What I would like you to do is to find a topic from this weeks readings that you were interested in and search the internet for material on that topic. You might, for example, find people who are doing research on the topic, you might find web pages that discuss the topic, you might find youtube clips that demonstrate something related to the topic, etc. What you find and use is pretty much up to you at this point. But use at least 3 sources.
Once you have completed your search and explorations, I would like you to say what your topic is, how exactly it fits into the chapter, and why you are interested in it. Next, I would like you to take the information you found related to your topic, integrate/synthesize it, and then write about it. At the end, please include working URLs for the three websites.
By now you all should be skilled at synthesizing the topical material you have obtained from the various web sites you visited. If you need a refresher please let me know.
Thanks,
John Watson was influential in the study of behavioral psychology and is often referred to as the father of behaviorism. At the time when structuralism and functionalism was everywhere and psychology was based on the human conscious processes, Watson was busy studying animals to understand behavior, and realized that we can learn and modify behavior without the human consciousness, and without introspection. His publication “psychology as a behaviorist views it” mirrored this theory by explaining that psychology was a study of human behavior, and was very similar to animal behavior, and should be studied only under very careful labority conditions. And in 1914 he published Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology which was about how we should be using animals to study reflexes and that the best experimental tool was to use conditioned responses.
Soon Watson met with his partner, yerkes and developed an apparatus and method for the study of animal visual discrimination that came to be known as the Yerkes-Watson discrimination method and served as one of the standard techniques in American laboratories for many years in comparative psychology.
Watson later became interested in the study of infants, and thus led him to his controversial study with “little albert.” The child was chosen because he was not afraid of much, they presented him with a bunch of different stimuli until they found that loud noises triggered fear in the boy. For the experiment they would present a rat and then make the loud banging noise. After presenting them this way for a number of times, Albert was conditioned to fear the rat even without the loud noise, and from that Albert soon began to fear all fluffy things.
Watson penned the book Psychological Care of Infant and Child in 1928 where he explained that we should not be having more babies, but creating BETTER babies. He was strongly on the side of “nature” on the nature-nurture debate, and argued that all pregnancies should be extinguished until we come up with the most efficient way to properly child-rear–obviously many of these theories were controversial. He also believed that children should be treated as young adults and that too much love and affection for a child may be damaging because in the real world there is not so much of the love and attention from others like that of what receive from our parents, so therefore it is like the parents are setting their children up for unrealistic expectations. From this experiment he carried the thought that parents could ultimately control all of their children’s behavior by controlling all stimulus-response associations.
http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/johnbroaduswatson.html
http://www.brynmawr.edu/psychology/rwozniak/watson.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson
I have had a lot of classes that briefly reviews structuralists and functionalists with maybe one or two question on a test. This is why I would like a blog about these. Watson didn't believe in either however he did believe in applied research, which is something that has direct benefit to human kind. The best part about psychology is that you can have applied research and pure research which stems out of curiosity alone. Structural psychologists studied the elements of consciousness. They relied on the method of introspection, or as I would like to relate it to, "self-report". Wundt's laboratory was popular for this method. For example, having a rose at hand, was not just a rose, it had to be broken down. Roses are thorny, bright, and aesthetically pleasing. This is an example of our conscious experience described (self report) in its most basic term.
Rather than the structure of the mind and its basic elements, functionalists studied mental processes and how they related to behavior. Functionalists were backed by Darwin's evolutionary perspective and natural selection. An example of natural selection is that of the Finches affected by an 18 month drought in the Galapagos Islands. After the drought there was a limit of resources, and only large edible seeds were left. The finches with large enough beaks to consume the large seeds dominated there species becoming species typical,eventually there partially heritable trait (large beaks) were a part of the species natural selection. The function of mind and behavior used to be seen as innate (born with) now it is seen as adaptive. These behaviorists believe that we learn our behaviors, not born with them. So although Watson didn't agree with either group, he did agree with that statement.
http://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/structuralism.htm
http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/functionalism.htm
For my topical blog I decided to talk about taste aversion. When I read Section 3.3, I quickly took an interest in this subject. Essentially what taste aversion is is it is the act of learning to avoid a food or beverage that makes you sick. Taste aversion is also very common in children, but can happen at any age. Psychologist John Garcia demonstrated a similar reaction in rats when he gave them flavored water and then hours later injected them with a chemical that made them ill. After the sickness had passed, the rats began to stay away from the flavored water. An explaination for this process could be that as humans we have a strong sense to stay alive by eating things that wont make us sick. If we consume something that makes us sick we will remember that and when we smell or taste that food again, it could be assumed that your brain is trying to keep you alive.
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch05_conditioning/taste_aversion.html
http://helpingpsychology.com/taste-aversions-a-psychological-perspective
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKXLhi-oDKI
The topic I decided to research for these two sections was the topic of classically conditioning animals. As stated in the text, there are various methods that one can use while classically conditioning an animal. Two of the most common are eye blinking techniques and operant chambers.
One such research that specializes in animal research is Comparative Psychology. Comparative psychology is helpful in better understanding behaviors that animals do in relation to behaviors that humans do.Comparative psycholoy is more evolutionary, hereditary, and adaption based. Two important figures in Comparative psychology are Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner, we we just currently learned about:) They were some of the earliest comparative psychologist! Upon researching this topic, I found a few interesting things! One of them is the question as to whether insects can learn or not. The answer is yes they can! The example that the site provided said that "Blow air on a cockroach's rear end, and it will flee. If you continue to blow air on the cockroach over and over, it will eventually conclude that the sudden breeze is no cause for concern, and stay put" The site said that this is because of an habituation and that insects ignore behavior that is not a threat to them. The site also stated that insects can learn through classical conditioning. One shocking fact I found was that, because wasps can be positively reinforced for smelling a certian smell, they may be trained some day to replace police dogs and be able to sniff out drugs.
The next site I found is, of course, a youtube clip on how to train goldfish by positive reinforcement. I found it interesting because operant conditioning isn't limited to only dogs, rats, and monkeys!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsonPCR6EZg
http://psychology.about.com/od/comparativepsychology/f/comparative.htm
http://insects.about.com/od/behaviorcommunication/f/caninsectslearn.htm
I found learning about blinking and operant chambers interesting as well, which makes it enjoyable to see what others have to say about it!
For my topical blog this week, I wanted to focus on positive and negative contingencies. According to our reading, a positive contingency occurs when the conditioned stimulus predicts or or signals the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus. The example given was thunder and lightning. The lightning will precede the thunder. The positive contingency increases the likelihood that the US will occur. A negative contingency, on the other hand, will decrease the likelihood that the US will occur. Another term for a positive contingency is excitatory conditioning-the rabbit will emit a blink when presented with a puff of air. A negative contingency is also referred to as inhibitory conditioning-the rabbit will inhibit a blinking response.
Robert Rescorla developed what is known as the Contingency Theory. Contingency theory states that in order for learning to occur, the stimulus must provide information about the likelihood that events will take place. I also wanted to look more into the importance of the order of the CS and the US. The most common is trace conditioning. In trace conditioning, there is a time interval between the CS and the US. It is the most common, because it is possibly the most effective form. The CS is presented slightly before the US.
Another topic I wanted to cover in this topical blog is taste aversion. Our section states that taste aversion occurs when a certain taste is associated with something so disgusting or horrible that the very thought of it is nauseating. John Garcia coined the term the Garcia Effect. This is the tendency to blame the food for the sickness even though the food actually had nothing to do with it. This concept is easy to think about in terms of alcohol. If a person drinks so much alcohol that they throw up and feel horrible the next morning, the sight of alcohol or even think about drinking can cause more nausea.
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch05_conditioning/taste_aversion.html
http://www.taconic.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=2444
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Contingency-Theory.topicArticleId-25438,articleId-25350.html
I decided to further research the various types of classical conditioning. The reading mentioned five types of conditioning: simultaneous conditioning, short delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, long delayed conditioning, and backward conditioning. Simultaneous conditioning is when the CS and US occur at the same time and disappear at the same time (they occur simultaneously). For example the bell is rang at the same time the food is presented. Short delayed conditioning occurs when the CS begins only a short time before the US is present. The CS remains present until the US appears. Short delayed conditioning is the most effective, as long as the delay isn’t too short. An example would be the bell ringing until the food is given in Pavlov’s experiment. Trace conditioning is when the CS begins before the US is presented. The CS appears briefly, leaving a gap between the CS and US. There is no stimulus present during the gap between the CS and US. In other words, there’s no overlap between the CS and US, and the more you separate the two, the less of a correlation there is. An example is a bell begins ringing and ends just before the food is presented. Long delayed conditioning is when the CS begins a long time before the US appears. The CS continues until the US appear, as the delay increases the more difficult it is to obtain a conditioned response (long CS). Backward conditioning is when the CS is presented after the US, which is a reversal from the typical order. Backward conditioning causes inhibitory conditioning which is when the CS gains the power to inhibit the response. In regards to backward conditioning, the CS warns or signals that the US will not be present for some time. An example of backward conditioning would be the food is presented, then the bell rings.
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/314/Classical%20Conditioning%20II.pdf
http://www.alleydog.com/101notes/conditioning.html
http://dakota.fmpdata.net/PsychAI/PrintFiles/ClassCondOvrvw.pdf
In the southwest corner we have William Wundt and Titchener representing Structuralism, with their opponents Charles Darwin and G. Stanley Hall representing Functionalism. Let’s have them duke it out and see what happens.
It’s a relatively fair fight. Both camps come armed with research, “proof”, and serious problems. Structuralists say that basic patterns and groupings of mental functions can be applied to the whole world and are essential human traits. Structuralism focuses on introspection, or the breakdown of the mind and basic consciousness into patterns that could be quantified. It’s all about observing the reactions to a given stimuli. However, herein lies the problem. No two people will think the exact same thing when viewing the exact same stimulus. Even if thinking similar things, no two people will emit exactly the same behavior. If they perhaps emit topographically similar behaviors, who then can say what the functional purpose is? If that weren’t confounding enough, no two observers will interpret, if they even notice, all the behaviors in the same way. The camp created to “prove” psychology’s muscle as a science is, when viewed in a microcosm of “structuralist thought”, is based entirely on subjectivity.
It would appear that Functionalism, then, can gain the upper hand. Functionalism can be defined on the terms of studying how the mind functions, which is studied by introspection and therefore seems an awful lot like Structuralism. But the first tent in the Functionalism camp was inspired by good ol’ Charles Darwin. People are functions of their environment. Makes sense, people are shaped by life experiences all the time. Just ask somebody who went through a traumatic even, their outlook and therefore behaviors have most likely altered slightly. The main question that functionalists ask is “what adaptive, evolutionary purpose does *behavior* serve?”. Well, here it can be kindof tricky. Perhaps not all behaviors have an adaptive purpose that can be traced back to our cave-dwelling, hunter-gatherer days. With some crafty imaginative stretching one could argue that every behavior is in the behavioral class descended from our monkey-kin, but science doesn’t seem to like wild pitches. It’s tough, but I’m almost positive that there are some ridiculously maladaptive behaviors we do. If I can’t think of any by the end of the post, I’ll think of one tomorrow and try to remember to post it with further discussion. So Functionalism has a slight upper hand. HOWEVER (I love ‘however’s), where do the adaptive behaviors get picked up from? Evolution isn’t about things randomly sprouting the exact trait they need, it’s about mutations ending up being more preferable and beneficial. If organisms don’t mutate and adapt, they die off. Some little cave great-times-a-million grandma or grandpa did something right. Or maybe they’d just been doing the right thing all along and reacting to stimuli in a very human way. Until we get a working model of the TARDIS, I doubt we’ll ever know for sure. So, structuralism can aid functionalism with the idea that some things are innately human and cannot be explain by “oh, well, they needed to do that to survive”. Empathy is definitely not necessary to survival. Helpful, yeah, but reproduction doesn’t have to depend on understanding somebody else’s emotions. If a caveman can’t handle his emotions, well, he doesn’t get to have an babies and his line dies out. Tough luck, basically. But we developed empathy anyway. Could’ve been there all along.
Either way, neither field can stand on it’s own two feet without the help of the other. In the event of a knock-down, drag-out brawl, they’re both going to lose unless they open up and let a little bit of the other perspective in.
I should definitely not blog when I’m tired.
Terms: behavior class, topography, function, structuralism, functionalism, emit, organism.
Sites:
http://www.psych.utah.edu/gordon/Classes/Psy4905Docs/PsychHistory/Cards/James.html
http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/functionalism.htm
http://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/structuralism.htm
http://www.suite101.com/content/scientific-approaches-to-psychology-a260020
I decided to look more into taste aversion because while I was reading about it I thought it was so interesting and I was thinking about my personal experiences with it. I had mentioned in my reading blog about my experiences with hot chocolate and how I use to drink it all the time! I loved it! One night I drank it and the next morning I throw it up. Ever since then I can have it or smell it. It just makes me sick. I have had other experiences where I can drink or eat something. During some conversations that I have with people they told me some of their taste aversions, and it’s an interesting concept. So while reading the section I really never had a name for what happened with me and my hot chocolate but now that I know the name I can look more into it! So I decided that I would research it a little more to understand what it is and how it works.
Taste aversion is when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance, and it usually is caused after ingestion of the food that causes nausea, sickness, or vomiting. Taste aversion is a form of Pavlov’s classical conditioning, but it was discovered 1950s by Dr. John Garcia where he did a study on rats and the effects of radiation on various behaviors. Like mentioned above it is very common to happen in humans especially with alcohol. This is also very common among chemotherapy patients because they get sick so they try not to eat their favorite foods before so they don’t develop taste aversion. As for animals this is used for a defense against food born poisons, and I thought it was interesting to learn about how taste aversion works in animals. There have been many studies done on animals to test how this conditioning actually works.
The websites helped me learn so much more about what taste aversion and what it is and how it works.
http://www.education.com/reference/article/taste-aversion-and-preference-learning/
http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Taste_aversion
http://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/classical_conditioning.htm
http://www.conditionedtasteaversion.net/tbr.html
Systematic desensitization is a kind of behavioral therapy used in psychology to help overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. It is a classical conditioning therapy that was developed by Joseph Wolpe. This form of therapy is used to help induce relaxation in order for a person to get over their fears. Events are often recalled in imagination, and then a relaxation technique is used to dissipate the anxiety. After repeated practice, the elicited provoking behavior will be diminished of its power because a new response substitutes the feared situation. This can also be self-administered. Research has shown that systematic desensitization can be effective on any phobia or fear.
In order for this process to work, one must first relax the various muscle groups in the body. Once an individual has done this, they can slowly learn to make the fear diminish.
After learning relaxation skills, the feared individual and therapist create what is called an anxiety hierarchy, which is a catalogue of anxiety-provoking situations that are arranged in order from least to most distressing. An example of this is a person who is afraid of snakes. This person’s anxiety hierarchy probably starts with a picture of a snake, and then switches to the viewing of a live snake from a distance, and then taking the next step of personally handling a snake. The individual stays with each step of his or her hierarchy until that fear is diminished. In this type of situation with a snake, the antecedent could be seeing the snake from afar, the behavior would be screaming and crying, and the consequence would be realizing how afraid you were of the snake at that point in therapy. However, if you got past this stage and continued to reduce your fear, the antecedent could be holding the snake in your hands, the behavior would be laughing and getting to know how to reduce fear, and the consequence would be accomplishing the reduction of a bad fear.
Because getting away from the phobia reduces anxiety, an individual’s behavior to reduce that fear is reinforced using negative reinforcement. In classical and operant conditioning terms the elicitation of the fear response is extinguished to the stimulus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_desensitization
http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Systematic-desensitization.html
http://www.guidetopsychology.com/sysden.htm
A great example used here is Little Albert. Watson conditioned Little Albert be be afraid of all little furry animals because he made a loud noise when the creature was in front of the baby. The baby was only afraid of loud noises but now he is afraid of small furry animals because he thinks the loud noise is associated with the animal. When the desensitization was demonstrated on another child, it was discovered that Little Albert would in fact be able to be desensitized.
For my blog I plan on talking about Systematic desensitization. This is because I really enjoyed Mary Cover Jones work. It showed me that you are able to overcome anything aversive or that one has a phobia of. She was a new comer to the reading and I enjoyed something new instead of reading the same things about the same psychologist. Also I loved that a woman did something great for this field!
Systematic desensitization is a method used to treat or help elimated the aversive fears and phobias, which is all based on the principles of behavior modification. This is an effective form of therapy and is strongly recommended. Many people use the saying “you can do anything that you put your mind to”. I feel that is how this method truly does work. Many fears and phobias are just a matter or an aversive life experience or just in your head. This method has been proven to be very effective way to get rid of or calm down your fears and phobias.
Fears and phobias are learned and when systematic desensitization happens we are using the powers of the mind to unlearn the aversive fears that we have learned and never overcame. We are leaning towards the things that trigger the fears that make many people’s daily lives unbearable.
This method is used to help the clients cope or “get over” their fears and phobias. One is either is put into deep relaxation or they are exposed to their fear. An example of this would be a T.V. show that I watched. The girl would never let her mother go to the doctor because she was scared she was going to die from needles. They brought the mom to the doctor to get whatever shots that were needed and has the daughter in the room. This allowed the young girl to see that her mother was not going to die from going to the doctor. She was exposed to her fears.
With relaxation there are multiple steps that is taken for the client to become deeply relaxed. You have to reach the point where he/she can feel how their muscles feel when they are deeply relaxed. After that happens you must repeat the process one more time before the next step can be taken. Next comes the process of anxiety hierarchy. This is where the stimuli are arranged from the least to the most distressing. So if one is scared of spiders, you might start by showing them a picture of a spider. After this you might go to seeing one in a cage proceeded by holding one. One does not go on to the next stage until they are fully at their proper state of relaxation.
All of the steps take time especially when it comes to facing your fears. Also everyone has their own way of desensitizing people from their aversive fears. Many say that learning to relax is the key to systematic desensitization They say that the way one breaths if the first step and is very important because when we are in stressful situations we tend to increase our breathing which increasing our heart rate. There becomes muscle tension and dizziness as well.
Over all systematic desensitization is a way for one to learn lots about their own body and what to do when in sticky situations with our phobias. People learn how to relax their breathing and their muscles which many people do not know how to do properly. In this method there is seven sessions and each session does slowly expose one to their fears and phobias.
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/systematic-desensitization
http://www.panicattackpedia.com/systematic-desensitization.html
http://www.guidetopsychology.com/sysden.htm
http://www.breakoutofthebox.com/systematicdesensitization.htm
After reading section 3.4, I really became interested in systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral method used today in helping people overcome phobias. Through the use of coping techniques and exposure time it can help people deal with or even overcome their phobias. So I was curious to see if there were any examples or statistics on how successful systematic desensitization is.
So when using systematic desensitization you must first start with imagining yourself in the state of the fear you are trying to overcome. You must learn how to relax before the stressful situation and there are many techniques used for this. Deep breathing can help a person relax because when a person takes shallow breaths it disturbs the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. This causes increased heart rate, dizziness, muscle tension, etc. This can then lead to your body activating stress response to that situation. So it’s important to control one’s breathing. Another technique is muscle relaxation. This can help you relax your muscles so you know what a relaxed state feels like instead of the constant tension state a phobic person usually encounters. Visualization techniques can help calm you down by pretending that you’re in a stress free situation. An example could be pretending to be sitting by a lake and feeling the wind blow on you, smelling the fresh water, seeing the sun and other sensations like that which will have a calming effect on a person.
After relaxation techniques are learned then a person can move on to an anxiety hierarchy. What happens here is person is gradually exposed to a stressful situation in different ways and each time the espouser is increased until the person can overcome the fear. An example would be having a fear of snakes. First, a person is shown a picture of snake, then maybe moving on to seeing a snake in a cage from a distance, and then after that eventually holding the snake and becoming comfortable with it. This process can take a very long time for some people and have many more stages. It’s also important to make sure that a person becomes comfortable with each new stage before moving on; otherwise server panic attacks can occur.
Another way of looking at it is using systematic desensitization with the breakup of a relationship. Everyone will eventually go through a rough break up at some point in their livings and using systematic desensitization can really help a person move on. The first thing to do is to focus on the target behavior, which is yourself and not your counterpart. The next step is to try and focus on moving on from the relationship so that you can avoid the grieving process that comes from that. Focus on reinforcing the behavior of moving on with someone else and minimize the thoughts of never getting over your ex. Eventually start to do more things with friends and start meeting new people so you’re not just dwelling on your ex( try to remember that there are other people out there than just that one person). If a person continues to reinforce the positive outlooks on moving on than their expectance with their break up will succeed and they will be able to trust and love another person as they once did.
After reading articles on systematic desensitization, I think the main thing to take away from it is that you must take things one step at a time. If you try to move on to things to fast, the process will not reinforce you and extinction of the behavior you want reinforced will occur. I truly believe that that systematic desensitization will work if you put the effort in it that is required.
http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/18
http://panicdisorder.about.com/od/treatments/a/SystemDesen.htm
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/systematic-desensitization/2
Watson experimented on Little Albert to demonstrate how
humans learn to generalize the some reflexes they are born using different alterations. He believed that we are born knowing fear, rage, and love. His aim was to condition different responses in these one unconditioned behaviors. Watson wanted to show the importance of the environment on behaviors, that things could be learned and conditioned--they weren't simply innate.
This study was demonstrated when little Albert was only 11 months old. I do wonder, can a fear be conditioned in someone much older? For example, would we be able to take any unconditioned stimulus and condition someone into fearing it, or did his young age/vulnerability play a large role? After only a few times of seeing the animal paired with the sound, little Albert had formed a conditioned fear.
Watson also found that Albert's fear became generalized to many animals. He was originally not afraid of any animals, so it was fascinating that his newly conditioned fear became larger as the experiment continued.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment
http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Little%20Albert.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FKZAYt77ZM&feature=related
Conditioned Emotional response (CER) occurs when a stimuli that at one point was neutral taking on an unconditioned stimulus' function in eliciting a unconditioned response. It therefore becomes a CS causing a CR.
This website provided some good examples as to common situations that can elicit conditioned emotional responses. Such as a bad breakup and the smell of the partners cologne can be upsetting. The stimuli of hearing the first three chords of a couples song can send a mourning wife into tears.
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch05_conditioning/conditional_emotional_responses.html
Now with this video of a baby who instantly gets sad at the sound of "Ta-Dah" and with further subjection to that particular sound will begin to cry, we see that he has been conditioned to behave like this when presented with the antecendent of "Ta-dah" However we do not know what circumstance occured in the past that have caused him to relate "Ta-dah" with sadness. At some point ta-dah was neutral. Then when something probably traumatic(Stimulus) happened in concurrence with this sound (ta-dah) stimuli it took on the role of the unconditioned stimuli paired with an unconditioned response to the traumatic event. Now the event/stimulus that was the US does not need to occur to elicit the response because it was so strong that just the stimuli of ta-dah that occured along with the event(uS) will awake those sad feelings and cause the response.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7oD9WX-1CU&playnext=1&list=PL3171D7BB1D6CFF92
If you start this video at around 4:20, this Dr. explains a little bit about Trauma and how PTSD can be triggered by CER. He obviously discusses other approaches to undoing CER, but touches a little on how behavioral techniques such as order presentation of the controlled stimuli and the unconditioned stimuli in trying to redo/undue those connections between them and the response elicited.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQlfc-cz5yak&feature=related
As stated in ABC’s chapter 3.4,”Taste aversion occurs when a food is associated with the effects of something toxic.” I chose to this topic because it interests me because of my love certain alcoholic beverages that I now cannot stand to drink, smell, or even think of, in the chapter is even touches on taste aversion and liquor. A few years ago I could drink any sort of cheap vodka now problem, which in the past has made sick and I vomited from consuming the beverage, ever since then I cannot drink cheap vodka or nor smell it, because of the reaction my body had to the experience of drinking too much of it and getting physically sick. I’ve also had this happen with Hardees, I have loved big hot-ham and cheese sandwiches since I can remember, I ate one a few months back, and threw up almost an hour later, and am now not able to eat them, there is no reason to my knowledge of why I got sick, but those are my experiences with taste aversion, I never understood how it worked or why it happened.
http://www.uni.edu/~maclino/bm/book/sec3.3.pdf
http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/def_contasteav.htm