Reading Activity week #5 (due Monday)

2.3
What are three things you will remember from what you read in the chapter? Why?

I like the reintroduction of positive and negative punishment, the abruptness of punishment, and the intensity of punishment. Because these are all differnt ways to explain punishment as a behaviorial method.

What was one thing that you really liked that was in the chapter? Why?

"...using the contingencies of punishment introduces a variety of aversive consequences...." Maclin, O. (2012)
Because it just verifies that punishment can be small or large in the aversive nature it presents.

What was one thing that you disliked that was in the chapter? Why?

Stating that punishment must be consistent and portionate to the behavior. This is just because being a parent I already know this, eventhough it's vital to know in a class enviornment of Bmod.

How has reading the chapter changed what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

I can't ssay it has changed my previous thoughts regarding the subject matter. It's just compunding previously learned behavior terms and subject matter.

Sec. 2.2

Prior to reading this section I still had the fear that I would not be able to remember or understand all of the terms that we have covered so far in behavior modification. But after emitting a reading behavior of this section and seeing how it further explained and concentrated on terms that we have seen before, I started to feel a little more comfortable. Repetition may seem a little boring and unnecessary at times, but I believe that it has really helped me further understand the terms in this course. I thought that behavior modification was a complex topic that I would have trouble understanding, but after reading this chapter I have realized that it is not so bad and that terms I have struggled with will show up again so that I can better understand them.

The three things that will elicit a remembering response from reading this section are; conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli, primary and secondary reinforcers, and the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value.

The terms conditioned and unconditioned stimuli will be easy for me to remember because I have talked about these in many of my biology classes when we covered Pavlov and classical conditioning. An unconditioned stimulus leads to a response that is based on an inherent biological mechanism and does not have to be learned. On the other hand, a conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can be conditioned or taught to produce a specific basic reflexive response. When you stop and think about what condition means it is pretty easy to remember the difference between the two types of stimuli. When I think of the word condition I think of training something of someone. So by using my knowledge of this word I know that a conditioned response is on that is learned.

The terms primary and secondary reinforcers will also elicit a remembering response from me because I thought this part of the section was interesting. Having to come up with examples of each was a bit difficult for me but it made me stop and really think about what each one was. Having to concentrate so much on this helped me to emit a remembering response. I also stop and think about what primary and secondary means to me and that makes it a little easier to remember the difference between the two. A primary reinforcer does not need to be paired with other reinforcers in order to function as a reinforcer. It has obtained it reinforcing function through its role in species’ survival. A few examples would be food, water, and sex. When I emit a thinking behavior of what the term primary is, I think of something that is most important. So anything that helps an organism survive is primary because that is the most important. A secondary reinforcer is one that has to be paired with another reinforcer in order to have a reinforcing value. An example of this would money. To me secondary means not quite as important as primary, so if the reinforcer helps an organism survive without being paired with another reinforce then it is a primary one.

Intrinsic and extrinsic values also elicit a remembering response from me because when I hear the word intrinsic I think of internal. This helps me emit a remembering response because intrinsic refers to the value that the individual places on something. And on the other hand, when I hear the word extrinsic I think of it as external to the individual. And extrinsic refers to the value others place on something. So by using my understanding of what the terms mean I am able to emit a remembering response.
One thing that I really liked that was in the section was the fact that terms that we covered before were discussed a little more in depth. So I was able to have a little background information on the topic and also build more onto that idea. This really helped me emit a remembering behavior.

One thing that I disliked about this chapter was the number of example boxes I was expected to fill out. I had a lot to study for this weekend so I kind of felt that spending over an hour filling them out was a waste of me time. I realized that they are important to elicit a remembering response in us but sometimes I feel like there are just too many of them.

Reading this section has not really changed my understanding about behavior modification. I have always known that reinforcement and punishment were important and this section just reiterated that belief. So even though me ideas about behavior modification have not changed, I have learned a lot more about what all goes into it.

Sec. 2.3

Three things that will elicit a remembering response from me are; the intensity of punishment, the immediacy of punishment, and the cultural differences in punishment.

The intensity of punishment states that a punisher needs to be intense enough to stop the occurrence of the problematic behavior. After reading the example about handcuffing a drunken man and the man still not calming down, I realized how important the intensity of the punishment is in reducing the frequency of the behavior. I also see examples of this in daily life. Every day you see parents trying to discipline their children and yet the children do not change their behaviors. I believe that this has something to do with the intensity of the punishment.

The immediacy of punishment deals with the fact that in order to be effective a punishment needs to occur right after the unwanted behavior happens. The example of a roommate stealing your beer really elicited a remembering response for me. Sometimes we don’t think about the situation fully and punish a behavior when we find out about it instead of when the behavior occurs. According to this section this kind of punishment is not effective. So after thinking about punishments I have made in the past and also reading the examples in this section, I have come to understand and remember the meaning and importance of this idea.

The third thing that I will emit the behavior of remembering is that there are cultural differences in punishment. Cultures have different values and beliefs. This makes sense because behaviors that are acceptable and unacceptable change based on the culture you are in. Every day there are stories on the news about people being punished for various reasons in countries all over the world. None of the punishment techniques that we see are exactly the same.

One thing that I really liked about this chapter is that there were not a lot of new terms that I was expected to remember. Instead there were just ideas about punishment and I feel more comfortable learning and remembering ideas rather than terms. I learned a lot about what is important in punishment and what is a necessary part of making it work.

There was actually nothing that I really disliked in this chapter. I thought that there were an okay number of examples and the section did a really good job of covering the important parts of punishment.

Reading this chapter has not really changed my ideas about what behavior modification is, it has just broadened my understanding of the entire subject. As I continue to learn more I better understand what goes into behavior modification and how everything that we learn goes together.

Terms: Behavior Modification, Emitting, Elicit, Response, Conditioned Stimuli, Unconditioned Stimuli, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Intrinsic Value, Extrinsic Value, Classical Conditioning, Reinforcer, Reinforcement, Punishment, Intensity of Punishment, Immediacy of Punishment, Cultural Differences in Punishment, and Frequency

Section 2.2
1. Prior to reading the chapter I was a little averse in thinking that I could remember all the terminology from the previous chapters and emitting them to my everyday life. I’m still not sure if I am 100% using the terms correctly, but I’m trying so I figured it might not be perfect, but at the end of class I know I have learned more then what I knew going into it.
2. Three things I will remember from the reading are:
a. Pavlov and the way he went about finding that a stimulus such as meat powder can elicit a biological response and that you can condition a stimulus so that the body will elicit a given response.
b. Two terms that I will remember are conditioned and unconditioned response because when I think of unconditioned; I think of “un” as not doing anything, this is a behavior that is naturally emitted. However, when I think of conditioned I refer it back to manipulation and the fact that I can manipulate, or condition someone into eliciting a behavior that I want them to emit.
c. I will remember what primary reinforcer means because when I think of primary I think of first, and to me that means our first things we turn to as humans, our needs. Therefore I can I can relate primary reinforce with unconditioned response because they both are uncontrolled stimulus, or rather they both are something we emit without meaning to.
3. Something that I really liked about the chapter was that it went back and covered positive and negative reinforcement, but used other terms to help re teach the meaning of the terms. Ex: Negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus,
Contingent upon emitting a target behavior. I just thought this was beneficial in seeing how all the terms connected.
4. Something I didn’t like about the chapter was Maslows pyramid: hierarchy of needs, because I was a little confused on if it connected primary and secondary, and if it did where they connected at.
5. Reading the chapter helped me interconnect reinforcers in a way that by emitting a behavior to obtain a particular target behavior we can get the desired negative and or positive reinforcement. And that there is much more to reinforcement that trying to increase the frequency of a behavior emitted. This chapter also helped me understand from last class period that when we talked about punishment being aversive to society, and it opened up my eyes to the fact that maybe that is correct, society could function without punishment.
Terms: averse, stimulus, conditioned, unconditioned, emitted, emit, manipulation, primary reinforce, positive and negative reinforcement, target behavior, aversive.

Section 2.3
1. Three things I will remember from this chapter are:
a. Something I will remember, but never thought of before was that with positive punishment you are adding something that is aversive, while emitting an undesired behavior in order to decrease the response. I will remember this because before for some reason I had not connected the term aversive with positive punishment.
b. That the two best forms of behavior modification are positive punishment and extinction because these do not include anything aversive, where as positive punishment as well as negative punishment and reinforcement do. I find this important because why would you want to emit more negativity in a situation.
c. Something else that I will emit the behavior of remembering is the fact that across cultures punishment is seen differently because of different values and beliefs. This ultimately makes sense because cultures differ on many other levels so why wouldn’t they differ on forms of acceptable punishment. Connecting punishment to culture helped me learn the meanings behind the terms better because I could elicit the terms to real life examples.
3. on the contrary from learning that positive reinforcement and extinction are the 2 proper ways to go about behavioral modification, using punishment is acceptable when something aversive is harmful or life-threatening and in the case that the emitted behavior can be stopped immediately, because you wouldn’t want to wait until the person is done emitting the harmful behavior to reinforce them that’s the proper behavior.
4. The only thing I did not like about the chapter was after reading so many forms of punishment I got a little confused on what I was actually reading or trying to understand so I had to take a little more time and figure things out.
5. From the last chapter to this chapter I have realized that maybe forms of punishment are good, when you are trying to eliminate a harmful aversive behavior, and if you can eliminate that behavior effectively.
Terms: positive punishment, aversive, behavior modification, extinction, negative punishment, reinforcement, emit,

2.2 Prior to reading this chapter I thought that we wouldn't be learning about conditioning and unconditioning. It's interesting to me because I have already covered some of this information my freshmen year at Hawkeye. Now, I'm relearning an getting more in-depth.

Three things i will remember from this chapter is positive and negative reinforcement, primary and secondary reinforcement and generalized reinforcers. I have learned that we use positive and negative reinforcement in our everyday lives along with primary and secondary reinforcement, and we don't even realize it. If yu do one thing it counter acts with another at ion. It's just very fascinating on how these work.

I found positive and negative reinforcement desirable to learn about. We use them everyday, but learning about them and actually emitting then in the right context will benefit me in my career path.

One thing i found unpleasant was all the terms. This chapter was a little bit longer and a little more difficult to understand then some of the previous chapters.

After reading the chapter my thought hasn't really changed towards behavior modification. I guess, it's becoming more in-depth then I thought which isn't aversive.

2.3 Three things that i have learned in this chapter are; positive and negative punishment, ways to use it and is punishment really needed? I believe I will remember these behavior techniques because they go along with reinforcement, we use these techniques all the time, just haven't noticed them until this class.

I enjoyed learning that if one is emitting an aversive behavior that you find undesirable, try and not punish but disrupt the behavior that way no one has to be punished negatively.

One thing i found unpleasant was learning about Skinner and Pavlo. I believe learning about them is boring, but I understand they are a huge factor in Psychology and the beginning of it.

The chapter changed my thoughts about behavior modification, not by much. But, I am enjoying all the new techniques I will be able to emit with them.

Terms: Behavior modification, conditioning, unconditioning, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, desirable, unpleasant, aversive, Positive punishment, negative punishment, emitting

2.2

Prior to reading this chapter I thought that behavior modification was beginning to become more complex in my eyes. With the continual addition of vocabulary, and defining and redefining of terms, I continue to be amazed at the face-value simplicity of the topic, but also the complexity.

Three things I will remember from this section are:

1. When I thought about negative reinforcement, I was confused. After reading this section, I understand that two things occur: something is taken away that is aversive, which increases the likelihood that a desirable behavior will be emitted in the future. For some reason I kept getting confused by the work "negative". An example that I can think of for negative reinforcement would be: After receiving a good grade on a test, a child's parents reward him by taking away his responsibility to pick up dog poop as a chore for the week. Picking up dog poop is aversive, and the parents reinforce the desired behavior of taking a test well by removing the aversive task.

2. I struggled to think of examples of secondary reinforcers that occur in the world. I know that for a reinforcer to be secondary, it must be learned, and it must reinforce a desirable behavior. I think that it was difficult because I was unsure as to whether I should talk about secondary reinforcers in nature, but here is my example: At the casino a siren goes off when you hit the jack pot. Normally a person would not exclaim joy when they hear a siren, but given the context, they learn (are conditioned) to emit an exclamation. The key here is that a person learns to react to a specific stimulus, given a specific context.

3. It was also difficult to think of generalized secondary reinforcers, primarily because a lot of the good ones were examples in the text. As I conceive it, it seems that a generalized secondary reinforcer is a learned reinforcer that can become many different reinforcers. The best example I could come up with had to do with a token economy that my 5th grade teacher established for my class. To reinforce desirable behaviors, like being quiet during teaching time, and helping my classmates with something, would elicit my teacher to reward students with "Carpenter County Cash" as it was called. At the end of the year, we had an auction in class, where we could trade in our "cash" for actual gifts. This turned out to be very reinforcing for me, because I had a tangible reason to behave in class.

One thing that I liked about this section was the examples provided with the vocabulary. Normally I have a couple of terms that I find difficult to understand, but this time around the examples were very effective in eliciting a learning behavior from me.

The one thing that I found undesirable about this section, was redundancy within the text. I believe that the function of repeated words is to help us learn behavior modification vocabulary. While this may be true, the sections tend to feel a bit drawn out because of the repetition.

After reading this section I have rethought something about my view on Behavior Modification. I had began to think that any kind of reinforcer would increase the likelihood of a desired behavior being emitted. Now I better understand that the reinforcer must be something that the person being reinforced would find to be reinforcing. Without that, if you give a candy bar to someone who hates sweets, they won't be reinforced, for example.

2.3

Three things I will remember from this section are:

1. I have had trouble remembering negative punishment. After this section I know what it is: the removal of something desirable to decrease the emitting of an undesirable behavior. A classic example of this would be a teenager that arrives home after curfew. As a consequence, the parents of the teenager take this teen's car keys away for a week. Thus, they took something desirable away: car keys, therefore, driving; and most likely decreased the likelihood of the teen repeating the emitting of staying out passed curfew.

2. One thing I learned about punishment, is that it usually needs to be a bad enough consequence to extinguish the undesired behavior. When I was a child, a spanking hurt really bad. This was effective in causing me to emit desirable behaviors. But I recall that by about 7 years old, spankings didn't really hurt anymore. Therefore, the previously punishing punisher was no longer a threat in my eyes, and I misbehaved more frequently. The problem with this is that the punisher employed on me after I was 7 had to be much more extreme than when I could be spanked. Something about this seems sadistic to me. My parents should not have had to be creative about coming up with punishers that were effective.

3. Another thing I learned about punishment is that it has to be consistent, and it has to occur immediately after the undesired behavior is emitted. The punisher needs to be sure that they are punishing the behavior they desire to see decrease in its frequency. Therefore, a punisher needs to catch the offender in the act. The example in the book about shaking up a beer and yelling at your room mate seems like it requires way too much planning. For all the effort it would take to catch the undesirable behavior as it is being enacted, it seems that effort could be made instead to reinforce desirable behaviors.

I really liked the boxes that asked questions about my opinions rather than the usual boxes that require me to think of examples.

The only undesirable thing about this section is that I don't look forward to the class discussion on torture and ethics. People had various views, and it is undesirable to have conflict.

After reading this section, I am convinced that reinforcement is better than punishment in most cases. While punishment can be useful and effective, such as when you need a child to stop throwing rocks at windows immediately, I truly prefer the approach that removes the likelihood of undesirable behaviors being emitted. Reinforcement has a much more desirable connotation to it.

terms: behavior modification, negative reinforcement, aversive, desirable, behavior, emitted, secondary reinforcer, conditioned, stimulus, context, generalized secondary reinforcer, elicit, undesirable, negative punishment, consequence, punishment, extinguish, consistent

2.2.

Prior to reading this, I thought everything we’ve already learned in this class about behavior modification. Haha, no, but really, I hate that question. I don’t think I understand what you’re looking for when you ask that. But I know it can be broken down into the ABC’s and that we can modify behavior through punishment and reinforcement.

First thing that will stick with me is negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement and negative punishment are easy concepts to understand, but negative reinforcement can sometimes be trickier. Negative reinforcement is when you want to increase a behavior by taking something aversive away.

Next is secondary reinforcement. This was harder for me to learn. This is reinforcement because it is paired with something that is already reinforcing. It will definitely take me this next class time discussing it in class to really understand this concept. Like I mentioned last time in class, I feel like I can understand the concept and what it means. However, when it comes to examples, it is hard for me to take that concept and apply it.

Finally, generalized secondary reinforcement stuck in my head as well. Since I struggled understanding secondary reinforcement, this was even harder for me to grasp. I still don’t even know if I completely understand it. This is a reinforcer that comes along with reinforcement under contingencies. I definitely need Otto to explain this one to me in class tomorrow.

I loved the examples in the chapter. My favorite was taking the different types of reinforcers, and labeling them to see if they were primary or secondary reinforcers. I liked this example because it was something different than what we normally had. I also liked it because it was another way of explaining secondary reinforcement, which helped made me understand the concept better.

I dislike how boring the chapter can be. Thought I like that the textbook is a “workbook” there are no stories. It is very much definition and application. I sometimes wish it was more like a book. However, I hate textbooks, so maybe I would dislike the book if that were the case.

This chapter introduced a different kind of reinforcement – secondary reinforcement. I knew that certain things elicited a behavior because they were linked with a primary reinforcer, but I did not know what the term for it was called.

2.3

One thing I really liked about the chapter, and that really stuck out was the part on behavior modification and using it in aversive techniques. Though many agree, I feel like this is a great use of psychology. We want to make sure the torture techniques we are using are effective. Psychologists can help us with that. If we are going to torture someone, we might as well do it right. I also like this because some would say psychology is a “soft science.” When thinking about psychology and torture techniques, it definitely gives the science a different type of connotation – one that definitely isn’t soft.

The next thing I liked was talking about how to change the antecedent in order to avoid punishment. I’m not for sure if I gave the right examples, as it is hard at first to come up with your own. But I am not a big fan of punishment. I don’t see the reason if you can manipulate the behavior in other ways – such as changing the antecedent.

Finally, I liked the part about pointing out that punishment doesn’t always work. It was very easy for me to come up with examples where I had been punished for something, yet I still emitted the behavior after that. I’m sure reinforcement doesn’t always work either. However, I bet that reinforcement has a better success rate than punishment. That would be an interesting research topic.

As I talked about earlier, I really liked the part on psychology and using it in an “aversive” way. It puts a different spin on the science, one I think it is important for all to see.

I disliked the part on campus police and guns. I felt though that section was out of place in the textbook and didn’t find the use for it. I also can’t stand campus police and the parking situation here at UNI, so that definitely could have affected my thoughts on the topic as well.

I don’t really think this chapter has changed my thinking much on behavior modification. No new major terminology was introduced, and therefore I think that this chapter just enhanced what I have already been taught through the ABC textbook.

Terms:
Emit, elicit, reinforcement, primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, aversive, antecedent, punishment, negative and positive punishment, negative and positive reinforcement, behavior, manipulation, generalized secondary reinforcement

Sec 2.2
Prior to reading this chapter I thought that behavior modification was breaking down behavior into its three basic parts, the antecedents or what happens before, the behavior itself or what you actually did, and finally the consequences of that behavior. After breaking down behavior in this way we can start to look for a target behavior and whether or not we want to increase the likelihood of it happening (reinforcement) or decreasing the likelihood of it happening (punishment). This is how I see behavior modification since reading and learning about it in class. One thing that I will remember from this section is the concept of positive and negative reinforcement or the idea of adding a desirable stimulus or removing an aversive stimulus. I will remember this because it is a critical component of reinforcement. Another thing that I will remember is unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response. These are essentially responses that are inherently known and not learned. Ill will remember this because it is very important to the idea of conditioning. Another thing that I will remember is primary reinforces. These are reinforces that are naturally reinforcing such as food and water. This is another concept that I will remember because it is key to conditioning. One thing that I found interesting was the idea of general reinforcers, which is the idea that the reinforcer can be used to get other reinforcers. Money is a perfect example of this and everyone uses money, so this is a very relevant term. One thing that I did not like was secondary reinforcers. I didn’t like this topic because I thought it was a little difficult to understand. After reading this section I feel like I understand a lot more about reinforcement. I know understand positive vs negative reinforcement, unconditioned response and stimuli, primary reinforcers, and general reinforcers.

Sec 2.3
One thing that I will remember is the idea of positive and negative punishment. With positive punishment being the addition of an undesirable stimulus and negative being the removal of a desirable stimulus. These terms are critical to fully understanding how punishment works. Another thing that I will remember is the abruptness of punishment. This concept means that whatever the punishment is it needs to be enough to get the behavior to stop or reduce the frequency. This concept is critical to making punishment work. Another thing that I will remember is that sometimes changing the environment is more effective than punishment. Instead of punishing the child for throwing rocks simply take all the rocks away. I will remember this because it is another alternative to punishment. One topic that I found interesting was the section of B F Skinner and how he thought that society could exist without punishment. This is a pretty radical idea that not many people are pushing for. One thing that I did not like was the idea of extreme negative reinforcement. I didn’t like it because of the fact that it can be used to violate the human rights of enemy combatants. After reading this chapter I know a lot more about how punishment works, when it should be used, and how to make punishment effective.

Terms: Antecedents, Positive and Negative Reinforcement. Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Primary Reinforcers, General Reinforcers, Secondary Reinforcers, Positive and Negative Punishment

Section 2.2
Prior to reading this chapter I feel I have a good understanding of how to reinforce or punish behavior. I feel I have this because it has been reviewed multiple times and I have learned about this before. I also feel pretty knowledgeable of the rest of the behavior modification terms as well because they are all pretty straight forward.
After reading this section the first thing I will remember is how unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response all relate to each other. Responses and stimuli are unconditioned when they do not have to be learned, where as conditioned responses and stimuli also do not have to be learned but are associated with unconditioned stimuli. For example a dog will freak out (unconditioned response) when a stranger enters the home (unconditioned stimulus), but a dog will also freak out (conditioned response) when they hear the doorbell (conditioned stimulus). This happens because the dog will associate the doorbell with the upcoming arrival of a stranger entering the room. The second thing I will remember from this section is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are biologically relevant because they serve our basic needs and are considered to be unconditioned. Secondary reinforcers are associated with the primary reinforcers and are therefore referred to as conditioned reinforcers. The third thing I will remember from this section is intrinsic and extrinsic value. Things that have intrinsic value are valuable to us, where as things that have extrinsic value are valuable to others and society, but not necessarily ourselves.
The thing I liked most about this section was conditioned/unconditioned responses and stimuli because I remember learning this in intro and still have a pretty good understanding of this. The thing I least liked was generalized reinforcers because I still don't really quite understand what those are.
After reading this section my view of behavior modification has definitely changed. It is getting a little more confusing and I will have to try a little harder to understand the material.

Section 2.3
The first thing I will remember from this section is what extreme negative punishment is because I have never heard of this term before. Extreme negative punishment can be a form of torture and is highly frowned upon. The second thing I will remember is that whenever you use reinforcement or punishment you need to make sure it is ethical. This stands out to me because throughout my psychological studies there has always been a big emphasis on making sure things meet ethical standards. The last thing I will remember is that B.F. Skinner was against the use of punishment, favoring effective reinforcement. This is important because Skinner is the father of behavior modification and if he thinks this it must have a lot of truth and value.
The thing I liked most about this section was that Skinner believed we could have a society without punishment. He thinks this is possible, although I have my own doubts. The thing I liked least about this section was there wasn't any knew terms. I don't really wanna do this much work if I don't learn at least one new term to use.
After reading this section I see the downside to punishment. Punishment can lead to some undesirable outcomes that maybe wouldn't have came to be through the use of reinforcement. If Skinner thinks it's so then it must be at least somewhat true.
Terms: Punishment, Reinforcement, Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers generalized reinforcers, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, extreme negative punishment,,

Prior to reading the chapter, I had not been thinking as much about reinforcement because I was intent on remembering the new terms and parts of behavior modification.
1)I will remember that reinforcement is the preferred way of eliciting behavior modification because it is easy to target a certain behavior and increase it.2) I will also remember the example of classical conditioning with the dogs because I had already heard it, so hearing it explain conditioning made conditioning more understandable.3) I will also remember secondary reinforcers because I had to write so many examples of it.
I liked the part about broad value, because it can be used to measure the strength of a reinforcer. And therefore increase the likelihood of increasing the target behavior.
I found, coming up with examples for negative reinforcement aversive, because it was harder, and I kept getting them confused with positive reinforcement. Taking away something aversive, could be seen as taking away something that was a punishment. So I was wondering if you could, put something in place, just to remove it, so you could use this as a form of negative reinforcement to increase a behavior. This began to seem like some torture techniques. It was as I read the following chapter.
After emitting the behavior of reading the chapter I am glad that it went into more detail about reinforcement because that is the C in ABC's and it helped make since of the former material.

2.3
1)I will remember that punishment is less effective, because it can only try to stop undesirable behavior. 2)I also will remember that it has to be consistent to be effective, because I've seen many examples, with my siblings, where the punishment has mild, to no effects. 3)I will also remember the cultural differences on views on punishment because that is an important antecedent to following behaviors.
I found the option of opinion based answers pleasurable because it gave me time to explore my own thoughts on punishment.
I found the section about disrupting operant behavior aversive because it was confusing. I cant see how some of the examples aren't punishment. Like when the professor calls on the falling asleep student. Yes, he is disrupting the falling asleep behavior before it is a problem, but it could also be a punishment because he is calling the student'out' and could make them embarrassed, which is aversive, and therefore decreases the likelihood that he will let himself appear sleepy, so a punishment.
After emitting the behavior of reading the chapter. I now think that behavior modification will focus more on reinforcement methods than punishment methods.

Emit, disrupting operant behavior, aversive, pleasurable, response, classical conditioning, elicit,
punishment, reinforcement,antecedent

2.2
Before reading this chapter I thought there wouldn't be too much more vocabulary with reinforcement. I thought that we had covered all there was to know about reinforcement.
One thing i will remember from this section is Ivan Pavolv's work. All the new terms that go with his work make sense to me. The new terms include unconditioned stimulus which elicits a natural response and the natural response is called the unconditioned response. The terms unconditioned simply means that the response doesn't have to be learned, it occurs naturally. I will remember the terms from the example of Pavolv's work with dogs. The second thing I will remember from this section is primary reinforcers. They are our basic needs water, food, sex, and air. I've learned in Bio psychology that the hypothalamus is associated with the primary reinforcers. The third thing that I will remember from this chapter is generalized secondary reinforcers which are conditioned reinforcers that are reinforcing by pairing with other reinforcers. I remember it by thinking of it as almost like have two reinforcers, for example you have money which is reinforcing then you buy something with the money which is also reinforcing. One thing I like about this section was the box of reinforcers and I has to place a x under the column primary or secondary. I liked it simply because it was a change from the normal boxes. After reading this section I know that there are many more factors that go into reinforcement then I had originally thought.

2.3

The first thing I will remember from this section is the part about extreme negative punishment. I hadn't really thought of behavior modification as a torture tool. It made me wonder how the psychologists researched interrogation techniques to make their strict policies on it. The second thing that I will remember from this section is immediacy of punishment. I will remember it by the example of shaking up a beer and waiting for your roommate to steal it then yelling "quit stealing my beer!" The point that the example is making is that in order for punishment to be effective it needs to happen right after the undesirable behavior occurs. The last thing I will remember from this chapter is B.F. Skinner's novel about a Utopian society where only reinforcement is used. It is probably a good book to read on behavior modification and there are probably a lot of examples of reinforcement. I liked how this chapter had some questions that didn't involve just thinking of examples. There were some difficult questions but they really made me think especially the question do you think society without punishment is possible.

Vocabulary: unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, primary reinforcers, generalized secondary reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, extreme negative punishment,

Prior to reading this chapter I found the concept of negative reinforcement to be aversive but after reading this chapter I have a better understanding of it and the other terminology learned so far.
The three things that I will remember the most from this chapter are positive reinforcement, classical conditioning, and intrinsic/extrinsic value. I will remember positive reinforcement because it is a term that I had an understanding of prior to this chapter, and reviewing it here only made me have a tighter grasp on it. I found classical conditioning to be very pleasurable because I was always fascinated with Pavlov’s study on dogs. The whole specifics of the study were a little gray to me but now I believe that I understand the basics of his study and the effects of classical conditioning. Intrinsic/extrinsic value was something that I learned in a previous class and I have always found it to be interesting about the value that we as people put on certain objects. The example of how money has no value in reality but to our society it means the world really resonated with me.
I liked the section on classical conditioning the best because it was a study that I wanted to learn more about and it was on a subject that I found interesting. The fact that he taught a dog to drool after hearing a bell (conditioned response) was remarkable because he taught a dog to biologically react to something that the dog never did before. It goes to show how powerful conditioning and behavior modification can be.
The one thing that I didn’t fully understand after reading the chapter was the section on generalized reinforcers. I understood the general concept but I found thinking of examples to be very aversive.
This chapter changed my opinion on behavior modification because it stated the study of Pavlov and showed proof that you can modify someone’s behavior. Before this chapter I couldn’t really piece together what we have learned with how to modify someone’s behavior.

The three things in this chapter that I will remember the best all have to do with the concept of punishment. A behavior that is ordinarily punished but can be changed by altering the antecedent was also the concept of the chapter that I found to be most interesting. I never thought of modifying behaviors in this manner and I found thinking of examples to be very pleasurable.
The section on a punishment that decreases the frequency of other behaviors was also a concept that I feel I will remember. When I first read the example question I thought it was going to be quite aversive but after a little thought it came to me. Behavior modification is a very complex topic and it is changing how I think about certain things and how a simple punishment could affect so much more than the target behavior. Another concept that I found interesting was comparing punishment to reinforcement. Like the other examples in the chapter, it changed my way of thinking about certain things. When certain things happen in my everyday life, I think about how I can use reinforcement instead of jumping straight to a form of punishment.
This chapter changed my opinion of behavior modification in a way that is hard to explain. It changed how I thought of certain things in a way that is neither aversive nor pleasurable.

Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, classical conditioning, intrinsic/extrinsic value, aversive, conditioned response, target behavior, punishment

Prior to reading 2.2, I believe behavior modification was able to determine the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. I did not know a whole lot about what aversive stimulus was but after reading 2.2 and also 2.3 it gave me a better understanding of what it was. There are many things I will remember about 2.2 however the top three that will stick in my memory is that of positive reinforcement involves introducing a pleasing stimulus as a behavior consequence to increase a certain behavior. My second item I will be able to remember is that when speaking about generalized reinforcers are used to acquire other reinforcers. The third point I will be able to remember is that secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers. Something I did not like in this chapter was the multiple words that I felt had very similar meanings. This chapter had more information on reinforcement that went into more detail so I understand that there was more vocabulary we had to learn. These chapters haven’t changed my perception on behavior modification however it has led me to believe that there is more to punishment that it being either positive or negative. I also am continuing to realize that there are a lot of definitions that make behavior modification so unique almost as if it has its own language. After reading 2.2 there are multiple things that I will remember but the top three are that extreme forms of negative reinforcement can be a form of torture, which of course is something that should not be tolerated or ethical. The second thing I will remember is that the APA actually has certain policies regarding the use of torture. The third thing that I will remember is that B.F. Skinner believes that a society without punishment was possible. Something I really enjoyed about this chapter was when the subject of a society without punishment was brought up. I have to disagree with Skinner, I believe a society is impossible without punishment. I truly enjoyed everything in this chapter because I believe that punishment is vital for a society to function. If I had to select one thing, at the same time it would be that Skinner believed with could live without punishment. After reading this chapter it made me realize that punishment cannot be viewed as super peachy as we talk about it in class. Meaning there are serious forms of punishment that is not ethical that goes on throughout the world.

Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, aversive stimulus, generalize reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, primary reinforcers, society without punishment.

Section 2.2:

Prior to reading this chapter, I thought that behavior modification was a field separate and apart from other areas of psychology because that is what I have generally heard or been told.

Three things I will remember from what I read in the chapter include:

1. A reinforcer must occur immediately after the emitted behavior.

2. Some reinforcers have broad value and therefore are more useful than reinforcers that have limited value and are quickly used up.

3. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be related to our discussion of different kinds of reinforcers.

One thing I really liked in the chapter was the introduction of Maslow’s hierarchy because we have been introduced to it in other courses and I never thought to relate it to this one. It shows that behavior medication can incorporate other ideas in psychology. I also got a better understanding of the difference between positive and negative reinforcement.

The one thing I could choose as having disliked was that I am not really sure I got the whole idea of limited versus broad reinforcers, although I did come up with examples of each. It seems like they should be called “quickly exhausted” and “longer lasting,” or something like that. I think maybe there is a better name for this idea that I am trying to understand.

How has reading the chapter changed what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
It has shown me that there are many complex ideas, like Maslow’s chart that can be brought into and understood in the context of behavior modification. It also has shown me that there are many different ways to talk about kinds of reinforcers.

Terms: Reinforcer, limited reinforcer, broad reinforcer, Maslow’s Hierarchy, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement.

Section 2.3

Prior to reading this chapter, I thought behavior modification only related to clinical types of problems, but now I am seeing that it relates to problems in daily living and to society’s problems at many different levels.

Three things I will remember from what the chapter include:

1) That punishment must be immediate to be effective. This may explain why a lot of punishment doesn’t work very well.

2) That there are important ethical issues in the use of aversive stimuli. People can be harmed by them, and they may not always be effective. This is important because we frequently try to use aversives to control behavior.

3) The difference between negative and positive punishment. Positive punishment applies to the punisher, negative punishment takes a reinforcer away, and both result in a reduction in the rate of the emitted behavior.

One thing I really liked from the chapter was understanding how punishment related to the large world and some of the issue involved in the use of punishment in the larger world. I think a lot more could be said on this and may be we’ll return to the topic. I am just not sure that we can get along without some forms of punishment, but the exercises made to started to think about what else might be done instead.

One thing I disliked from the chapter was that I am not sure how the question about guns fit into the overall discussion about punishment. I don’t think I got this point. I did list my reasons, but I am not sure how to relate them to the topic of punishment. Obviously, the ultimate power of the state is the use of deadly force by its police, may be that was the point?

How has reading the chapter changed what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

As I stated above, it has shown me that behavior modification has applications that very broad levels of societies and government’s problems. That it isn’t just another kind of therapy, or a sub-field of psychology. Almost any topic seems it can come under some aspect of behavior modification.

Terms: positive punishment, negative punishment, aversives, emitted behavior, control behavior

2.2
Before eliciting to reading this chapter, I believed I understand what it means when it comes to positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, and negative punishment. I know what these terms mean and how to apply them and use them becuase I have repeatidly found examples for them.
3 things i will remember
1) operant conditioning, because it means that stimuli can be emitted to give basic desired responses. I understand this in a different way because it now applys to me in a behavior modification sense. As opposed to only being aware that it is conditioning dogs to drool for their meat.
2)Primary reinforcers, which are reinforcers that are relevant to our biology. The examples given in the text are water, food, sex, and air; things we need to survive. I was ignorant to believe that these examples were considered reinfrocers. I knew we wanted/needed these but it did not register that we were being reinforced to retrieve them, daily(food, air, and water).
3)Intrinstic, is what the individual believes the value of something is. Extrinsic is what others believe the value of something is. I will remember these because it is new termonology and easily applied to the class.
I liked that it reviewed reinforcement but then applied it to the new information and termonology in this chapter. It keeps reminding me of the old information while making the new infromation easier to understand.
I disliked how much it explained the old information. I like that it refreshed my memory but it could have been shorter.
I have learned about operant conditioning in several other classes but I never thought of it applying to behavior modificatin. Which, to me now, seems odd because that is exactly and mainly what it is. This is how it has changed my origional thoughts of behavior modification.

2.3
The 3 things I will remember
1) Extrememe pumishment, I am aware that America punished people to get infromation out of them. However, I was unaware that we used such extremes, water boarding, to recieve that infromation. The fact that the APA includes psychologists in this torture makes this the most memorable item discussed in this chapter.
2) Ethics, I am certainly aware that ethics vary from person to person. Although I know this, I am concerned that the APA rules may need to be looked into and reconsidered. I believe that punishing criminals is perfectly moral, as well as reinforcing them to recieve infromation. Water boarding, to me, does not fall into either of these categories to be moral.
3) B.F. Skinner blieved that society without punishment was possible. I understand times have changed but I do not believe society has changed that much from his time to ours. Today, I believe it would be a disaster if we didn't have punishment in our society. I will remember this because I find it absolutely insane.
I liked this chapter because it was very informative on ethics and i believe this to be very important in the field of psychology. Especially in behavior modification where manipulation occurs often, making ethics important so there aren't any lines crossed.
I disliked that this was more infromative and concentrated on different kinds of punishment. It applies to behavior modification but not directly, like the ABCs.
This chapter has opened my eyes to the ethics that are faced in psychology. More importantly, that punishment is more than getting somebody to do what you want to.

Terms: elicting, positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinfrocement, negative reinforcement, emitted,operant conditioning, intrinsic, extrinsic, primary reinforcers,

2.2

Prior to reading this chapter I thought behavior modification was getting much more challenging and I was finding it rather difficult to remember all the vocabulary that we have learned so far. However, I will admit that I was noticing reinforcements and punishments in my everyday life, and feel good about beginning to think in “behavior modification” ways.

Three things I will remember from the chapter…

1.I will remember the secondary reinforce. I thought that was very interesting and it makes a lot of sense to me that conditioning would have a big part in what is a secondary reinforcer.

2.I will remember the term generalized reinforcer. It made sense to me at first, but the more I read the more confused I believe I became. I’m still kind of unsure what it is and hope to learn more about it in class on Tuesday.

3.I will remember intrinsic and extrinsic values. I think what certain people find important is very interesting. Different people value different items, and this is a great way to help define that difference among people.

One thing I liked about the chapter…

1.I found most of the new vocabulary words such as limited value, broad value, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, and secondary reinforcer to be very interesting and they were ones that I felt I could truly get the concept of and use them in everyday life.

One thing I disliked from the chapter…

1.I disliked the continuous emphasis on positive and negative reinforcement. I understand that they are very important in behavior modification; however, I’m becoming very sick of constantly going over them.

This chapter has changed what I thought about behavior modification because it made me enter life values into the equation. Sometimes I find myself thinking that everyone has the same values and priorities that I do, and that’s extremely untrue. I think this chapter opened my eyes to think more about how others perceive specific importances in life and how that could affect their behavior.

2.3

Three things I will remember from the chapter…

1.I will remember the use of extreme negative reinforcement. I remember when I first saw someone being water boarded. I thought it was terrible and never wanted to view it again. I know it’s not the worst form of punishment that can be given, but I found it cruel, torturous, and barbaric. I will, from now on, think of extreme negative reinforcement when I hear or see anything about this on the news. It’s too aversive for this country to think of using.

2.I will remember what I thought about the conflict between punishment and reinforcement. I think that punishment has it’s time to be used, and up until recently I would have said that punishment is more effective than reinforcement. However, I’m now a firm believer that reinforcement works better than punishment, and I will remember to try and stick with that belief, especially down the road when it comes to raising children.

3.I will remember that punishment needs to be consistent. Growing up my parents were extremely consistent with what actions received punishment and I didn’t realize how consequentially beneficial that was until after reading this chapter, and it really makes sense.

One thing I really liked about the chapter…

1.I liked giving my honest opinions in this chapter. Generally I have strong opinions about something and techniques of torture are something that I am strongly against, although I find it very fascinating. I think that it’s important to keep up to date with current debates in society and this makes the class even more relevant to the “real world”.

One thing I disliked about the chapter…

1.I didn’t like going over negative and positive punishment again. I know that it’s important, but I find it very boring to continue writing and learning about.

Reading this chapter has taught me so much more about how to make punishment affective. Before this chapter I had thought that punishment was something that was simply aversive and something that humans should try to avoid at all costs, but this chapter has shown me that there is so much more to it than that. Punishment is something that involves almost a type of strategy. In order to make punishment completely effective we have to take things like frequency and intensity into consideration. I had never thought about that before.

Words: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, generalized reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, limited value, broad value, secondary reinforcer, conditioning, extreme negative reinforcement, aversive, punishment, consequentially, frequency, intensity

Section 2.2
Prior to reading this chapter I have opened my perspective of behavior modification because I have realized that there is much more to learn and will continue to be that way.
The three things I will remember in the chapter would be that context matters when it comes to whether or not the reinforcer will be reinforcing. I also learned the difference between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus would be something that is a natural response, as the meat powder used in the example. The dog knew that the smell meant food. Which would be the unconditioned response. A conditioned response is something that we learn. For example when my aversive alarm goes off in the morning, I have learned that it is time to get up. Which would be my conditioned response. The third thing I learned from this chapter would be that the intrinsic value of something will affect whether or not that thing will reinforce/punish them. If they consider getting cigarettes valuable then the cigarettes will reinforce the behavior. But if someone who thinks of cigarettes as having a low intrinsic value was given them after eliciting a behavior then that behavior is probably not being reinforced.
The one thing that I liked about this chapter would be that everything was connected to each other somehow. It was fairly easy to follow once I knew how the terms were related to each other.
There was really nothing in the chapter that I didn't like. Like I said, it was fairly easy to follow once I knew how they were connected and nothing was too difficult to understand.
After reading this chapter, my thoughts about behavior modification haven't really changed since the last chapter. I have come to realize that there is much more to learn so I expect something new to come along each week.

Section 2.3
One thing I will remember from this chapter would be that punishment is a big deal. It varies from culture to culture and the meaning might not be the same everywhere. I learned that punishment should be used second to reinforcement. Another thing I will remember is that, in my opinion, taking away a desirable stimulus in result of an unwanted behavior (negative punishment) is going to be more effective than adding an aversive stimuli(positive punishment). The third thing that I will remember is that I believe that punishment will never be able to be taken out of our government system. It is something that we learn from a very young age and to try to protect someone from not learning punishment their whole lives would prove to be tough. Even if that were possible, there are still going to be the older generations that grew up with that and laws that reinforce punishment in a way as well. It is an ideal situation but unlikely at that.
I really like the integration with everyday situations. I like applying terms with theories to situations like that and that helped learn what the terms were in reference to.
Again, there wasn't really anything to complain about in the chapter. It was all very useful and easy to understand.
The only thing that has changed my thoughts on behavior modification from the beginning would be the complexity of the study. Other than that, there really hasn't been anything that I wasn't expecting going into the class.

Terms: reinforcer, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, elicit, behavior, punishment, intrinsic, conditioned response, unconditioned response, aversive, desirable, positive punishment, negative punishment.

Prior to reading this chapter I thought I had a firm grasp on conditioned and unconditioned stimuli but there appears to be more vocab related to it. I don't quit understand why since it means the same thing but it does branch off to other context. I did think I had understood almost all there was to know about conditioned stimuli but am totally thrown a loop for this new material. I enjoyed the intrinsic and extrinsic value. Also limited value. I thougth this related well with me for I enjoy learning about cultures and how economics differ around the world. I will most likely remember this forever on.
I also enjoyed the point made about general reinforces like money. Everyone can relate to this and the example was very helpful. You can see money and understand it is a way to get any primary reinforcer you wish. I dislike how long the chapter was and all the repetative questions. I feel as if there is more examples than actual learning which is annoying me but thats could just be me. The reading has forced me to see beyond the value of gold and money in our own world. I now realize that these genearl and secondary reinforcers are limited to our society and how we value them ourselves.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

First off I am going to remember that punishment is not the best way to solve a problem. It is the quickest but not the most effective because it may effect you adversivly in the end. Secondly if punishment is used as a way for changing ones behavior then it is to be used as soon as the undesired behavior is seen or emited. That way the person who is being punished knows what the consequences are for there behavior. Thirdly I am goign to remember that use of punishment in society is a neccesary thing sometimes to get the society to realize what is wrong and not to do it.
I really enjoyed the full out explainations and examples in this chapter. They really helped me get a grasp on what I was learning without being overwhelmed.
I disliked nothing about this chapter. I love the opinion questions and used them to my advantage.
I originally thought little about punishment and how it was a effective way of teaching someone a behavior. Now that i have read this chapter I understand that punishment has its ups and downs. it is neccesary but is not superior to reinforcemtn or extinction.

Terms: Extinction, behavior, reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, effective, emit, secondary reinforcement, generalized reinforcement, conditioned, unconditioned stimuli,instrinsic, extrinsic, limited value

2.2
Prior to emitting the behavior of reading this chapter my opinion of behavior modification did not really change. I feel like my opinion has remained the same throughout the class but basically I view behavior modification as an integral and unseen part of everyday life.

Three things I hope to remember are the difference between primary vs. secondary reinforcers. It gets kind of confusing because they can really vary between the two. Especially money, my brother who likes to save and have a large savings account would find the money to be a primary reinforcer. The second thing I hope to remember is the concept of generalized reinforcers. Generalized reinforcers are important because they are things that we can use as a reinforcer for the general public. The third thing I'll try to remember is the concept of limited versus broad value. In a way, these seem like common sense because obviously some rewards eventually run out and need to be replaced.

I liked learning about the limited and broad value reinforcers. I feel like although these seem to be fairly obvious, its not something that you really ever think about. It's funny how we don't say "hmm, my blueberries are going to run out soon, I should buy more so I can reward myself for doing my blog on time", rather we say "oh I'm almost our of blueberries I should buy more".

I have to be honest that I am really quiet sick of all the examples. I don't know if its because we have to do approximately 20 a week but I feel like I am satiated when it comes to the examples and would enjoy some example deprivation. :)

This chapter hasn't changed what I think about behavior modification per say but I feel like behavior modification is really about breaking down the little details, which is something I'm not great at.

2.3

I hope to remember the difference between positive and negative punishment. I feel like I have a pretty good handle on the difference but I can get confused based on target behavior. The second thing I hope to remember is the discussion of Extreme Negative Reinforcement since that seems to be a topic of discussion in the news lately. Especially as the wars are ending and torture activities come to light. The third thing I'm hoping to remember is the different parts of punishment such as effectiveness, abruptness, intensity,frequency, and cultural differences in punishment. These are all elements of punishment that play a crucial role in behavior modification and how punishment is used.

I really liked thinking about the different facets of punishment. Punishment is obviously an integral part of society and how these different pieces play a role in the effectiveness of punishment. It was also interesting to discuss how society utilizes punishment.

There wasn't anything specific that I dislike in the chapter. I felt like it was new information and a new spin of old information.

This chapter hasn't changed my basic opinion of behavior modification but it was interesting to think about the role punishment plays in society at large. My husband and I were discussing why punishment is necessary in society and I believe that it has to do with practicality. If we tried to reinforce the behavior of driving the speed limit, how would we possibly do it? We couldn't give everyone $100 every time they drive the speed limit, that would be impossible. Rather, we punish those who aren't following the law by fining them $100 when they are caught. It all comes down to practicality.

Terms: emitting,primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers,generalized reinforcers,limited value, broad value, satiation, deprivation,positive punishment, negative punishment, target behavior, negative reinforcement, effectiveness, abruptness, intensity, frequency, and cultural differences in punishment, punishment, reinforce behavior, punish

Before reading this chapter, the only information I knew about behavior modification was what I had learned in previous readings. I've learned numerous vocabulary words and that the language of behavior modification is one that takes practice.

2.2
One thing I will remember from this section is something I'm so familiar with, I can't imagine ever forgetting it. It is that positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasing stimulus, and negative reinforcement involves taking away an aversive stimulus as consequences to increase in a behavior. Another thing I will remember is where it talked about primary reinforcers and how they are our basic needs, and are unconditioned. Lastly I will remember that generalized reinforcers are used to require other reinforcers. I had never really thought about that before, but it makes complete sense to me.

One thing I liked about this section is how it repeated information we have previously learned, while incorporating in new information. This makes learning and processing the information easier to handle, and not so overwhelming. I also liked all the examples that made understanding the terms easier. Sometimes while reading the definitions I feel really confused, but then I read the examples and it helps me put the term to work.

One thing I disliked about this section is the length, although it was due to all the vocabulary words. It just took awhile to get through.

This section hasn't really changed what I think about behavior modification exactly, but it has really helped me understand a certain aspect of it, which is reinforcement.

2.3
One thing I will remember from this reading is the discussion on whether punishment is okay to use instead of reinforcement. It's interesting to think about, because they both can elicit people to emit the behaviors you desire, but it has to be done the right way. The reading said that some believe reinforcement should be used over punishment because it's focusing on desirable behaviors, but sometimes punishment is more effective.
Another thing I will remember is where it talked about disrupting operant behaviors being more effective than punishment. The example about calling on the student falling asleep in class makes a lot of sense, and that way of going about the aversive behavior would definitely result in the student emitting the behavior of staying awake, more than getting yelled at would.
Lastly, I will remember where it talked about keeping punishments ethical. I think there are too many harsh punishments people are allowed to emit on someone behavior aversively. As stated in the reading, it's super important to make sure the punishment is moral.

I really liked how all the examples in this reading were really relevant and easy to understand. The section did a good job really discussing all aspects of punishment, like what is good about bad about it. It didn't just push for one side of things. I also like how we were asked questions about what we think. That's easier to accomplish for me than coming up with examples!

I didn't really dislike anything from this section. It was really informative and easy to process.

After reading this section, I have a more thorough understanding of punishment, and when is the right and wrong times to use punishment on aversive behaviors. I also learned that there are other ways of going about stopping a behavior.

terms used: elicit, emit, reinforement, punishment, desirable, aversive, operant behavior

Section 2.2
My opinion on behavior modification hasn't really changed since the last chapter. I feel like most of these chapters have been going over the same things. My opinion hasn't really changed all that much since this class started.
One thing I will remember from this chapter is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. For both instances you want a behavior to continue, it just depends on what you do to make them continue. Positive reinforcement is when you add something to make a behavior continue, like adding an allowance so that a child will keep doing their chores. Negative reinforcement is when you take something away, like taking away chores in order to increase the likelihood of getting other things done, like getting good grades. Another thing I will remember is primary stimuli. It's just something that you actually need to survive. A third thing I will remember is secondary stimuli. It's something that is conditioned that wouldn't normally be a stimulus for certain people.
I really just like the chapter in general. It was nice to go over all the different types of reinforcement just to recap.
There wasn't really anything I didn't like in the chapter. This whole subject is very interesting to me.
It still hasn't really changed what I think about this subject. I knew a lot about it because I just took intro to psych last semester.

Section 2.3
Two things I will remember from this chapter are positive and negative punishment. Punishment is when you want a behavior to stop occurring. When it's positive, you add something, like being grounded for staying out too late. When it's negative, you take something away, like taking away driving privileges after getting a speeding ticket. A third thing I will remember is how B.F. Skinner thinks that it is possible to have a functional society without punishment. It's still hard for me to understand how that would be possible, but I think he did a good job of explaining his point.
I think one thing I liked was the part about cultural differences in punishment. I never thought of it before, but it is interesting that different cultures have different ways of punishing based on how they were brought up and what their values are.
One thing I didn't like was trying to understand how B.F. Skinner thought we could live in a society without punishment. I mean he did a good job of explaining it, but it's still hard for me to fathom such a society.
This chapter just made me realize that punishment is different based on where you're from and what culture you're a part of.

Terms: behavior, stimulus, conditioned, reinforcement, punishment, positive/negative reinforcement/punishment, primary/secondary stimuli

2.2
Prior to reading this chapter I had a pretty good idea of behavior modification since I've read the previous chapters. I knew that behavior varies on different people and different attitudes of people. Behavior modification has a lot more to it than I originally thought before I took this class. I didn't realize that there were so many different things went into behavior modification. It really makes you think more about it.
In this chapter I will remember Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. I've learned about this in other psychology classes but this pyramid really breaks down each need and explains what each step entails. I will also remember the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic is the value that you place on yourself and extrinsic is the value that others place on something else. This is easy to remember because in as in you and ex as in others or outside. The last thing I will remember is that Skinner is to operant conditioning as Pavlov is to classical conditioning. I've always gotten these two studies mixed up in previous psychology classes, but after reading this it helped me understand it better and more clear.
There wasn't one thing that I specifically liked in this chapter besides reading the chapter in general. I look forward every week to reading these chapters because no matter what I always learn something new and it's easy to read. I like how each section is broken down with terms and then it asks you questions so you need to critically think about each term more in depth.
There wasn't anything in particular that I didn't like in this chapter.
After reading this chapter it didn't really change my views on behavior modification because it's making everything more clear to me. I now know that there is more to behavior than I originally thought. We have learned so many terms and we will continue to learn more and more throughout the semester.
2.3
One thing I will remember from this chapter is that punishment is different in different contexts. I've known that there are different ways of punishment and different levels of punishment which is pretty obvious, but I've never really thought about the context of the behavior and how the context affects the punishment. I will also remember that in order to punish someone the punisher needs to be intense enough to stop the behavior from reoccurring. That is why it's okay for police officers to carry pepper spray, clubs, tasers, and guns. I will also remember the section about cultural differences in punishment. It makes sense that there are different punishments around the world since every country is not the same.
I really liked the different ways that the chapter talked about punishment. There are many different kinds of punishments.
There really isn't anything that I found that I didn't like from this chapter.
After reading this chapter my thoughts didn't really change about behavior modification. It just added more to my brain about different ways that people may behave and what kind of actions will be followed by their actions.

Terms: Punishment, negative, positive, reinforcement, behavior, antecedent, consequence, operant conditioning, classical conditioning.

2.2
prior reading these sections my thoughts about behavior modification has not changed all that much. One thing that I was not expecting is learning the things we are learning such as conditioning. There was also just many different terms that I learned this section
the first thing I learned from this sections is primary and secondary reinforcement. primary reinforcers is a stimulus that does not require pairing to other stimulas to function as a reinforcer. These are most likely obtained through its role in survival. some examples of these that I learned would be water, food, sex and air. These are things that are going to be biologically relevant. Secondary Reinforcer is conditioned. This is a stimulus that has acquired its functioned as a reinforcer after pairing a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. a way to think of this is if the stimulus occured on absence of any conditioning, would that same thing be reinforcing? Such as if you have never heard of a lunch bell would you know what it is for. One other thing i learned is a generalized inforcer. a conditioned reinforcer that has been obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers. Money is a good example. money is said to generalize because you can acquire other reinforcers very easily. Not everyone likes the same reinforcers. one thing I really liked from this section is learning about context. Context will often indicate whether a primary or secondary reinforcer will have reinforcing properties. an example would be having Euros in America. here they have no value but if you were in Europe it would be more reinforcing because you can use them there.
One thing that I disliked was the intruistic and extrinsic. They are confusing to me and I understand them enough to get through the section but I dont feel confident using them in behavior modification.
2.3
one thing I learned was the use of extreme negative punishment. In the section we learned about water boarding. the are using this to elicit a target behavior, increasing the frequency of revealing desired military information. I also learned that there are some situations when a punishment decreases the frequency of something that they may not benefit from. like a situation when a person is punished for reading during work, but this could decrease the frequency of reading in a place where they should be. My example is of a child being punished for talking, which decreases the frequency of talking, but will decrease this in other situations to like school when they are called on. Abrupt punishment is when the punishment needs to be aversive enough for the organism to actually stop or reliably decrease the frequency of the behavior. this can be in extreme cases such as in behavioral problems where there are issues with self injury and the person needs to be in an institution.
one thing that I liked learning about in this chapter was the intensity of punishment. for punishment to work the punisher needs to be intense enough to stop the occurrence of the problematic behavior. an example is how a cop is allowed to carry pepper spray or a tazer so they can be able to increase the intensity of the punishment
One thing that i didnt like was learning about Pavlov and Skinner. The reason that I disliked it was because we have talked about them in almost all other psych courses so it just becomes very repetitive. which is helpful but sometimes annoying.

2.2
Before I read this chapter I had a very basic understanding of punishment and the ways it can be used. I had never really understood the different types of punishment and the different consequences of using punishment.
Three things I will remember:
I will hopefully remember the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment. I feel like writing the examples will finally help me to remember that positive punishment means adding an aversive stimulus and negative punishment is the taking away a desirable stimulus. These two terms have always confused me but I feel that writing the examples helped cement the differences between these two types of punishments.
I will also remember the different aspects of punishment necessary for it to be effective. I never fully understood all the different things that need to happen when using punishment. Knowing that the punishment must have the correct abruptness, intensity, and take place immediately makes it very clear why the punishments I used when babysitting where not effective.
I also enjoyed reading about the cultural differences in punishment. This section brought an interesting question to mind. In most cultures, punishment is a very public thing, whereas in the US, it is very private. This led me to wonder if crime would go down if we went back to locking people up in the town square.
I really liked reading about the break-down of effective punishment. I really enjoyed reading about all the different aspects of effective punishment. As I was reading, it was very easy for me to look back on times when I have been punished and figure out why the punishment did or didn’t work.
There was not a particular section or topic that I did not like. The only things I really don’t like about this book are the random typo’s I find in the text.
As with most weeks, once I finished this chapter, I was surprised by how complex behavior is. I also feel that I can look at punishment behaviors around me and predict if they will be effective and why they will, or will not.
2.3
I will remember the importance of a primary reinforce. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of need to elicit certain behaviors is a very effective way to accomplish a target behavior.
I also found the explanation of secondary reinforces very easy to understand. Thinking of the stimulus in the absence of conditioning makes it very easy to decide if something is primary reinforcement or secondary reinforcement.
The section on the importance of context was also very easy to understand. I feel that context can be applied to all reinforcements.
I really like filling out the examples. Although it took time to emit the behavior of writing them down, I feel like I have a better understanding of the concepts.
There was nothing in this section that I really felt was unnecessary to explaining the marital.
After reading this chapter, I feel that I will be better able to use effective forms of reinforcement in my day to day life. I really enjoy being able to picture using things I learn in class in the real world.
Terms: punishment,consequences,positive punishment, negative punishment,aversive stimulus, elicit, secondary reinforces, primary reinforces, emit

2.2
The first question is always hard to answer. I haven't spent much time thinking about behavior modification. "Before I thought that reinforcement was simple and there were not very many factors contributing to its effectiveness."
I learned that secondary reinforcers are stimuli that help the primary reinforcer to effectively increase the frequency of the target behavior. Concerning secondary reinforcers, I learned that they are uneffective in the absence of the primary reinforcer. For example, a stop sign is a stimulus that if presented without previous knowledge of what to do would have no effect.
I learned that context has a big effect on reinforcement. For example if you try to spend currency of your nation in another nation, the reinforcing value of your nations currency becomes null. Or if you tell a story about a great drunk time at an AA meeting the reinforcement value of the joke is reduced.
I learned that the intrinsic or extrinsic value of a reinforcer is important to consider. If someone likes ugly christmas sweaters because they personally enjoy them it might be effective to use them as reinforcers whereas for the majority of us the extrinsic value outweighs any intrinsic value we might put on an ugly christmas sweater.
I liked how clearly each key point is described and how many examples are given for each. It reall makes the concepts easier to grasp.
I was not a fan of how similar the examples are. The context paragraph used three examples using money. It would have been nice to have had examples in different aspects of life.
After reading this chapter, I came to realize that there are several different factors that effect the value of a reinforcement procedure. Now I know to look at all of the aspects before just administering a reinforcement procedure.

2.3
I learned that the abruptness of punishment matters. It has to be able to invoke an immediate decrease of frequency of behavior in some situations. If someone is shooting people, the punishment must be abrupt and severe. It might be effective to change the antecedent in some situations to stop a behavior. If kids always throw around the paper towel in the bathroom, don't keep the paper towel in the bathroom.
Punishment must be intense in order to stop some behaviors. If someone is used to fighting, simply harming them physically may not stop them from behaving in the way that they are. The punishment must be intense enough to immediately stop a behavior if it is considered dangerous. This person may need to be tranquilized or shot.
Punishments must be consistent. If a behavior is only minimally punished, it is not likely to decrease in behavior. If a kid takes a cookie out of the jar without asking and dad sees and lets him go, but the next time mom sees and punishes, the behavior will not decrease. The kid will just learn to take cookies out when dad is around.
I liked giving my opinion in this chapter. It asked some questions that required complex thinking not just memorization and repetition.
I disliked how similar the terms seemed to be. Immediacy and abruptness seem pretty similar. I understand that they are related but does there need to be two separate sections for them?
I wasn't aware of all the factors that go into punishment. It's not just if A then B, its more if A, B, C, and D, then E, F, sometimes G, and H.

Reinforcement, Reinforced, Reinforcer, Punishment, Immediacy, abruptness, emit, consistency, antecedent, consequence, target behavior, stimulus, secondary reinforcer, primary reinforcer, intrinsic/extrinsic value

come up with some examples. After reading this section is can now look at different reinforcers differently and think of other meanings behind them that we don't always pay attention to.
2-3
Three things that i really liked about this chapter was the discussion about how the behaviors that we emit can have both positive and negative consequences all in one.And adding in an adversive sstimulus or taking away a desirable stimulus in order to reinforce a punishment on a behevaior. I will also remember the different examples that we were given on the use of negative and positive punishments. i really liked that we had to come up with various examples of different types of punishments in different aspects; so we gave our opinion on certain punishments and then we were asked if certain punishments were given too often and some pros and cons which would really help give a better understanding. There really wasn't anything in particular that i didn't like in this section because the whole section besically just helped me get a better understanding on exactly what we do when we punish someone. After reading this section, i have better understanding on the actual use of punishment and what it does.
Terms: Elicit, Emit, Postive/Negative Reinforcement, Positive/Negative Punishment, Antecedent, Limited Value, Broad Value, Valuable Reinforcers, Adversive Stimuli, Desirable Stimuli.

2.2
1) I will remember that the unconditioned stimulus from Pavlov's dog experiment was the meat power. This is because through evolution food has become a primary reinforcer for organisms (dogs). 2) A second thing I will remember is that in Pavlov's dog experiment the conditioned stimulus (secondary reinforcer). 3) A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that is paired with another stimulus (primary reinforcer) which elicits the conditioned response. One thing I really liked was the example of animal trainers using a clicker to signal an animal to do something it was conditioned to perform. One thing I didn't like was at first glance I saw "rats" and thought, "oh crap." And at first it does seem a little odd but it does make sense because they are so easily conditioned and are low maintenance in comparison to a dog. So it does make sense.

2.3
1) I will remember the example of punching your friend because he took a bite out of your burrito example because I do that in fun with my dad every so often. 2) I will for sure remember the police example. I have never been pulled over by a police officer as of yet, however, I have had the fear response a good number of times, the "oh crap" thought, haha. 3) I will remember that positive reinforcement is generally the best tool to use when practicing behavior modification.
One thing I really liked was that the topic of capital punishment was brought up. This always induces people to think about ethics and life, it's a good thing to talk about.
I did not like thinking about torture, being tortured more specifically. It is a good topic to talk about but if I were to be strapped down for hours on end, with an endless supply of drips hitting my forehead, I don't know how long I would be able to stand it...

Terms: unconditioned stimulus, primary reinforcer, conditioned stimulus, secondary reinforcer, stimulus, elicit, conditioned response, condition, positive reinforcement, behavior modification