the child. I thought this is a great example of what creative research looks like in trying to prove a theory and follows the mantra of ‘do no harm.’ I thought this study was more remarkable in nature than the Watson study and proves the same thing.

I disliked the ‘Little Albert’ Study I thought it was a violation of human rights and hindered the development of a child that probably would have had a wonderful ability to question and discover new things. I think that no discovery in science, psychology or likewise is worth the degradation of one person. (Well that was my rant…) And I think that many times the educational fields don’t have to be hindered by not being able to see what will happen to a human in a bad way but rather makes them be more creative and work on workable solutions as in the Mary Cover Jones’s Study. I do like learning about Behaviorism and find it fascinating and think that it is an important component of human learning and the human experience, although I tend to view human psychology from a holistic point of view.

contingencies, emit, behavior, behavioral-ism, structuralism, functionalism, Little Albert Study, John Watson, Mary Cover Jones's Study, response, operant chambers, punishment, excitatory, inhibitory, unconditioned, conditioned, stimulus

Section 3.3

Before reading this chapter I knew most of this material from lecture and prior classes. Some of it was written slightly differently or explained in a new way.

Three things I will remember about this section are taste aversion, contingency theory, and experimental neurosis.

I love eating food so taste aversion was very interesting to me. While I read this chapter, I was reminded of an instance of classical conditioning when I was growing up. Every Sunday morning my mom made oatmeal. Every Sunday she would forget to tell us till it was hard. Hard oatmeal is a very painful positive reinforcement. I was conditioned to hate the hard oatmeal, and as a result I also grew to hate the neutral stimulus oatmeal.

Contingency theory was interesting to me because you can see in everyday life. This explained the reason behind why my psychology teacher told us personal trainers to always praise clients right away after they do something correctly.

I think experimental neurosis is a cool look at what animals can understand. I think it would be interesting to do more experiments to see if animals could discriminate between different words?

One thing I liked about this section was the use of pictures as visual aids. They are very helpful in understanding the concepts.

One thing I didn't like about this section was that it was a lot of review. I've heard a lot of this before in previous classes and lectures. Although I did like that it did go further into the material.

One thing that popped into my head while I was reading this section was how the nervous system might be like classical conditioning. Normally the behavior of lifting weights should elicit a consequence of being tight, stiff, and sore but that isn't always the case. These days people can get tight, sore, and even have pain because of stress or other causes. Somehow stress has become linked to muscle dysfunction. I wonder if this is a case of classical conditioning?

Section 3.4

The three things that stood out to me from this section were structuralists vs functionalists, 12 infant quote, and the quote, "people were never afraid while eating".

The only new concept that I read about in this section was about structuralists and functionalists. It was interesting to see Darwin's views seeping into behavior modification.

The 12 infant quote was very interesting because I disagree. I don't see that Watson's small study on classical conditioning proves that he can shape people's interests. Watson proved that he can elicit a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. Watson didn't prove that he could create an unconditioned response of liking a certain profession. Watson didn't do any studies taking kids from being having a neutral response to a conditioned stimulus and eliciting a excited response from the same conditioned stimulus.

I thought the quote, "people were never afraid when eating" sounded like a fun experiment to try on my sisters. That's why I definitely won't forget this topic. My sisters might emit a few screams, but it will be well worth the consequences of better science.

One thing I liked about this section was how the author gave information on both strengths and weaknesses of Watson's studies.

One thing I didn't like about this section was that the author didn't talk about what Watson learned while in the advertising business.

One thing I thought about after reading this section was how babies learn. Watson seems to feels they learn by classical conditioning. Yesterday my sister had her first baby and I look forward to observing the baby as it grows up.

Terms: classical conditioning, emit, consequence, conditioned stimulus, eliciting, unconditioned response, conditioned response, functionalists, structuralists, behavior, experimental neurosis, discriminate, contingency theory, taste aversion, positive reinforcement, neutral stimulus

Prior to reading chapters 3.3 and 3.4 I don’t really have any deep thoughts about what we may be discussing next. Normally I just keep trying to go over what we have previously learned and try to re-apply it my every day life.
3.3
3 things I learned
1. First I learned that a positive contingency is when the tone and the air become correlated and the neutral stimulus becomes the controlled stimulus. I will remember this because contingency means: a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty. And when we discuss stimuli being changed it is kind of the same thing occurring.
2. Next I learned that different types of conditioning. They as simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, and backward conditioning. They are easier to remember because of the diagrams that went along with each type of conditioning.
3. Finally I will remember that taste aversion occurs when a food is associated with the effects of something toxic. For many examples this works when you eat a food and then get sick, you will then relate that food with being sick and avoid eating it.
4. What I liked in this chapter was for different types of conditioning we had a diagram to look off of. I think with these diagrams you get a better idea to what is being explained. And seeing these different ways is easiest for me to remember.
5. What I disliked in this chapter that it seemed like a longer chapter than most.
6. What I kept thinking about is that I got food poisoning from sghettie once so now I really avoid eating it which is taste aversion.
3.4
3 things I learned
1. Structuralists are more interested in breaking psychology into basic elements. Which is easier to remember because the ists means that they are people and structure is linked with like building blocks which are like the basic elements.
2. Functionalists believe that if an ability or traits exists then it must have something to do with enhancing our survival rate. Again ists are types of people, and then function would be like when the basic function for people is survival and with functionalists is when is also about enhancing our survival rate.
3. Then I will remember the Little Albert study, which is with the 9 month old baby was made to fear little white fury objects because of a loud banging noise. What I remember most about this study is the fact that no one knows what has happened to Little Albert. Which I think is really quite awful of these scientists, they could have kept tract of him to see the long term effects also. In any psych class Little Albert seems to get brought up.
4. What I liked about this chapter was thinking about three phobias I might have. Which is really weird because I then go overboard about what might be wrong with me.
5. What I didn’t enjoy about this chapter was thinking about having to desensitize my phobias only because I don’t want to ever have to think about facing spiders. YUCK.
6. I thought a lot about how crazy it is to be so deathly afraid of spiders even though they are just these little tiny bugs, but they can honestly freeze me where I stand and make me cry.
Terminology: positive contingency, neutral stimulus, controlled stimulus, conditioning, simultaneous, short-delayed, trace, long-delayed, backward conditioning, taste aversion, structuralists, functionalists, phobias.

Prior to reading this chapter what I thought about behavior modification has stayed the same, but I have expanded my knowledge about different topics that are included. One thing that I will remember is the different types of conditioning: simultaneous, short delayed, trace, long delayed, and backward conditioning. They are all slightly different in the timing of the CS and US. In the case of a tornado siren I would want trace conditioning. Another thing that I will remember is positive contingencies. This occurs when something that was once a neutral becomes a conditioned stimulus that has the ability to elicit a UR. Thunder and lightning are an example of a positive contingency. I will also remember inhibitory and excitatory responses. With inhibitory responses being when the dog showed signs of helplessness and excitatory as the dog barking and salivating. One thing that I liked in this chapter was the pictures and diagrams that went a long with the text so I could also visualize when the things actually looked like. One thing that i disliked about 3.3 is how long it was. At the end of the chapter when taste aversion was talked about it reminded me of when I was little I got sick from eating an oreo shake and now whenever someone has oreo shakes I always get disgusted because I got sick from it.
One thing that I will remember is structuralists, which believe if you understand basic elements then they can be used to construct complex human nature. Functionalists believe more along the lines of Darwin in that if a trait/ability existed it must have something to do with enhancing our survival. Last thing that I will remember is systematic desensitization, which is a method used to help people overcome phobias. One thing that I liked in this section was that it wasn't very long. One thing that I disliked was the Little Albert study because I think its wrong to make a child feel like that. Something that came to mind while reading this was how i dont really believe in the functionalist. I dont think that you can apply that to very many things.
Terms: conditioning, little albert study, systematic desensitization, phobias, functionalist, structuralist, taste aversion, excitatory, inhibitory, elicit, contingencies,

3.3
I learned a lot things about classical conditioning that I did not know before reading this chapter. One of the things I learned about this chapter was there are positive and negative contingencies. A positive contingency is when an association develops to the extent where the controlled stimulus predicts the onset of the uncontrolled stimulus. Another thing I learned was that positive contingencies are also called excitatory conditioning and negative contingencies are known as inhibitory conditioning. I learned that the order of presentation is important and is known as temporal time order. When I was reading this section I was thinking of the different experiments that have been done to show these concepts that were discussed in this chapter.

3.4
I found this chapter to be very interesting, and I learned a lot of new information. One of the things I learned from this chapter was that John Watson was famous for his behaviorist manifesto and his Little Albert study. I remember learning about this study in my Intro. to Psychology class. Another thing I learned was that Watson believed psychology should be objective and not subjective and that there is not a dividing line between humans and non-human animals. I do not completely agree with this belief he had. In my philosophy classes I took we discussed how humans are different from non-human animals because of our ability to reason. Another thing I learned while reading this chapter was about the term systematic desensitization. This term is the process of using relaxation, visualization, and small systematic steps towards approaching objects that produce fear. This term is very interesting because it is a way for people to over come phobias. While reading this chapter I thought a lot about other things I have learned that relate to these topics.

Terms: Contingency, excitatory, inhibitory, classical conditioning, temporal time order, behaviorist manifesto, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, Litle Albert study, and systematic desensitization.

Well prior to reading these sections I had a pretty good handle on modification and reinforcement. Now though I've gained more ideas to implement in my day to day life interactions with others!
3.3
The first thing I'll remember are the ideas of contingencies. A Excitatory contingency is a positive contingency used as a reinforcer aid. So like the severe storm sirens in my home town that go off when bad weather comes. Usually when they come you go inside because bad weather is approaching. So your reinforced when that storm comes, or its inhibtory when that hyped up storm doesn't come to pass. which is the second thing I'll recall. The thing I'll recall are the operant chambers that are used in animal studies. I personally aknowledge the use of animals in experiments but the use of some of the chambers like the one that immobilized the rabbit kinda creeped me out. Nothing really stood out as something I liked in the chapter and I wasn't so keen on the animal experiments.
3.4
The first thing I'll remember about this section is the idea of the functionalist psychologist. Its interesting to think and makes sense to me and how Watsons beliefs tied to it. With our behaviors being shaped by our environment it makes sense that our behaviors would be used to increase our odds of survival. I think of the first time a child touchs something hot like a pan on the stove or puts their hand near an open flame. They get a positive punisher in the form of pain/ a burn which leads to the consequence of avoiding hot things. The second thing I'll remember is definitely the little albert study. As fascinating as it is to see Watsons theories proven correct I felt it wrong to subject a child to feeling such terror. This was also my least favorite part of the chapter. Finally my favorite part of the chapter and the third thing I'll recall is the idea of systematic desensitization and how Jones used food to remove Peters fears. By pairing food with stimuli that elicited a fear emition from peter, he gradually started losing his fears. I find it amazing that just by giving him food to basically divide his attention away from being aversive to his fears Jones was able to cause peters fears to go extinct. I think I'll try to use the contingencies to observe my friends behavior in reaction to the weather as he always follows the weathermans predictions and is caught if the weather is different.

Terms: Aversive, elicit, reinforcer, positive punishement, punisher, consequence, behavior, contingency, inhibitory, Excititory, Functionalist.

Prior to reading these sections of chapter 3, I came to understand that behavior modification is very complex and has several terms associated with it. I learning new information on the subject every week and now it's starting to become harder to follow.

Section 3.3

After emitting a reading behavior, the terms within the section elicited my behavior to remember them. Three concepts I will remember from this section include: the differences between positive and negative contingencies, the contingency theory, and how to condition a taste aversion.

1.) Positive contingencies or an excitatory conditioning occur when the conditioned stimulus signals the start of the unconditioned stimulus. This type of contingency signals the likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will occur. For example, the section describes lightning and thunder as a positive contingency. I really like this example because honestly, I understand the concept well this way. Light always travels faster than sound so when people see lightning they know to expect thunder soon after. Negative contingencies or inhibitory conditioning occur when the conditioned stimulus does not signal the start of the unconditioned stimulus. This type of contingency signals that the unconditioned response will not be present due to the likelihood that the unconditioned stimulus will decrease in occurrence. This helps me understand Pavlov's discrimination procedure with two different blocks meaning food the other meaning no food.

2.) The contingency theory states that the conditioned stimulus must be a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus for the association to happen. If the conditioned stimulus is not present then the unconditioned stimulus should not occur. There are a variety of types of conditioning associated with the order of presentation or the temporal (time) order. The examples the section shows with graphs were easier to understand than the written information about each type. Some types included: simultaneous conditioning, short-delayed conditioning, trace conditioning (which is used most often for its effectiveness), long-delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning (which is rarely used for its ineffectiveness).

3.) I will also remember the paragraph on taste aversion because I forever have a taste aversion to chicken nuggets from McDonald's. I got sick from eating them once as a small child and have never been able to eat them again. Taste aversion occurs when a food is associated with the effects of something toxic like my example of becoming 'sick'. Yuck!

I really liked that I could relate more to this information and come up with examples easier though a few concepts were hard to understand.

I did not like how confusing the whole process of figuring out the difference between the unconditioned, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned, conditioned responses were. I had a hard time filling in the blanks for the examples to practice with.

While reading this section, I thought about everything else we have learned so far and how it all ties together. It is very interesting to stand back and look at everything we know so far. How much of what we've learned will be useful in our lives.

Section 3.4

After reading this section, I emitted a remembering behavior of the following three concepts: the Little Albert study, structuralism vs. functionalism vs. Watson, and systematic desensitization.

1.) I thought the Little Albert study was a little inhumane and ballsy. A 9 month old infant being used as a test subject dealing with fear seemed to go a bit far, but I also do not fully agree with animal testing. Both are beneficial to human life though so I can understand the want and need to do these kinds of studies. This study demonstrated 3 basic emotions of fear, rage, and love and how each could be conditioned into something more. Little Albert was afraid of loud noises but nothing else. Watson introduced rats (conditioned stimulus) with the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) to make Albert associate fear with the rat as well. Eventually, he became afraid of every furry animal.

2.) Watson believed that humans and animals adjusted or adapted to the environment through habit and reflex. I think this interrelates to the concept of functionalism. Functionalism is believing that humans posses traits and abilities for survival. In other words, the idea of survival of the fittest comes in mind. These abilities or traits allowed humans and animals to compete to survive in a naturally selective environment. Structuralism is the belief that the complex human nature is built of basic building blocks or elements. Kind of like a chemist with molecules, atoms, and ions.

3.) Systematic desensitization uses a combination of relaxation techniques, visualization, and taking small steps towards the object one fears. It is used in the treatment of phobias. I would love to have this done with my fear of the dark. Sometimes my fear overpowers my insanity... I do not do well with small dark spaces. Mary C. Jones noticed that people were not scared while eating so she associated food with someone's fear to eventually get them to become unafraid. Say if you were deathly afraid of spiders, when a spider was placed in front of you you would immediately begin to scream and move away. What if a spider were placed in front of but so was food? Eventually, the spider will no longer be scary because you associate the spider with food and pleasure.

I really enjoyed this section. It was very intriguing and made a lot more sense than the last section, 3.3. I hope we go over the terms more in class discussions.

I did not really dislike anything in this section. I was very interested in all of it.

After reading this section, I got the idea that someone should definitely put me through a systematic desensitization treatment because I really feel childish for being afraid of the dark. I just cannot help it.

Terms: Emit, Elicit, Behavior, Positive Contingency, Excitatory Conditioning, Negative Contingency, Inhibitory Conditioning, Contingency Theory, Taste Aversion, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Temporal Time, Watson, Pavlov, Little Albert, Structuralism, Functionalism, and Systematic Desensitization

3.3
Before reading the chapter I didn’t know that there was another component to classical conditioning, which is either a positive or negative contingency. I had never been taught that positive and negative contingencies were an important part of classical conditioning. One thing that I will remember is the difference between positive and negative contingencies. A positive contingency signals that the unconditioned stimulus is more likely to occur and a negative contingency signals that the unconditioned stimulus is less likely to occur. Positive contingencies and negative contingencies are also referred to as excitatory and inhibitory conditioning, respectively. Another thing that I will remember is conditioned emotional response (CER). CER usually involves eliciting an emotional response by presenting a stimulus which is followed by a shock. I hadn’t encountered CER before reading this chapter and find it to be an interesting method of conditioning. The graphs helped me to understand how the process works. A third thing I will remember from the chapter is discrimination training. Although we discussed it previously, the explanation in this chapter helped me understand how the process works better than I did previously. I liked the graphs and examples in the chapter, as usual. They helped explain the various concepts in the chapter very well. One thing I disliked about the chapter was that things got a little confusing at certain points, but the diagrams helped me straighten things out. Something I thought about in the chapter was the example of the rabbit restrainer. I didn’t think that tools like that were used and that someone might just hold the rabbit in the experiment, but I understand now why a device would be important and still find it interesting.

3.4
One thing I will remember from this chapter is introspection. Introspection involves the participant documenting their own subjective experience of a perception or behavior. Another thing I will remember is the Little Albert study. This study is very interesting and I’ve always wanted to learn more about it when it has come up in other classes. A third thing I will remember from the chapter is systematic desensitization. I have learned about systematic desensitization in other classes and it has always seemed interesting. I never knew that Watson didn’t plan to use or even know that desensitization could work on subjects like Little Albert. I had never known about Mary Cover Jones’ work with the subject Peter involving desensitization. One thing I liked about this chapter was the YouTube video of the Little Albert study. I didn’t dislike anything in the chapter; everything was interesting and explained well.

Terms: classical conditioning, positive contingency, negative contingency, unconditioned stimulus, excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, conditioned emotional response, conditioning, discrimination training, eliciting, introspection, perception, behavior, systematic desensitization, desensitization

3.3
After emitting a reading behavior on section 3.3 I learned a few new things about classic conditioning. The first was the concept of positive versus negative contingencies. Positive contingencies occur when the controlled stimulus predicts or signals the arrival of the uncontrolled stimulus. Positive contingencies are also known as excitatory conditioning. In contrast, negative contingencies signals the likelihood that the uncontrolled stimulus will occur is decreased and are also known as inhibitory conditioning. Through the example of the weather person and the umbrella I was better able to emit a learning behavior on these terms. The second thing that was new to my knowledge of classic conditioning was conditioned emotional response and the many different types of conditioning. Conditioned emotional response elicited a sense of confusion in me because I couldn’t discriminate it from standard conditioning. I will continue to emit a reading behavior on this portion of the chapter to gain a better grasp on the term. Trace, backwards, short-delayed, and long-delayed were also new terms that expanded on classic conditioning. Lastly, Garcia and his discovery of taste aversion were new information to me. In taste aversion, only one trial is necessary to learn the association. The example of drinking too much liquor and causing them to vomit hit home for me. Scientists found this hard to believe and for some time, wouldn’t take Garcia seriously. I found that this section of 3.3 elicited the most interest in me and is something I will enjoy leaning more about.
I will emit a behavior of remembering mostly is experimental neurosis, or Pavlov’s work with discriminative training. This elicited a feeling of familiarity from when we covered it in our class discussion about Pavlov’s discrimination training with the circles and the dogs. Emitting a reading behavior on the subject forced me to become even more familiar with it. The terms excitatory and inhibitory will also be something that I’ll emit a behavior of remembering on, again due to class lecture and discussion because I believe it helps me emit a better understanding of behavioral concepts.
3.4
Prior to emitting a reading behavior on section 3.4 I had taken History and Systems in which we covered John Watson pretty intensely so most of the information here elicited a sense of review. I knew Watson came from the behavioral school and knew that he didn’t really believe in introspection. Of course, Watson is most famously known for the Little Albert Study which most of us in the psychology world have emitted some type of learning behavior on. Some of the things I find most interesting about Watson was his social image and life; that of falling in love with Roaslie Raynor his research assistant and his work in the advertising world. Thinking of Watson in the advertising world elicits the image of the television show ‘Mad Men.’ On a sadder note, if I am emitting a remembering behavior correctly, I believe Watson had a few sons that committed suicide and Watson later became somewhat of a recluse after Rosalie passed away.

Terms Used:
Emit, Classical Conditioning, positive and negative contingencies, uncontrolled stimulus, excititory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, classical conditioning, elicit, discriminate, aversion, introspection.

I am having a hard time still with the positive and negative reinforcement. I think that I second guess myself when I am trying to decide which is which.
Three things that I will remember from this chapter are:
Positive continegencies and Negative Continegencies. Positive continegencies are like when the door bell rings, it startles us to get up and anwser the door. Negative Continegencies are like when people drive by your house and honk constantly. The difference in the positive and negative is the excitatory conditioning and the inhibitory conditioning. This is the second thing that I will remember. The excitatory conditioning is when person has an unconditioned or conditioned response to the door bell. The inhibitory conditioning is when a person emits a behavior of honking the horn and the people in the house do not reponsed to the honking.
Last is the discrimination training. The example in the book is good when it talks about how the dog has to learn the difference in the buttons and what they do. Children learning the difference between buttons on the phone. one button calls people that the other hangs up on people. They have to learn it the hard way by hanging up on people.
One thing that I liked about this chapter is that we discussed experimental neurosis again.
nothing that I really didnt like in this chapter.

Three thing that I will remember are:
Little alberts study. I find this study to be almost sick but it is a good way to show how he was conditioned to emit an aversive behavior of being upset when seeing a white rabbit or rat. He was condtioned to put these animals in the same category, emitting the behavior of being scared and upset when seeing the animals or certain items that resemble animals. The reason they were able to make little Albert afraid of the animals is because he was a afriad of loud noises. So they paired the two together, making him act averisely to the animal when he was around them.
second thing I will remember is systematic desensitization. This is used to help people get over phobias by slowly getting them to that point of being around their phobia. Usually a fear is paired with another fear. The example in the book is good, talking about the fear of flying is paired with the fear of crashing or fear of dying. With this, it makes the fear irrational because dying in a plane crash is way less than dying in a car accident.
There really wasnt a third thing for me to remember
One thing that I liked was how there is always more than one reason a person is scared of an object or thing. Flying was a great example of being scared of more than one thing.
One thing that I didnt like is how Watson used little Albert for this study and kind of ruined him for life. If you think about how long it can take a person to get over their fears, Albert may never get over his fears of fluffy white animals.

Terms: EMit, discrimination training, positive contigenecies, negative contigenecies, excitatory conditioning and inhabitory conditioning, aversive behavior, systematic desensitization.

After emmiting the behavior of reading section 3.3, I have come to realize that behavior modification is more complicated then I originally thought. I found this section easy to comprehend, I was able to grasp the difference between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus; and how to distinguished between the two in an example. This was also further elaborated in class, which was a great exercise to apply the chapter to real life situations. Another principle I will remember is positive and negative contingency, a positive contingency is when the conditioned stimulus is capable of eliciting the unconditioned response. An example given in 3.3 was the lightning you see before you hear the thunder during a thunder storm. Negative contingency is when the unconditioned stimulus will not be present, in section 3.3 the example of a unreliable weather man that says it is going to rain and it never dose. The third principle I will remember from this section is the principle to discriminate, in this section Pavlov would used discrimination training to examine how the organism in some situations a dog, reacted when it was presented with a circle and a shape similar, soon the dog learned to distinguished between the two and which one he would get food from. When the shapes became to look more like each other the dog became agitated not knowing how to react to the shape. I also liked how this section discussed how the Rabbit Restrainer and the Operant chamber are used and what the different could be used for I also found that the pictures gave a good visual of how the animals would be placed in them.
After emmiting the behavior of reading section 3.4, I will not forget about the difference between structuralists and functionalists psychology. structuralists believe that if you understand the building blocks of psychology one could possibly construct the complex nature of humans. Functionalist psychology is more influenced by Darwin with the ideal that if there is a trait or ability we have it has something to do with enhancing our survival. Also getting more in depth with the Little Albert Study is another aspect of this section I liked , I had gone over the Little Albert Study in previous classes such as Intro to psych. but not as much as we have in this section. For example, I did not know that Little Albert Study touched bases on fear, rage, and love; I always thought it was only about fear. Lastly I will remember systematic desensitzation, this is a principle that uses a combination of relaxation and visualization to take small steps towards the individual facing their .

Rabbit restrainer
emmiting
behavior modification
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
positive contingency
negative contingency
eliciting
discrimination training
operant chamber
structuralists
functionalists
little albert study
systematic desensitzation

3.3
Previously I thought behavior modification was a field that started with Pavlov, but it really grew during the 50’s. That it grew out of analyzing behavior of animals, to relating the analysis to humans. I’ve taken history of psychology before this class and I knew quite a bit already about the history of behavior modification and the behaviorists.
Three things I will remember: I will remember that behaviorism was born in the zeitgeist of structuralism and functionalism. It grew from scientists who couldn’t accept the scientific philosophies of structuralism and functionalism. Pavlov truly started behavior modification, but behaviorism was a truly American scientific philosophy, through Watson and Skinner.
I will remember positive and negative contingencies. The example that you gave that stuck in my mind was of the rabbit blinking. Positive contingency is excitatory conditioning; that is that it will condition a response. Negative contingency is inhibitory conditioning; that is that it will condition a lack of response. Through the example, the rabbit can be conditioned to blink when a tone is presented; that is a positive contingency. The rabbit can also be conditioned to resist a blinking response when a tone is presented; this is a negative contingency.
Another part of this chapter that I will remember is Pavlov’s experiments with neurosis. Pavlov would condition dogs to respond to a circle, but to not respond to an oval. At first the two shapes were distinctly different. However, throughout time, Pavlov would slowly alter the shapes until they looked exactly alike. How would the dogs respond? They went insane; the proper term for it is experimental neurosis. Some dogs would be berserk, and he attributed that to dominant excitatory behavior. Other dogs would cower for months, he attributed this to dominant inhibitory behavior.
One thing I disliked about that chapter was learning what scientists have put animals through. I know that the research was for the greater good, but it was difficult learning that Pavlov would intentionally create insanity in dogs that would last a long time. Another example would be shocking rats. It produces good results, and if there would be a better way it would be done, but it just seems cruel.
Some ideas that came to mind while I was reading were about the progress of science. It may seem trivial while reading about it in textbook seeing years of progress in a couple of sentences, but each advancement was extravagant at the time and each advancement has shaped behavior modification into what we now know today.
3.4
Three things that I remembered: First of all, I will remember Watson’s social past. I will remember this not because what he did was wrong, we all make stupid mistakes, but I will remember this because absolutely every one of his achievements have been tarnished due to this. It’s neither good nor bad, it’s just how society is; so it goes. However, it’s just an interesting observation that all of this man’s hard work could be tarnished, just because of one stupid action.
Another thing that I will remember from this chapter is how Watson shifted the landscape of American Psychology. With his little Albert study and his behaviorist manifesto, he was able to show that animals and humans are not so different; he blurred the line between brute and man. It might have been frightening at the time, much like Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, but the mere thought of mental proximity to other animals should elicit humility
Finally, I will remember the little Albert study. I will remember the results of the study, but I will also remember how Watson was able to achieve them. I know it was a different time and scientific ethics were vague, but plain and simple: what Watson did was borderline child abuse. I am curious to know if Albert was able to eliminate his conditioning or if it developed into some phobia in his later years.
One thing I disliked about the chapter was the bringing up of Watson’s adultery. I understand why students would be interested in it, but it’s irrelevant.
A thought I had while reading the chapter was about systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is generally a good thing in treating phobias, but it’s controlled. Could desensitization be involved in young teens playing violent games or watching violent television?

Terms: structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Watson, Skinner, positive/negative contingencies, excitatory/inhibitory conditioning, experimental neurosis, systematic desensitization.